INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHICS

PRESENTED BY :- ROJEE SRIVASTAVA

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO :- 32240523034
SEM :- 1st SEM - 1st YEAR
DEPARTMENT :- B.SC (IN DATA SCIENCES)
 TOPICS
1. Introduction to Graphic‘s

2. Key Concepts of Graphics

3. Basic terms in Graphics

4. Pixel
5. Image
6. Resolution
7. Image types in multi-media
8. Digital photography in multimedia
9. GIF (graphics interchange format)
10. JPEG (joint photographic experts group)
11. PDF (portable document format)
12. PNG (portable network graphics)
 TOPICS
4. Digital Image Processing
5. What is DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING .?
6. Key roles
7. Advantages & disadvantages
8. Characteristics
9. Method of capturing
5. Digital Camera
6. Definition
7. Types of Digital Camera
8. Digital Camera mode
6. Conclusion
 1. INTRODUCTION

Graphics, in the context of computing, refers to visual representations of data or

information. It involves the creation, manipulation, and display of images, charts,
diagrams, and other visual elements on digital devices. Graphics play a crucial role in
various applications, from user interfaces and video games to scientific simulations and
data visualization. Here's a brief introduction to key concepts in computer graphics:

2. KEY CONCEPT‘S

1. Raster Graphics (Bitmap Images) 6. Graphics Programming

2. Vector Graphics 7. Animation
3. Computer Graphics Rendering 8. User Interface (UI) Design
4. 3D Graphics 9. Data Visualization
5. Computer Graphics APIs 10. Data Visualization

Understanding graphics is essential in today's digital age, as it underpins a wide range of

applications and technologies that shape our interactions with computers and digital content.
 3. BASIC TERM‘S IN GRAPHIC‘S

3.1 PIXEL :- A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image or graphic. It is a tiny square or
dot that represents a single point in the image. Pixels are
the building blocks of digital visual information and are
arranged in a grid to create images.
3.2 IMAGE :- A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image or graphic. It is a tiny square
or dot that represents a single point in the image. Pixels
are the building blocks of digital visual information
and are arranged in a grid to create images.
3.3 RESOLUTION :- A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image or graphic. It is a tiny
square or dot that represents a single point in
the image. Pixels are the building
blocks of digital visual information and are arranged in
a grid to create images.
3.4 IMAGE TYPES IN MULTI-MEDIA :-

I. Raster Images (Bitmap) : These images are composed of pixels arranged in a

grid. Common raster image formats include JPEG, PNG, and GIF. They are
suitable for complex images but may lose quality when resized.
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I. Raster Images (Bitmap) :
II. Vector Images : Vector graphics use mathematical equations to create shapes,
lines, and curves. They can be scaled infinitely without losing quality. Common
vector formats include SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) and AI (Adobe
Illustrator).

III. Animated Images : Graphics in multimedia can include animations. GIF

(Graphics Interchange Format) is a common format for simple animated images.

IV. 3D Images : In multimedia, 3D images are created to simulate depth and three-
dimensional space. Formats like OBJ (Wave front Object) and FBX (Film box) are
used for 3D models.

V. Metafile Formats : These are formats that can store both raster and vector data.
Examples include EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) and PDF (Portable Document
Format).

VI. RAW Images : RAW files contain minimally processed data from the image
sensor of a digital camera. They offer more flexibility in post-processing but are
larger in size compared to compressed formats like JPEG.
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3.5 DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY IN MULTIMEDIA :- Digital photography in multimedia

involves using digital cameras to capture images for integration into digital projects.
It enables high-quality visuals, easy editing, and seamless integration with text,
audio, and video, enhancing the overall multimedia experience. Digital images offer
flexibility, interactivity, and efficient storage and distribution in the multimedia
landscape.

3.6 GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) :- GIF is a bitmap image format widely used for
web graphics, especially for small images and images with transparency. It supports
animation and allows a separate palette of up to 256 colors for each frame. GIF uses
lossless compression, making it suitable for images with sharp edges and solid
colors.
3.7 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) :- JPEG is a commonly used method of
lossy compression for digital images. It is particularly well-suited for photographs
and images with gradients. JPEG achieves compression by discarding some of the
image data, which can result in a loss of image quality, but it allows for significant
file size reduction. It is a widely supported format for photographic images.
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3.8 PDF (Portable Document Format) :- PDF is a file format developed by Adobe that
captures all the elements of a printed document as an electronic image. It is a versatile
format that can include text, images, vector graphics, and even interactive elements.
PDF files are designed to be easily shared and viewed on various platforms while
preserving the layout and formatting of the original document.

