THE EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH NEEM LEAF ASH

IN CONCRETE
BY

ADEYINKA ADEDIRAN
FPT/KND/SET/CET/HND/0366

BEING
A PROJECT SEMINAR SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC KAURA NAMODA, ZAMFARA STATE.

SUPERVISE BY
ENGR. DR. I.O SHOLADOYE

AUGUST, 2023
INTRODUCTION
The present society has shown increasing interest in the
use of new materials in place of traditional products.
The use of locally sourced materials, such as palm
kernel shell for aggregates; lateritic interlocking block in
place of sand Crete block and fan palm as
reinforcement were considered as possible alternatives.
However, the non-acceptability of these materials by
the end users poses another problem. Hence, the need
to focus on cement which is one the most widely used
construction materials.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. In recent times, efforts to reduce the harmful
environmental impacts as a result of agricultural
and industrial activities has led to the utilization of
wastes and by-products which will normally end up
in landfills.
2. The increasing demand for cement, however, has
necessitated a search for alternative materials that
can fully or partially replace cement.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
This project work is aimed to replace cement partially
with neem leaf ash in concrete production and access
the properties of concrete made with this neem leaf
ash, this is with a view to establishing its suitability for
use in the production of concrete.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
This aim was achieve through the following objectives;
1. To determine a suitable mix ratio for the production
of concrete with neem leaf ash waste aggregate.
2. Determine and compare the workability of fresh and
hardened concrete produced from waste neem leaf ash
and normal aggregate.
3. To determine the effect of various percentages of
neem leaf ash as partial cement replacement towards
compressive strength of concrete.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF RESEARCH
This project work is to determine the essence of neem
leaf ash as a replacement of cement in concrete
production with varying percentage of 0%, 5%, 10%,
15%, and 20%. The mixing ratio to be used is [Link]. The
test to be carried out are compressive strength test,
slump test, specific gravity test, water absorption test,
sieve analysis test.
LITERATURE REVIEW (Cont’d)
Nandhini R et al. (2012) . Neem leaves ash replacement and fly
ash replacement in concrete increased the compressive strength
with Curing Time and decrease it with increase in percentage
replacement by neem leaves ash and fly ash combination. After 28
days curing compressive strength gradually increase while adding 5%
NLA & 15% FA replacement and 10% NLA & 20% FA but its starts
decreasing 15% NLA & 25% FA. The study proves that we can use
Neem leaves ash and fly ash combination (10% & 20%) used for
construction purpose

S.P Ejeh et al.(2014) . Neem seed husk ash replacement increases

the slump at 5% replacement and 10% replacement. But it decreases
it at 15%, 20% and 25% replacements. The NSHA introduced into the
cement increases the carbon content due to its high loss of ignition
(LOI) and this increases the water required to achieve a reasonable
workability
 MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIALS
1. Coarse Aggregate
2. Neem Leaf Ash (As replacement)
3. Fine Aggregate
4. Cement (Ordinary Portland Cement)
5. Water
WORK FLOW CHART
 1. COLLECTION OF DRY
NEEM LEAF AROUND FEDPONAM

SAMPLE PREPARATION PREMISE

2. BURNING OF NEEM LEAF
COLLECTED ON FEDPONAM
PREMISEC

. Particle Size Distribution of Fine and Coarse Aggregate

PRELIIMINARY
2. Water Absorption Test
3. Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) Test
4. Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) Test
5.
6. TEST
Specific Gravity (SG) Tests:
Silt and Clay Content Test.
7. Consistency TEST

1. SLUMP TEST
CONCRETE TEST
[Link]
STRENGTH TEST
 DESIGN CALCULATION BASE ON MIX DESIGN

• Estimation to Established Coarse Aggregate, Fine Aggregate, Cement, and

Quantities of the NLA replacement.
• The method of concrete mix design for this project work were based on
the estimation by weigh of the concrete per unit volume. A concrete mix
design were achieved to the minimum grade of (M15 by taking [Link]). The
experiment were be carried out by taking 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20 % of
NLAand water cement ratio (W/C) of 0.52
Mix design ratio, gradeBS-8500-2-C15 ([Link])
Sizes of mold = 100mmx100mmx100mm
Dendity of Concrete=2400kg/m2
Total Material Required Are;
• Weight of cement required = 1x108/7= 15.43kg
• Weight of fine aggregate = 2x108/7 = 30.86kg
• Weight of coarse aggregate = 4x108/7 = 61.71kg
• = 0.52
• Water, w = 0.52*30.86 = 16.05kg
For volume of 9cubes = 0.030375m3
• Weight of cement required = 1x21.6/7 = 3.09kg
• Weight of fine aggregate required = 2x21.6/7 = 6.17kg
• Weight of coarse aggregate required = 4x21.6/7 =12.34kg
• = 0.52
• C =0.52* 3.09 = 1.55kg
Table 4.1: Physical properties and chemical composition for Neem Leave Ash

