Evidences for Evolution

Learning Competency: Explain how fossil record,

comparative anatomy, and genetic
information provide evidence for evolution.
(S10LT-IIIf-39)
It refers to the loss of a segment of
DNA or chromosome.

Deletion
2. It involves the breakage of a
chromosome in two places in
which the resulting piece of
DNA is reversed.

Inversion
 3. It occurs when a piece of
chromosome breaks off and
attaches to another chromosome.

Translocation
4. Extra copies of part of
chromosome are made.

Duplication
5. Only one base in the sequence
is replaced by another.

Substitution
What is your idea in the picture shown?
 Organisms on earth
have changed overtime
through a process called
evolution.
Activity 1: Loop It!
Directions:
Below are terms related to evolution. Loop them in
the grid. The terms are arranged horizontally,
vertically or diagonally. The remaining letters will
reveal a hidden message. Find it out by doing the
activity.
Fossils Era Epoch Period Lamarck Darwin
Extinct Evolution Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Geologic Time
Ancestor Species Evidence Cast Analogous Theories
 Questions:
1. What is the hidden message?
 Evolution is any change in the
heritable traits within a population
across generations.
ANSWER:

• Fossil - The remains or stone impression of a

long-deceased organism
• Cast - when fossils consist of sediment that
filled the molds and hardened
• Molds- cavities or molds in rocks
• Species- a group of related animals or plants
that is smaller than a genus
• Evidence – a detailed information or proof
Geologic Time –is a “calendar” for events in the Earth
History
• Homologous Structure - Structures that are shared
between different organisms and that originated with a
common ancestor
• Analogous Structure-The exact opposite of homologous
structures; they have very different structures but the same
function
• Darwin (Charles Darwin)- an English naturalist, best
known for his contribution to the Science of Evolution. He first
proposed that all species of life have descended over time
from common ancestors is now widely spread and
considered a fundamental concept in science
• Lamarck (Jean Baptiste Lamarck)- French
naturalist who proposed that biological evolution
occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural
laws
• Ancestor – a person, typically one or more remote
than a grandparent, from whom one is descended
• Era –a time of several hundred million years. In the
GTS, having the longest period of time
• Period- a geologic time unit shorter than era
• Epoch- a geologic time unit shorter than periods
• Cenozoic –Meaning “New Life”. It is the
current and most recent of the 3 geologic
eras of the Phanerozoic Eon
• Mesozoic- is an interval of geologic time
from about 252 to 66 million years ago. It is
also called the Age of Reptiles and the Age of
Conifers
• Paleozoic –is the earliest era of 3 geologic
eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. It is the longest
of the eras and is subdivided into six geologic
periods
 Fossils over Time

●The geologic time scale is a chart

that divides Earth’s history into
different time units.
●Earth’s history is divided into four
eons—the longest time units in the
geologic time scale.
Activity 2:
Going Back in
Time
Directions:
Analyze the
Geologic
Time Table
and answer
the
questions
below.
Guide Questions:
1. Describe the table.

1. The table is divided into era which is the

longest period of time which is subdivided
into periods. A period is subdivided into
epoch which is the shortest period of time.
Guide Questions:
2. What information can we get from the
table?

2. The table gives us information on

the history of the development or
existence and extinction of organisms
during the ancient time
Guide Questions:
3. In the geologic time table, what is the:
a. Longest division of time?
b. Shortest division of time?

3. a. Era
Guide Questions:
4. What kind of organisms lived during the
Precambrian era? What do you think are
the characteristics of these organism?

4. simple organisms or the

prokaryotes
Guide Questions:
5. In what era did human being
appear?

5. Cenozoic
Evidence of Evolution
The Fossil Record
● The fossil record is made up of all the fossils ever
discovered on Earth.
● The fossil record provides evidence that species have
changed over time.
● Based on fossil evidence,
scientists can recreate
the physical appearance
of species that are no
longer alive on Earth.
If the age of the
igneous layers
is known, it is
possible to estimate
the age of the
sedimentary layers—
and the fossils they
contain—between
them.
Activity 3: Fossil Records
Directions: Study figure 1 and answer the questions below.

Time

www.britanica.com/science/fossil-record
1. Which rock layer is the
oldest?

 Rock layer 1
2. Which rock layer is the
youngest?

 Rock layer 7
3. Explain what you can learn about
evolution when comparing different
fossils on different rock layers?
 The remains of ancient life found in the oldest rocks are
fewer and more primitive than those found in younger
rocks. The earliest fossils are those of prokaryotes that
appeared about 3.4 to 3.6 billion years ago. These findings
on fossils tell us that very simple forms of life lived in the
past and over millions of years gave rise to many kinds of
organisms with more complex body structures. Fossil
records show us that organisms have evolved gradually
over a long period of time.
 Evidence for Evolution (cont.)