3.9 PNG (Portable Network Graphics) :- PNG is a raster graphics file format that
supports lossless data compression. It was designed as an improved, non-patented
replacement for GIF. PNG images can have transparent backgrounds and support
millions of colors. Unlike GIF, PNG uses lossless compression, making it suitable for
images where preserving image quality is crucial, such as logos and graphics with
sharp edges.
 4. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

4.1 What is DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (DIP) ?

Digital image processing plays a crucial role in the field of graphics by providing a set of
techniques and algorithms to manipulate and enhance digital images.

4.2 Key Roles of DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING in Graphic‘s :-

• Image Enhancement: Digital image processing allows for the enhancement of

images by improving their quality, contrast, and sharpness. This is particularly
important in graphics to ensure that images look visually appealing and convey the
intended message.

• Color Adjustment: Graphics often involve working with colors to achieve a specific
visual effect. Digital image processing techniques can be used to adjust the color
balance, saturation, and brightness of images to achieve the desired color scheme.

• Image Compression: In graphics, especially for web and multimedia applications,

it's essential to optimize the storage and transmission of images. Image
compression techniques provided by digital image processing help in reducing the
file size while preserving image quality.
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• Image Restoration: Graphics professionals may encounter degraded or damaged images

that need restoration. Digital image processing techniques can be employed to restore
and recover images that have been affected by noise, blur, or other distortions.
• Image Segmentation: Graphics applications often involve isolating specific regions or
objects within an image. Image segmentation, a process facilitated by digital image
processing, helps in dividing an image into meaningful segments for further analysis or
manipulation.
• Image Filtering: Filtering operations, such as blurring or sharpening, are common in
graphics for artistic effects or to highlight certain aspects of an image. Digital image
processing provides various filtering techniques to achieve these effects.
• Pattern Recognition: Graphics applications may require the identification and
recognition of specific patterns or objects within images. Digital image processing
techniques can be applied for pattern recognition, enabling automated analysis of visual
content.

In summary, digital image processing is integral to graphics as it provides a wide range of tools
and techniques to manipulate, enhance, and analyze digital images, contributing to the
creation of visually compelling and meaningful graphical content.
4.3 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Advantages of Digital Image Processing:

• Enhanced Image Quality: Digital Image Processing allows for the enhancement
and improvement of image quality through techniques such as filtering, noise
reduction, and sharpening, resulting in clearer and more visually appealing images.
• Image Restoration: It enables the restoration of damaged or degraded images by
employing algorithms that can recover lost details, correct distortions, and mitigate
the effects of noise or blurriness.
• Automated Analysis: Digital Image Processing facilitates the automation of image
analysis tasks, enabling the extraction of valuable information from images without
manual intervention. This is particularly beneficial in fields such as medical
imaging, remote sensing, and industrial quality control.
• Versatility and Flexibility: Digital images can be easily manipulated, allowing for
a wide range of applications. Processes like image compression, color correction,
and feature extraction can be applied to suit various requirements across different
domains.
Disadvantages of Digital Image Processing:

