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Plane Mirror Image Formation

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

60 views165 pages

Plane Mirror Image Formation

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ravi.komaragiri76

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Available Formats

Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PHYSICS – Reflection and Refraction

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Describe the formation of an optical image by Describe the formation of an optical image by a
a plane mirror, and give its characteristics plane mirror, and give its characteristics
• Recall and use the law angle of incidence = • Recall and use the law angle of incidence =
angle of reflection angle of reflection
Describe an experimental demonstration of Recall and use the definition of refractive
the refraction of light index n in terms of speed
• Use the terminology for the angle of • Recall and use the equation sin I / sin r=n
incidence i and angle of refraction r and • Recall and use n = n = 1 / sin c
describe the passage of light through parallel- • Describe and explain the action of optical
sided transparent material fibres particularly in medicine and
• Give the meaning of critical angle communications technology
• Describe internal and total internal
reflection
Describe the action of a thin converging lens
on a beam of light
• Use the terms principal focus and focal
length
• Draw ray diagrams for the formation of a Draw and use ray diagrams for the formation of
real image by a single lens a virtual image by a single lens • Use and
• Describe the nature of an image using the describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying
terms enlarged/same size/diminished and glass • Show understanding of the terms real
upright/inverted image and virtual image
Phenomenon like photo electric effect exhibits particle nature of light.

UV Visible light
Photoelectrons Photoelectrons

Metals Alkali Metals

Visible light

No photoelectrons

Metals other than Alkali Metals

REFLECTION OF LIGHT

Normal
Incident Ray Reflected Ray Plane
containing
incident
ray,
reflected
ray and
normal
i r

Plane mirror

Laws of Reflection of Light:

1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
2. The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and
the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
Note:
These laws of reflection are applicable to all types of reflecting surfaces
including spherical surfaces.
Reflection in a Plane Mirror

Plane mirror
Reflection in a Plane Mirror
Normal

Incident ray

Plane mirror
Reflection in a Plane Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Plane mirror
Reflection in a Plane Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection

Plane mirror
Reflection in a Plane Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection
REMINDER: always use a
ruler to draw light rays
(light travels in straight
lines) and don’t forget to
include arrows showing
direction of light.

Plane mirror
Reflection in a Plane Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection

Plane mirror

Laws of reflection:
Reflection in a Plane Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection

Plane mirror

Laws of reflection:

1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Reflection in a Plane Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection

Plane mirror

Laws of reflection:

1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in
the same plane (i.e. the two rays and the normal can all be
drawn on a single sheet of flat paper).
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

The image in the mirror

looks the same as the
object, but it is laterally
inverted (back to front).
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

The image in the mirror

looks the same as the
object, but it is laterally The image formed is
inverted (back to front). upright, but it is a
virtual image
(doesn’t really exist).
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

Dotted lines show the

construction of the
virtual image)
The image in the mirror
looks the same as the
object, but it is laterally The image formed is
inverted (back to front). upright, but it is a
virtual image
(doesn’t really exist).
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

Normal view from the

front.
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

Normal view from the Same view as seen in the

front. rear view mirror of a car.
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

Normal view from the Same view as seen in the

front. rear view mirror of a car.

The word AMBULANCE is laterally inverted so that

it reads correctly when seen in a driving mirror.
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by experiment.

Put a mirror
upright on a piece
of paper. Put a
pin in front of the
mirror – mark the
position of the pin
and mirror.
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by experiment.

Line up one edge

of the ruler with
the image of the
pin. Draw a line to
mark the position.
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by experiment.

Repeat with the

ruler in a
different position.
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by experiment.

Take away the

ruler and mirror –
where the two
lines meet is the
position of the
image.
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by experiment.

Test the position

by putting a
second pin exactly
where the image
was marked. The
second pin should
stay in line with
the mirror image
where-ever you
view it from = no
parallax.
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by experiment.

Rules for mirror

images:
1. Image is the
same size as
the object.
2. Image is as far
behind the
mirror as the
X X object is in
front.
Formation of image by a plane mirror

Normal Normal

Object

Plane Mirror
Image

Properties of image formed by a plane mirror

1. Image is always virtual and erect.
2. Size of the image is equal to the size of the object.
3. Image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
4. Image is laterally inverted.
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
Mirrors whose reflecting surfaces are spherical are called ‘spherical mirrors’.
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, i.e. faces
towards the centre of the mirror, is called a concave mirror.
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards, i.e. faces
away from the centre of the mirror, is called a convex mirror.

Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

Reflecting surface Painted surface

Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

M M

P
X C F X P F C

f
R N Nf R

Pole (P) is the centre of reflecting surface lying on the surface.

Centre of curvature (C) is the centre of the imaginary sphere from which
spherical mirror is cut out.
Radius of curvature (R) is the distance between the pole and the centre of
curvature.
Principal axis (PCX or CPX) is the line passing through the pole and the centre
of curvature and extending to ∞. It is the normal to the mirror at the pole.
Principal Focus (F) is the point on the principal axis at which the incident rays of
light parallel to principal axis either really pass through or appear to pass
through after getting reflected from the mirror.
Focal length (f) is the distance between the pole and the principal focus.
Radius of curvature is approximately twice the focal length. R ≈ 2f
Aperture (MN) is the diameter of the reflecting surface. Note that it is not the
diameter of the sphere from which the mirror is cut out.

Rays to be considered for drawing Ray Diagram

The intersection of at least two reflected rays give the position of image of the
point object.
Any two of the following rays can be considered for locating the image.

1. A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will pass through the
principal focus in case of a concave mirror or appear to diverge from the
principal focus in case of a convex mirror.
r
i
i
r
P
C F P F C
2. A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror or a ray
which is directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror, after
reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.

i
r

C F
i P
r P F C

3. A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or

directed in the direction of the centre of curvature of a convex mirror, after
reflection, is reflected back along the same path. i.e. retraces the path.

