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Overview of Digital Radiography Techniques

This document discusses digital radiology techniques including computed radiography (CR) and direct digital radiography using flat panel detectors. CR utilizes photostimulable phosphor plates that are scanned with a laser to produce a digital image. Direct digital systems directly convert x-rays to electrical signals without the use of phosphor plates. Digital images allow for processing, transmission, archiving and retrieval advantages over conventional films. Attention must be paid to potential increases in patient dose from digital radiology.

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Ahmed shaban
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550 views35 pages

Overview of Digital Radiography Techniques

This document discusses digital radiology techniques including computed radiography (CR) and direct digital radiography using flat panel detectors. CR utilizes photostimulable phosphor plates that are scanned with a laser to produce a digital image. Direct digital systems directly convert x-rays to electrical signals without the use of phosphor plates. Digital images allow for processing, transmission, archiving and retrieval advantages over conventional films. Attention must be paid to potential increases in patient dose from digital radiology.

Uploaded by

Ahmed shaban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction to Digital Radiology: Overview and aim of digital radiology in projection imaging and fluoroscopy, setting the study's goals.
  • Transition from Conventional to Digital Radiology: Explains how digital images differ from conventional ones, focusing on image processing and transmission.
  • Dynamic Range in Digital Imaging: Discusses dynamic range and how it relates to image quality in digital systems compared to traditional systems.
  • CR System Characteristics: Features a characteristic curve to explain CR system response and its significance in imaging.
  • Understanding Digital Radiology: Defines digital radiology, focusing on how it uses matrices to represent and process images.
  • Digital Radiology Process: Details the digital radiology workflow, including acquisition, processing, display, archiving, and retrieval.
  • Digitizing Conventional Films: Explores conversion of conventional images to digital, implications, and post-processing possibilities.
  • Scintillation-based Digital Radiography: Illustrates the setup and use of scintillation materials, particularly gadolinium oxy-sulphide detectors, in digital radiography.
  • Digital Radiography Systems: Distinguishes between computed radiography and digital radiography systems and their technology bases.
  • Computed Radiography: Describes computed radiography, focusing on phosphor luminescence and image plate characteristics.
  • Principles of PSP: Details the photostimulable phosphor (PSP) system principles, including excitation and emission processes.
  • DR Detecting Systems: Introduction to digital radiography detecting systems and technologies employed in their function.
  • Digital Radiography Technologies: Covers various digital radiography detector technologies, emphasizing materials and methodologies.
  • Digital Fluoroscopy: Explains digital fluoroscopy systems and the transformation from analog to digital methods.
  • Radiology Department Components: Outlines additional infrastructure components like RIS and PACS supporting digital radiology operations.
  • DICOM Standard: Discusses the DICOM standard for digital imaging and communication, crucial for medical image management.

Digital Radiology

Digital Radiology

• Aim: To become familiar with the digital


imaging techniques in projection
radiography and fluoroscopy.

2
Transition from conventional to digital
radiology

 Digital images can be numerically processed

 Digital images can be easily transmitted through


networks and archived

 Attention should be paid to the potential increase


of patient doses due to tendency of :
 producing more images than needed
 producing higher image quality not
necessarily required for the clinical purpose

3
?”What is “dynamic range

 Wide dose range to the detector, allows a


“reasonable” image quality to be obtained

 Flat panel detectors (discussed later) have


a dynamic range of 104 (from 1 to 10,000)
while a screen-film system has
approximately 101.5

4
Characteristic curve of CR
system
3.5
HR-III
3
CEA Film-Fuji Mammofine
2.5
2
Density

1.5 CR response

1
0.5
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
5
Air Kerma (mGy)
Analogue versus digital
Analogue: A given Digital: A given
parameter can have parameter can only
continuous values have discrete values

20

20 15

10 10

C1 5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6
?What is digital radiology
 In conventional radiographic images, spatial position
and blackening are analogue values
 Digital radiology uses a matrix to represent image
 A matrix is a square or rectangular area divided into
rows and columns. The smallest element of a matrix
is called ”pixel”
 Each pixel of the matrix is used to store the
individual grey levels of an image, which are
represented by positive integer numbers
 The location of each pixel in a matrix is encoded by
its row and column number (x,y)
7
Digital radiology process
 Image acquisition
 Image processing
 Image display
 Importance of viewing conditions
 Image archiving (PACS)
 Image retrieving
 Importance of time allocated to retrieve
images

