GOOD

MORNING
The geologic time scale is a system of
chronological dating that uses
chronostratigraphy and geochronology to
describe the timing and relationships of
events in geologic history. The planet
Earth evolved in the last 4.6 billion years .
 Let’s Have Fun
Directions. Analyze carefully
the signs in the picture. Guess
the word being described
from these signs.
HAZARDS
What is hazard in your
w

own word?
In the context of disaster risk reduction, the
United Nations International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), defines hazard
as “a dangerous event that may cause loss of
life, injury or other health impacts, as well
as damage or loss of property,
infrastructure, livelihoods and services,
social and economic disruption and, or
environmental damage.”
Analyze the following
animated images.
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
LANDSLIDE
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
 NATURAL DISASTERS
Natural disasters refer to extreme and catastrophic events
caused by natural processes or forces, resulting in significant
damage, destruction, and loss of life.
These events occur without human intervention and can
have severe impacts on the environment, infrastructure, and
communities.
GEOLOGIC
HAZARDS
Prepared by:
JOSEPHINE B. MAMITAG
 OBJECTIVES
DESCRIBE THE VARIOUS HAZARDS THAT
MAY HAPPEN IN THE EVENT OF
EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS,
AND LANDSLIDES. S11/12ES-IF-30
 SIMULATION
ACTIVITY
You will be grouped into three. You will be given four minutes to
collaborate with your groupmates. The group leader or
representative will pick one to the choices either earthquake,
landslide or volcanic eruption. You must emphasize what will you do
if in case the said geologic hazards will happen. You have 5 minutes
to perform every group. The representative will summarize what
they do when some of these hazards happen.
SIMULATION RUBRICS
EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of
the Earth's surface caused by the movement of
tectonic plates beneath the Earth's crust.

It is a natural phenomenon resulting from the

release of accumulated stress along fault lines.
Earthquakes can occur along plate boundaries,
where tectonic plates interact, or within the interior
of tectonic plates.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
GROUND SHAKING –
it is the first main
earthquake hazard
characterized by mild to
intense movement (shaking)
of the earth’s crust (ground).
The shaking can damage
buildings and other
structures.
LIQUEFACTION – it is when
the sand or soil and rising
groundwater mixing together
due to intense earthquakes.
During liquefaction, the ground
becomes very soft like a
quicksand, so that structures or
buildings above the ground may
begin to tip over, lean sideways,
or even sink significantly.
GROUND
DISPLACEMENT – the
second main earthquake
hazard; also referred to
as surface rupture which
is characterized by
ground movement along
a fault.
FLOODING – the third main
earthquake hazard is flooding
as an earthquake can rupture or
break dams or leeves along a
river. The water from the river
or reservoir would then flood
the area, damaging buildings,
vegetations, nearby villages and
sweeping away or drowning
people.
A TSUNAMI is what most
people call a tidal wave, but
it has nothing to do with the
tides on the ocean. It is a
huge wave caused by an
earthquake under the
ocean. Tsunamis can be tens
of feet high when they hit
the shore and can do
enormous damage to the
coastline.
FIRE - The fourth main
earthquake hazard is fire.
These fires can be started by
broken gas lines and power
lines, or tipped over wood or
coal stoves. They can be a
serious problem, especially
if the water lines that feed
the fire hydrants are broken,
too.
 VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
A volcanic eruption is a natural phenomenon in
which molten rock, gas, and other materials are
ejected from a volcano's vent or fissure onto the
Earth's surface or into the atmosphere.