Chemical Neem Leave

composition Ash Values
oxides (%)
SiO2 69.14
Al2O3 2.94
Fe2O3 3.25
K 2O 15.01
P2O5 1.01
SO3 0.42
CaO 2.75
ZnO
Ag2O
Cl 0.54
MgO 0.54
Na2O 0.15
TiO2 0.24

SiO2+Al2O3+ CaO 74.83

. The oxide composition of NLA shows that it contains 69.21% silicon oxide,
2.75%calcium oxide and 2.94% aluminum oxide (S.P. Ejeh and A. Ocholi 2014)
which for cement and this is an important ingredient as it imparts strength to the
cement due to the formation of silicates which are responsible for the cement’s
mechanical properties. And since it is above 70% it is considered good pozzoloan
according to Osula, (1991)
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Preliminary Test of the Concrete

Composition
Specific Gravity
Table 1.1: Specific Gravity of the Coarse and
Fine Aggregates

Specific Gravity (coarse

Description Aggregate (kg) Specific Gravity (Fine Aggregate (kg)

Gas jar + water (P) 2.1 1.58

Coarse Aggr. (kg) (B) 1 0.5

(Ps) 2.75 1.86

SG = [(B/(P+B-(Ps)))] 2.86 2.27

 Table 1.2: Aggregate Crushing of the coarse
aggregate

Description Test (kg) Remark

wt of Sample (coarse Aggr.) A 5

wt of remaining after filling the mould B 1.25

wt of the sieved sample C 0.83

ACV = [(C/(A-B))X100 22 excellent

 Table 2. Sieve Analysis Test On Fine Aggregate

SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR FINE AGGREGATE

Sieve (mm) Mass of retained on each sieve Percentage of mass retained Cumulative percentage (%) Percentage passing (%)
(g) (%)

6.3 0 0 0 100

5.0 0 0 0 100

4.76 0 0 0 100

4.0 5 1 1 99

2.80 20 4 5 95

2.50 30 6 11 89

2.00 15 3 14 86

1.00 100 20 34 66

0.63 178 36 70 30

Pan 145 30 100 0

493g
 Table 2. Sieve Analysis Test On coarse Aggregate

SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

% passing
S/N Sieve Size(mm) Mass Retained(g) % of mass retained Cumulating % (%)
(%)

73
1 20.00 130 13.00 13

27
2 11.85 598 60.00 73

12
3 10.85 145 15.00 88

5
4 10.00 70 7.00 95

2
5 9.85 28 3.00 98

0
6 8.0 20 2.00 100

0
7 5.00 0 0 0

0
8 Pan 0 0 0

991kg
 Sieve analysis graph for Fine and Coarse aggregate
120

100

80
Percentage Passing

60

40

20

0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

sieve size

fine grading curve Coarse Aggregate

4.4.3 Silt –clay content of the Fine Aggregate
The result of the silt/clay content test done on the fine
aggregate is shown in Table 4.4 the value obtained is
4.17% and the permissible silt content as per IS 383
(1970) should not be greater than 6% which is
satisfactory and can be used for any engineering
works.
Table 4.4: Silt –clay content of the Fine Aggregate

Description Test (kg)

volume of sample (V1) ml 96

voume of silt (V2) ml 4

percentage of silt (V2/V1)*100 4.17

4. 4.4 Aggregate Impact Value of the Coarse Aggregate
The result of the aggregate impact value is shown in Table 4. 5. The AIV obtained
was 17.82 %. This is according BS 812-112 (1993) is exceptionally strong.
Therefore the coarse aggregate has an average impact value and can resist any
sudden impact or shock which it may be subjected to.
Table 4.5: Aggregate Impact Value of the Coarse Aggregate