8
Digitizing conventional films

 Conventional radiographic images can be


converted into digital information by a
“digitizer”, and electronically stored

 Such a conversion also allows some


numerical post-processing
 Such a technique cannot be considered
as a “ digital radiology” technique.
9
Different number of pixels per image: original was
3732 x 3062 pixels x 256 grey levels (21.8
.Mbytes). Here, resized at 1024 x 840 (1.6 MB)

10
Scintillation-based DR

Gadolinium Oxy-sulphide Detector


Digital Radiography Systems
 Phosphor photostimulable plates (PSP).
– So called CR (computed radiography)
– Conventional X-ray systems can be used

 Direct digital registration of image at the


detector (flat panel detectors).
– Direct conversion (selenium)
– Indirect conversion (scintillation)

12
Computed Radiography (CR)
CR utilises the principle of photostimulable 
phosphor luminescence
Image plate made of a suitable phosphor 
material are exposed to X-rays in the same
way as a conventional screen-film combination
The CR image plate retains most of the 
absorbed X-ray energy, in energy traps,
forming a latent image

13
Computed Radiography (CR)
A scanning laser is then used to release the 
.stored energy producing luminescence

The emitted light, which is linearly proportional to 


the locally incident X-ray intensity is detected by
a photo multiplier/ADC configuration and
converted to a digital image

The resultant images have a digital specification 


of 2,370 x 1,770 pixels (for mammograms) with
1,024 grey levels (10 bits) and a pixel size of 100
mm corresponding to a 24 x 18 cm field size
14
The principle of PSP
PMT
ADC

CB

Trap

Excitation Storage Emission


15
‫كــريــستــال هــالـيــد فــلــوريــد بــاريــم فــعــال شــده بـا يــوروپــيــوم‬
)Europium Activated Barium FluoroHalide(
BaFX:Eu , (X= Cl, Br, or I)

16 Add module code number and


lesson title
17 Add module code number and
lesson title
PSP digitizer Casette and PSP

(Images courtesy of AFGA)


18 Workstation
DR Detecting Systems

19
20 Add module code number and
lesson title
• Direct vs indirect conversion detectors
21
CCD Based Detection System

22
23
24 Add module code number and
lesson title
Digital detector

25
Amorphous Selenium Detector

26
Digital fluoroscopy
Digital fluoroscopic systems are mainly based 
on the use of image intensifiers (I.I.)

In conventional systems the output screen of 


the I.I. is projected onto a video camera
system or a CCD camera

The output signals of the camera are 


converted into a digital image matrix (1024 x
.1024 pixel in most systems)

Some new systems start to use flat panel 


.detectors instead of image intensifier
27
28 Add module code number and
lesson title
29 Add module code number and
lesson title
? Tendency to increase dose

For digital detectors, higher doses result in 


a better image quality (less “noisy” images)
When increasing dose, the signal to noise 
ratio is improved

Thus, a certain tendency to increase doses 


could happen specially in those
examinations where automatic exposure
.control is not usually available

30
The digital radiology department
In addition to the X-ray rooms and imaging 
systems, a digital radiology department has
:two other components

A Radiology Information management System 


(RIS) that can be a subset of the hospital
information system (HIS)

A Picture Archiving and Communication System 


.(PACS)

31
Results
• Modality Worklist Information To Webserver

DICOM

Radiologist WorkStation

Images
Verified
Broker Voice Rec. Server

HL7

HL7 HL7 Transcription


Pool
E-gate
32 HIS RIS
Data management
PACS RIS

!We write a report •


Link both PACS and •
.RIS

Report compares •
Orders on RIS with
.Images on PACS

Report highlights RIS •


orders with No
!images

33
DICOM
DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in •
Medicine) is the industry standard for transferal of
radiological images and other medical information
between different systems

All recently introduced medical products should •


therefore be in compliance with the DICOM standard

However, due to the rapid development of new •


technologies and methods, the compatibility and
connectivity of systems from different vendors is still
a great challenge

34
:DICOM format images
Radiology images in DICOM format contain in 
addition to the image, a header, with an
:important set of additional data related with

the X ray system used to obtain the image 


the identification of the patient 
the radiographic technique, dosimetric details, 
.etc

35

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