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Atelectasis

This document provides an overview of atelectasis, including its definition, types, causes, and characteristics. It discusses four main types of atelectasis: neonatal, resorption, contraction, and compression. Resorption atelectasis results from obstruction of an airway causing air resorption, while compression atelectasis is caused by fluid or masses in the pleural space compressing the lung. Contraction atelectasis is irreversible and due to pulmonary fibrosis. The document also briefly discusses acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), its pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical features.

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Suman Poudel
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77 views15 pages

Atelectasis

This document provides an overview of atelectasis, including its definition, types, causes, and characteristics. It discusses four main types of atelectasis: neonatal, resorption, contraction, and compression. Resorption atelectasis results from obstruction of an airway causing air resorption, while compression atelectasis is caused by fluid or masses in the pleural space compressing the lung. Contraction atelectasis is irreversible and due to pulmonary fibrosis. The document also briefly discusses acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), its pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical features.

Uploaded by

Suman Poudel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Atelectasis

Dr Suman Poudel
MD Pathology
GMC
Atelectasis
• Definition
– Atelectasis refers either to incomplete
expansion of the lungs (neonatal
atelectasis) or to the collapse of
previously inflated lung, producing
areas of relatively airless pulmonary
parenchyma
Types
• Neonatal Atelactasis
• Resorption Atelectasis
• Contraction Atelectasis
• Compression Atelectasis
Resorption Atelectasis
• Complete obstruction of an airway
• Air is resorbed from dependent alveoli
• Diminished lung volume
• Mediastinum shifts to the side of atelectasis lungs
• Reversible
• Causes
– Mucus plugs
– Exudates within smaller bronchi
– Aspiration of foreign bodies
– Fragments of bronchial tumors
Compression Atelectasis
• Significant volumes of fluid (transudate,
exudate or blood), tumor, or air
(pneumothorax) accumulate within the pleural
cavity.
• With compression atelectasis, the
mediastinum shifts away from the affected
lung.
• Reversible
Contraction atelectasis
• Due to pulmonary fibrosis
• Mediastinum shifts towards the site of
atelectasis
• Irreversible atelectasis
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
(ARDS)
• Acute lung injury (ALI) (also called non-
cardiogenic pulmonary edema) is
characterized by the abrupt onset of
significant hypoxemia and bilateral
pulmonary infiltrates in the absence of
cardiac failure.
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is
a manifestation of severe ALI
Pathogenesis
• Initiated with injury of Pneumocytes and
pulmonary endothelium
1. Endothelial activation
2. Adhesion and extravasation of neutrophils.
3. Accumulation of intraalveolar fluid and
formation of hyaline membranes
4. Resolution of injury
Morphology
• Early stage
– The lungs are heavy, firm, red, and boggy.
– They exhibit congestion, interstitial and intra-
alveolar edema, inflammation, fibrin deposition,
and diffuse alveolar damage.
– The alveolar walls become lined with waxy hyaline
membranes
• Organizing Stage
– Type II pneumocytes proliferate, and granulation
tissue forms in the alveolar walls and spaces.
– Fibrotic thickening or scarring occurs
Clinical features
• Profound dyspnea and tachypnea herald ALI
• increasing cyanosis and hypoxemia,
• Respiratory failure
• the appearance of diffuse bilateral infiltrates
on radiographic examination
THANK YOU

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