CHAPTER 3
THERMOCHEMISTR
Y
Thermochemistry is the branch of chemistry
that studies the heat changes in chemical
reactions.
. There is a change of energy when a chemical
reaction occurs and usually involves heat energy.
. Heat energy is either released or absorbed
during a chemical reaction.
Chemical
reactions can
be classified
into
Exothermic Endothermic
reactions reactions
EXOTHERMIC
Chemical reactions that release heat to the surroundings.
Causes the temperature to rise.
The container becomes hot.
The total energy of reactants is higher than products.
H = Hproducts - Hreactants
H = negative sign
Occurs during the formation of bond
EXOTHERMIC
The amount of heat released during the formation of
bonds in products is more than the heat absorbed during
the breaking of bonds in reactants.
Examples: Respiration, neutralisation, oxidation of
metals, combustion of fuel, production of ammonia and
dissolving sodium hydroxide in water.
EXOTHERMIC
Energy level diagram
Energy
Reactants
H = - Y kJ mol-1
Products
ENDOTHERMIC
Chemical reactions that absorb heat from the
surroundings.
Causes the temperature to drop.
The container becomes cold.
The total energy of reactants is lower than products.
H = Hproducts - Hreactants
H = positive sign
Occurs during the breaking of bond
ENDOTHERMIC
The amount of heat released during the formation of
bonds in products is less than the heat absorbed during
the breaking of bonds in reactants.
Examples: Photosynthesis, decomposition of metal
carbonate and metal nitrates when heated and
dissolving ammonium salts in water.
ENDOTHERMIC
Energy level diagram
Energy
Products
H = + Y kJ mol-1
Reactants
Heat of reaction
During a chemical reaction, heat is absorbed or released.
This heat is called heat of reaction and is given the
symbol H.
The unit for heat of reaction is kJ mol-1.
Heat of reaction, H is the heat change of one mole of
reactant that reacts or one mole of product that is formed.
The following thermochemical equation shows an exothermic reaction
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g) ; H = - 467 kJ mol-1
The reaction between magnesium, Mg and
Energy
sulphuric acid, H2SO4 forming magnesium
sulphate, MgSO4 and hydrogen gas, H2 is an
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq)
exothermic reaction.
When 1 mole of Mg reacts with 1 mole of
H2SO4 to form 1 mole of MgSO4 and 1 mole
of H2 gas, 467 kJ is released to the
H = - 467 kJ mol-1 surroundings.
During the reaction, the temperature of the
mixture increases.
MgSO4(aq) + H2(g) The total energy content of the products
(MgSO4 and H2) is lower than the total energy
content of the reactants (Mg and H2SO4).
Therefore, H is negative
The following thermochemical equation shows an endothermic reaction
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) ; H = + 180 kJ mol-1
Energy
The reaction between nitrogen gas, N2 and
oxygen gas, O2 forming nitrogen monoxide
2NO(g) gas, NO is an endothermic reaction.
When 1 mole of N2 reacts with 1 mole of O2 to
form 2 mole of NO gas, 180 kJ is absorbed
from the surroundings.
H = + 180 kJ mol-1 During the reaction, the temperature of the
mixture decreases.
The total energy content of the products (NO)
N2(g) + O2(g) is higher than the total energy content of the
reactants (N2 and O2).
Therefore, H is positive
During a chemical reaction, the chemical bonds in the reactants are broken and new
bonds are formed in the products. Based on Table 3.1, the change for the reaction
between hydrogen, H2 and chlorine, Cl2 to produce hydrogen chloride is shown in
Figure 3.3.
In an exothermic reaction, the heat energy released
during the formation of the bonds in the products is
greater than the heat energy absorbed to break the
bonds in the reactants.
In an endothermic reaction, the heat energy absorbed
to break the bonds in the reactants is greater than the
heat energy released during the formation of the
bonds in the products.
Heat of Precipitation Heat of Displacement
Types of
heat of
reactions
Heat of Neutralisation Heat of Combustion
A flow chart of the steps to calculate heat of reaction
Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Step 1
Calculate the Calculate the heat
Determine change for 1 mole State the heat of
heat change in
the number of of reactant or 1 reaction, H with
the reaction:
moles of the mole of product +/- signs and the
Q = mc
reactants and formed in correct units:
products proportion
= change in
formed, H= Q H = +/- X kJ mol-
temperature
n mole n
1
Number of moles, n
represents
Mole of
Mole of metal Mole of water
precipitate Mole of fuel
displaced for formed for
formed for burnt for heat
heat of heat of
heat of of combustion
displacement neutralisation
precipitation
Some assumptions are made during calculation when using
this formula:
Q = mc
The density of any aqueous solution is equal to the density
of water, 1g cm-3.
The specific heat capacity of any aqueous solution is equal
to the specific heat capacity of water, which is 4.2 J g -1 oC-1.
No heat is loss to the surroundings
No heat is absorbed by the apparatus of the experiment.
Heat of precipitation
The heat change when 1 mole of precipitate
is formed from their ions in an aqueous
solution
Heat of displacement
The heat change when 1 mole of a metal
is displaced from its salt solution by
a more electropositive metal
Heat of
neutralisation
The heat change when 1 mole of
water is formed from the reaction
between an acid and an alkali
Strong acid and strong alkali
Neutralisation
Strong acid and reactions can Weak acid and
weak alkali strong alkali
occur between
Weak acid and weak alkali
HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION OF VARIOUS NEUTRALISATION
REACTIONS
Example Heat of neutralisation, H (kJ mol-1)
Strong acid + Strong alkali Salt + Water -57
Weak acid + Strong alkali Salt + Water -55
Strong acid + Weak alkali Salt + Water -52
Weak acid + Weak alkali Salt + Water -50
Explanation related to heat of neutralisation that
involves
weak acids or weak alkalis
Weak acids or Some of the heat
weak alkalis released during
ionise neutralisation is Therefore, the
partially in absorbed and used to heat released
water and completely ionise is lower.
some remain the weak acid or
as molecules. weak alkali in water.
Heat of
combustion
The heat released when 1 mole of a
substance is completely burnt in
excess oxygen, O2
APPLICATION OF EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS
IN DAILY LIFE
Examples of
applications
144
of
exothermic
reactions
APLIKASI TINDAK BALAS EKSOTERMIK DAN ENDOTERMIK
DALAM KEHIDUPAN HARIAN
Examples of
applications
144
of
endothermic
reactions
Fuel value
The amount of heat energy released when one
gram of fuel is completely burnt in excess oxygen
The unit for fuel value is kJ g-1
Fuel value (kJ g-1) = heat combustion of substance (kJ mol -1)
molar mass of substance (g mol-1)
Fuel values
Fuel Fuel value (kJ g-1)
Wood 20
Methane 27
Charcoal 30
Ethanol 30
Petrol 34
Kerosene 37
Natural Gas 50
Hydrogen 143
Fuel value Cost of fuel
Choice
of Fuel
Availability and source Effects of the fuels on the
of substance environment
CONCLUSIONS
THE
END