Volcanic eruptions are a result of the buildup of

pressure within the Earth's crust, often associated
with the movement of tectonic plates.
 HAZARDS DUE TO VOLCANIC ERUPTION
PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS - Pyroclastic
density currents are gravity-driven, rapidly
moving, ground-hugging mixtures of rock
fragments and hot gases. This mixture forms a
dense fluid that moves along the ground with
an upper part that is less dense as particles fall
toward the ground. The behavior of the fluid
depends upon the solids concentration relative
to the amount of hot gases (i.e., solids-gas
ratio). High concentration density flows are
called "pyroclastic flows" and are essentially
nonturbulent and confined to valleys. Low
concentration density flows are called
"pyroclastic surges" which can expand over hill
and valley like hurricanes.
LAHARS – Lahars, also known as
“mudflows” are part of the family of debris
flows that are fluids composed of mixtures
of water and particles of all sizes from clay-
size to gigantic boulders. The abundance of
solid matter carries the water, unlike
watery floods where water carries the
fragments. Lahars are composed of
volcanic particles and originate directly or
indirectly from volcanic action. Lahars can
form by hot pyroclastic surges or flows
entering watershed systems or flowing
over snow and ice, by eruptions through
crater lakes, by heavy rains on loose
volcanic debris.
LAVA FLOWS - Lava flows rarely
threaten human life because lava
usually moves slowly, a few
centimeters per hour for silicic flows
to several km/hour for basaltic
flows. Major hazards of lava flows
include burying, crushing, covering,
burning everything in their path.
Sometimes lava melts ice and snow
to cause floods and lahars. Lava
flows can destroy dam rivers to
form lakes that might overflow and
break their dams causing floods.
TEPHRA FALLS AND BALLISTIC PROJECTILES -
Tephra consists of pyroclastic fragments of
any size and origin. It is a synonym for
"pyroclastic material." Tephra ranges in size
from ash (less than 2 mm) to a lapilli (2-64
mm) to blocks and bombs (greater than 64
mm). Densities vary greatly, from that of
pumice (less than 0.5 mm) to solid pieces of
lava and boulders of hot volcanic rocks. They
also travel in high speeds and carries great
momentum as it falls. Many of the hazards of
tephra falls can be mitigated with proper
planning and preparation.
VOLCANIC GAS - Magma is molten rock
containing dissolved gases that are
released to the atmosphere during an
eruption and while the magma lies close to
the surface from hydrothermal systems.
The most abundant volcanic gas is water
vapor; other important gases are carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides,
hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, and fluorine.
The gases are transported away from vents
as acid aerosols, as compounds adsorbed
on tephra and as microscopic salt particles.
Sulfur compounds, chlorine and fluorine
react with water to form poisonous acids.
TSUNAMIS - A tsunami is a long-period
sea wave or wave train generated by a
sudden displacement of water. Tsunamis
travel at very high speeds through deep
water as low broad waves and build to
great heights as they approach the
shallow bottom of shores. Most are
caused by fault displacements on the
sea floor, but many have been caused by
volcanic action. The eruption of Krakatau
in 1883 produced tsunamis that killed
36,000 people. The pyroclastic flow
generated by this eruption displaced the
water that initiated the tsunamis.
 LANDSLIDE
A landslide refers to the downward movement of a
mass of soil, rocks, or debris along a slope. It is a
geological phenomenon that can occur due to
various factors such as gravity, heavy rainfall,
earthquakes, volcanic activity, or human activities.

Landslides can cause significant damage to

infrastructure and pose risks to human lives and
the environment.
ROCKFALL - A rockfall is a sudden
fall or collapse of a large mass of
material from a precipitous
position. Rockfalls occur along cliffs
or very steep slopes where masses
of rock can detach and begin a free-
fall, often combined with a
bouncing or rolling descent. No
slipplane or surface of flow is
involved. Rockfalls are rapid, and
because of their speed and sudden
occurrence, they are very
dangerous.
TOPPLE - Toppling failures
are distinguished by the
forward rotation of a unit
or units about some
pivotal point, below or
low in the unit, under the
actions of gravity and
forces exerted by adjacent
units or by fluids in cracks.
DEBRIS FLOW - A debris flow is a
form of rapid mass movement in
which a combination of loose soil,
rock, organic matter, air, and
water mobilize as a slurry that
flows downslope. Debris flows
include less than 50% fines.
Debris flows are commonly
caused by intense surface-water
flow, due to heavy precipitation,
that erodes and mobilizes loose
soil or rock on steep slopes.
Answer the following
questions.
(Recitation)
[Link] is referred to be the
primary earthquake hazard?
a. Liquefaction
[Link] rupture
c. Ground shakingLetter C
d. Tsunami
[Link] contains all pieces of fragments of
rock ejected into the air by an erupting
volcano.
a. Pyroclastic density currents
b. Lahar
c. Lava Letter D
d. Tephra
[Link] is the best way you can help to
prepare for natural disasters?
a. watch your pets for any unusual behavior
b. always carry a pint of water with you
c. keep the windows closed at all times
d. Make an emergency supply kit with your
family
Letter D
What are your realizations of the day?
 QUIZ
DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if incorrect.
___________1. Lahars are fluids composed of mixtures of water and particles of all
TRUE
sizes from clay size to gigantic boulders.
__________2. Hazards only pertain to things that are harmful and dangerous to
FALSE
oneself.
__________3. Topple refers to sudden fall or collapse of a large mass of material from
a precipitous
FALSE position.
__________4. Lahar or mudflows are forms of rapid mass movement in which a
combination of loose soil, rock, organic matter, air, and water mobilize as a slurry that
FALSE
flows downslope.
__________5. During liquefaction, the ground becomes very soft like a quicksand, so
that structures or buildings above the ground may begin to tip over, lean sideways, or
TRUE
even sink significantly.
 ASSIGNMENT
My Geologic Hazards Experience
Write at least four (4) hazards you have
experienced in your locality. Then make a
poster and slogan on how these hazards affect
the people as well as the environment.
 BEING READY IS OUR
SECRET POWER, GUIDING
US THROUGH TOUGH TIMES
WITH COURAGE.