● Comparative anatomy is the study of

similarities and differences among structures
of living species. ( Comparing and Anatomy)

● Homologous structures are body parts of

organisms that are similar in structure and
position but different in function.
●Analogous Structure-The exact
opposite of homologous
structures; they have very
different structures but the same
function
Comparison between Homologous and Analogous
Structures
Basis of Comparison Homologous Structure Analogous structure

Origin Have the same ancestor Have different ancestors

Function Modified to perform different functions Adapted to similar functions

Example Forelimbs of bat and whale Wings of birds, bat and butterfly
Activity 4: Comparative Anatomy: Analogous or Homologous?
Directions: Write H if the structures are homologous and A if they are
analogous. Write your answer on the space provided on the table. Then,
answer the questions.

A
Questions:
1. Can you say that human, whale and bat might
belong to a common ancestral group?
Why?

 Yes, because their forelimbs are made

up of same kinds of bones that just vary
in size and function differently, suggest
that they share a common ancestor
2. Give 3 other examples of organisms
with homologous structures.

Examples are the arm of a human,

the wing of a bird or a bat, the leg of
a dog and the flipper of a dolphin or
whale.
3. Give 3 other examples of
organisms with analogous structures.

Examples are turtle and bird

beaks, octopus and human
eyes and duck and platypus
bills.
 Evidence for Evolution (cont.)

The science of Embryonic Development

the
development of
embryos from
fertilization to
birth is called
embryology.
 All vertebrate embryos exhibit pharyngeal pouches at a
certain stage of their development. These features, which
develop into neck and face parts, suggest relatedness.
Figure 8. Early Embryonic Stages of the Different Vertebrates
showing
Similar Embryonic Structures
Evidence for Evolution (cont.)

Genetic Information
● Molecular biology is the study of gene structure
and function.
● Discoveries have confirmed and extended much
of the data already collected about the theory of
evolution.
● Scientists can study relatedness of organisms by
comparing genes and proteins among living
species.
Table 1 Number of amino acid sequences in 5 organisms
Amino Acid Human Chimpanzee Gorilla Dog Chicken Frog
Alanine 3 3 3 1 2 3
Arginine 0 0 0 0 1 0
Asparagine 0 0 0 2 1 0
Aspartic Acid 2 2 2 2 2 0
Cysteine 0 0 0 0 0 0
Glutamic Acid 0 0 0 0 0 3
Glutamine 0 0 0 0 0 0
Glycine 3 3 3 2 2 3
Histidine 2 2 2 3 1 2
Isoleucine 0 0 0 0 0 1
Leucine 3 3 3 3 2 3
Lysine 3 3 3 4 3 2
Methionine 0 0 0 0 0 0
Phenylalanine 1 1 1 1 1 0
Proline 0 0 0 0 0 1
Serine 1 1 1 2 1 0
Threonine 0 0 0 0 1 0
Tryptophan 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tyrosine 0 0 0 0 0 0
Valine 2 2 2 2 3 2
 Evidence for Evolution (cont.)

● Organisms with similar DNA share common ancestors

and are closely related
CHOOSE ME!

1. Where can most fossils be found?

A. Sedimentary rock C. granite rock
C.Lava D. black soil

A. sedimentary rock
CHOOSE ME!
2. Which of the following statements DOES NOT describe evolution?

A. Evolution is continuous.

B. Evolution refers to change.

C. The world is stable and unchanging.

D. If there is mutation, there is evolution.

C. The world is stable and unchanging.

CHOOSE ME!
3. Which pairs of animals shows a correct example of homologous structures?

A. Wings of butterfly and wings of bat.

B. Flipper of whale and forelimb of cat.

C. Fingers of human and arm of starfish.

D. Tongue of frog and proboscis of mosquito.

B. Flipper of whale and forelimb of cat.

CHOOSE ME!

4. In what era can the oldest fossils be found?

A.Cenozoic C. Mesozoic

B.Paleozoic D. Pre Cambrian

D. Pre Cambrian
CHOOSE ME!

5. It is the shortest period of time in the Geologic Time Table.

A. Era B. epoch C. period D. second

B. epoch
6. The diagram shows fossils in
different rock layers. Which of
these statements about the age
of these fossils is most likely
correct?

Fossil A and C are the same age

Fossil B is older than fossil C
Fossils A is older than fossil B
Fossil D is older than fossil C

Fossil D is older than fossil C

7. Humans, birds, whales, and lizards all have
similar arm bones. What is the reason for this?

The function of these bones is the same in all

animals
They live in similar environments
They have a common ancestor
All organisms resemble humans
They have a common ancestor
8. Which of the following pieces of evolution
evidence deals with comparing similar structures
in various species?

fossil record
comparing embryology
comparing biochemistry
comparing anatomy
comparing anatomy
9. Which of the following is NOT true of analogous structures?

Similar embryonic development

Structures that perform the same function

Different structural characteristics

Different embryonic development

Similar embryonic development

10. A category of body structures that are formed in similar ways during
embryonic development and share similar patterns of bone structure.

Homologous structures

Analogous structures

Vestigial structures

Bone structures

Homologous
 ASSIGNMENT

A friend says to you, “Man Originated

from Apes” because many physical
and biochemical resemblances are
found between them. If you belong to
Ybanag community, Ilokano
community, Tagalog community, How
would you react to this?
 Assignment
Do you believe that humans
are related to other
organisms? If you are an
Ybanag, Ilokano or tagalog
what is your belief on this?