Description Test (g) Test (kg)

wt of Sample (coarse Aggr.) A 500 0.5

wt of remaining after filling the mould B 152 0.152

wt of the sieved sample C 62 0.062

ACV = [(C/(A-B))X100 17.82 17.82

4.4.5 Sound Test of the Cement and Neem leaf Ash pastes
The soundness test is presented in Table 4.6 and it shows a
soundness of 2 mm this compared to EN 197-1 standards
requirements of not more than 10 mm. All cement samples are
within limits stated by EN.
Table 4.6: Sound Test of the Cement and Neem Leaf Ash
pastes

Description Width (mm)

Distance between the pointer before heating 5

Distance between the pointer after heating 7

Soundness test (D2-D1) 2

4.4.6 Slump test of the freshly made Concrete
The result of the slump test for the concrete and the NLA
replacement of the cement is shown in Table 4.7. It shows a true
slump.
Table 4.7: Slump test of the freshly made Concrete
Percentage replacement of cement height of sample Measured slump height of Remark
with Ash cone (cm) Slump

True Slump
0 30 0.09 29.91
True Slump
5 30 1.10 28.90
True Slump
10 30 0.90 29.10
True Slump
15 30 1.00 29.00
True Slump
20 30 0.00 30.00
• 4.4.7 Consistency Results of Cement with Varying Replacement by NLA
• The consistency of OPC Grade 42.5 for 0 %, 5 %, 10 % and 15 % NLA
replacement was 32.5 %, 43.5 %, 43.5 % and 43.5 % respectively. From the
results, it can be concluded that there was difference in the workability of the
OPC and the replacement with the NLA. The ratio of the water used for the
consistency of the OPC Grade 42.5 was 32.5 % this is in accordance with EN
196-3:2005 and for replacement with NLA was 43.5 %. The requirement of
water increases with the increasing percentage levels of NLA due to its very high
fineness.
Table 4.8: Results and Setting Time of Varying Percentage by Replacement of Cement with NLA

Sample (%) initial setting Final setting

depth of penetration depth of penetration

consistency % time (minutes) (mm) time (minutes) (mm)
6
0 32.5 140 195 7
6
5 43.5 155 195 7
6
10 43.5 170 195.5 7
6
15 43.5 180 195.5 7
6
20 43.5 190 200 7
• 4.4.8 Compressive Strength of the NLA and
Cement Concrete mix
• The variation of concrete compressive strength
with NLA at varying curing period is shown in
Figure 4.5. The general trend is that compressive
strength steadily decreases with increase in the
percentage of replacement of cement with NLA
in the concrete. However, the target value of 15
N/mm2 was achieved at replacement value up
to 10 % NLA for 28 days curing period.
Average compressive test result for all percentages
0% 5% `10% 15% 20%

7 Days 12.1 10.03 12.5 12.2 9.0

14 Days 13.7 13.6 13.8 12.9 10.3

28 days 14.9 14.4 14.8 12.6 11.9

 Compressive strength of NLA and Cement concrete mix
16

14

12

10

0
0% 5% `10% 15% 20%

7 Days 14 Days 28 days

 Compressive strength of NLA and Cement concrete mix
16

14

12

10

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0% 5% `10% 15% 20%

• CONCLUSION
• The following conclusion can be drawn:
• Neem leave Ash contain oxide composition of NLA shows that it
contains 69.21% silicon oxide, 2.75%calcium oxide and 2.94%
aluminum oxide. This compounds increases its pozzolanic activity.
• The target grade of close to15 N/mm2 was achieved at replacement
of up to 10%
• The results of the study generally demonstrated that partial
replacement of cement with neem leave is economical. Since the
quantity of the cement can be reduced up to 10% replacement level
and considering the fact that neem leaf is usually disposed off and
can be obtained at little or no cost in comparison with cement, cost
of concrete production can be relatively reduced using this leaf.
• From the results above it can be deduced that slump does not
reduce with increase in replacement of neem leave.
• 5.2 Recommendations
• In concrete mix, NLA can be replaced up to 10 %
mix in concrete considering the current
economic situation of Nigeria and still achieve a
desirable target strength
• 5.3 Contribution to Knowledge
• 1. Identification of Neem Leave Ash as a good
pozzolanic Material that can be partially
replaced with cement.
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For Listening.