• Complexity and Resource Intensity: Some advanced image processing techniques

can be computationally intensive and require substantial processing power and
memory. This can be a disadvantage in resource-constrained environments or for real-
time applications.
• Loss of Information during Compression: Compression is often applied to reduce
storage space and transmission bandwidth. However, excessive compression can lead
to a loss of image quality and information, especially in the case of lossy compression
algorithms.
• Dependence on Image Quality: The effectiveness of digital image processing
techniques is highly dependent on the quality of the input image. Poor-quality images
may not yield satisfactory results, and in some cases, processing may even amplify
existing issues.
• Ethical and Privacy Concerns: The ease of image manipulation raises ethical
concerns, particularly in the context of digital forensics, where manipulated images
could be presented as genuine. Additionally, privacy concerns arise with the increasing
ability to extract sensitive information from images, necessitating responsible use and
regulation.
 4.4 CHARACTERISTIICS of DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
1. Representation and Storage: Digital image processing involves the representation
and storage of images in a numerical format, typically as a matrix of pixels. Each pixel
has a specific intensity or color value, allowing for precise manipulation and analysis.
2. Numerical Precision: Digital image processing relies on numerical precision for
accurate analysis and manipulation. Images are often represented using binary
numbers, allowing for mathematical operations such as filtering, enhancement,
and transformation to be applied with high precision.
3. Computational Algorithms: Digital image processing utilizes various computational
algorithms to perform tasks such as image enhancement, restoration, segmentation,
and recognition. These algorithms are designed to efficiently process large amounts of
image data and extract meaningful information.
4. Flexibility and Reproducibility: Digital image processing provides a high degree of
flexibility in manipulating images, allowing for the adjustment of parameters and
algorithms to achieve desired results. Additionally, digital image processing operations
are easily reproducible, enabling consistent and automated analysis across different
applications and scenarios.
 4.5 METHOD OF CAPTURING of DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Scanner:
A scanner is a device that captures images or documents by physically scanning them. The
process involves the following steps:
• Optical System: A set of lenses and mirrors focus the reflected or transmitted light onto
a sensor or a series of sensors.
• Sensor Capture: The sensor captures the intensity of light at different points on the
document, converting it into digital data.
• Digital Processing: The digital data is then processed and converted into a digital image
by the scanner's software.
Digital Camera:
A digital camera captures images through a different process, and the basic steps are as
follows:
• Lens System: Light from the scene enters through the camera's lens.
• Image Sensor: The camera's image sensor, usually a CMOS or CCD sensor, captures the
incoming light and converts it into an electrical signal.
• Analog-to-Digital Conversion: The analog signal from the sensor is converted into a
digital signal.
 5. DIGITAL CAMERA

5.1 What is DIGITAL CAMERA ?

A digital camera is a device that captures and stores photographs or videos in digital
format. Unlike traditional film cameras, digital cameras use electronic sensors to capture
images.

5.2 Types of DIGITAL CAMERA :-

 Compact Cameras (Point-and-Shoot):

• These cameras are small, lightweight, and easy to use.
• Ideal for casual photographers who want a simple and portable device.
• Limited manual controls compared to more advanced models.
 Mirrorless Cameras:
• Also known as mirrorless interchangeable lens cameras (MILC).
• Compact and lightweight without the mirror mechanism found in DSLRs.
• Interchangeable lenses provide flexibility and creative control.
• Growing popularity due to a balance between portability and performance.
5.3 What are the four types of DIGITAL CAMERA mode ..?
1. Auto mode (Automatic mode):
 In auto mode, the camera takes care of most settings, such as exposure, focus,
and white balance. It's designed for beginners or those who want a point-and-
shoot experience without getting into technical details.
2. Program mode (P Mode):
 Program mode is a semi-automatic mode that provides more control to the
user. While the camera still handles basic settings, you can adjust certain
parameters like ISO, white balance, and exposure compensation.
3. Aperture priority mode (A or Av mode):
 This mode allows you to manually set the aperture while the camera
automatically adjusts the shutter speed and ISO. It's useful for controlling the
depth of field, especially in situations where you want to emphasize or de-
emphasize the background.
4. Shutter priority mode (S or Tv mode):
 In shutter priority mode, you can manually set the shutter speed, and the
camera adjusts the aperture and ISO accordingly. This mode is useful for
controlling motion blur or freezing fast-moving subjects.
 6. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the introduction to computer graphics provides a foundational

understanding of the fundamental concepts and principles that form the basis of
this interdisciplinary field. It encompasses the creation, manipulation, and
representation of visual images and animations using computational techniques. As
technology continues to advance, computer graphics play a crucial role in various
applications, ranging from entertainment and video games to scientific visualization
and virtual reality. Understanding the underlying principles of computer graphics is
essential for anyone entering the field, as it forms the basis for the development of
cutting-edge technologies and innovative visual experiences.
GRAPHICS
PRESENTATION ENDS HERE
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