C F
P
P F C
4. A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis, towards the pole is reflected
obliquely.

C i i
F P
r r P F C

Note:
In all the above cases the laws of reflection are followed.
At the point of incidence, the incident ray is reflected in such a way that
the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
Image formation by a concave mirror
1) When object is placed at infinity:
Parallel
rays from ∞
i i) Position of image: At F
r
C F ii) Nature of image : Real & inverted
P
I iii) Size of image : Very small
(Highly Diminished)

2) When object (AO) is placed beyond C (2F):

O
i i) Position of image: Between C & F
r ii) Nature of image : Real & inverted
B
A C F P
iii) Size of image : Smaller than object
I
(Diminished)
3) When object (CO) is placed at C:

O
i i) Position of image: At C
r
ii) Nature of image : Real & inverted
P
C F iii) Size of image : Same size as that

I of the object

4) When object (AO) is placed between C & F:

O i) Position of image: Beyond C

B
C A F P ii) Nature of image : Real & inverted
iii) Size of image : Larger than object

I (Enlarged)
5) When object (FO) is placed at F:

i) Position of image: At ∞
O
ii) Nature of image : Real & inverted
C F P iii) Size of image : Very large

Parallel rays (Highly enlarged)

meet at ∞

6) When object (AO) is placed between F & O:

I i) Position of image:
O Behind the mirror
ii) Nature of image :
C F A P B Virtual & erect
iii) Size of image :
Rays
diverge Larger than the
object
Eye
Image formation by a concave mirror for different positions of the object

Position of the Position of the Size of the image Nature of the

object image image

At infinity At F Highly Real and inverted

diminished

Beyond C Between F and C Diminished Real and inverted

At C At C Same size Real and inverted

Between F and C Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted

At F At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted

Between P and F Behind the mirror Enlarged Virtual and erect

Image formation by a convex mirror

i) Position of image:
r
O i Behind the mirror

I
ii) Nature of image :
Virtual & erect
A P B F C
iii) Size of image :
Smaller than the
object

Image formation by a convex mirror for any position of the object

Position of the Position of the Size of the image Nature of the
object image image

At infinity At F behind the Highly Virtual and erect

mirror diminished

Between infinity Between P and F Diminished Virtual and erect

and the pole P behind the mirror
Uses of concave mirror
1. Concave mirrors are used in torches, search-lights and headlights of
vehicles.
2. They are used as shaving mirrors.
3. They are used by dentists to see large images of the teeth.
4. Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in
solar furnaces.

Uses of convex mirror

1. Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in vehicles as they form
diminished images of the large objects on the road.
2. They are used as magic mirrors and to form funny images.
Sign Conventions for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors
(New Cartesian Sign Convention)

1. The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. i.e. the incident rays
from the object always move from left to right.
2. All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole (P)
of the mirror.
3. All the distances measured to the right of the Pole (along +ve x-axis) are
taken +ve while those measured to the left of the Pole (along - ve x-axis)
are taken –ve.
4. Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along
+ve y-axis) are taken +ve while those measured below the principal axis
(along –ve y-axis) are taken –ve.

Note:
While solving numerical problems, new Cartesian sign convention must be
used for substituting the known values of u, v, f, h and R.
Y
Direction of
incident light

- ve + ve
+ ve
X’ P X
- ve

Y’

Y
Direction of
incident light

- ve + ve
+ ve
X’ P X
- ve

Y’
Mirror Formula

u – object distance
1 1 1 v – image distance
+ =
v u f f – focal length of the mirror

Magnification

Magnification produced by a mirror is defined as the ratio of the size of the

image to the size of the object.
h’
m =
h

Magnification produced by a mirror is also defined as the ratio of the image

distance to object distance.

h’ v
m = =-
h u
More of Reflection in Higher Class…
Refraction
• Refraction is the
bending of light
when it travels from
one medium to
another.
Refraction
• Refraction is the
bending of light
when it travels from
one medium to
another.

• A ‘medium’ is glass,
or air, or water
Refraction

Air

Glass
block
Refraction
Light passing through a
glass block at right angles
to the surface will not be
refracted. The rays will
pass straight through. Air

Glass
block
Refraction

Air

Glass
block

Normal
line
Refraction
Angle of
incidence Incident
Air light ray

Glass
block

Normal
line
Refraction
Angle of
incidence Incident
Air light ray

Glass
block

Refracted
light ray Angle of
refraction
Normal
line
Refraction
Angle of
incidence Incident
Air light ray

When passing from

a less dense medium
Glass (air) to a more
block dense medium
(glass) light bends
towards the normal.
Refracted
light ray Angle of
refraction
Normal
line
Refraction
Angle of
incidence Incident
Air light ray

Glass
block

Refracted
light ray Angle of
refraction
Normal
line
Refraction
Angle of
incidence Incident
Air light ray

Glass
block

Refracted
light ray Angle of
refraction
The ray emerges from
the block parallel to Normal
its original direction. line
Refraction
So why is
light
refracted?
Air

Glass
block

Normal
line
Refraction
So why is
light
refracted?
Air

Glass Light is
made up of
block many tiny
waves

Normal
line
Refraction
So why is
light
refracted?
Air

Glass Light is
made up of
block many tiny
When light beams pass
waves
from air into glass one
side is slowed before the
other. This causes the
light beam to ‘bend’
Connecting the learning.
What happens as a ray of light enters a glass
block?
It bends towards the normal.

Why?
Because the speed of light changes
LIGHT - REFRACTION
1. Refraction of Light
2. Laws of Refraction
3. Refractive Index
4. Refraction through a Parallel Slab
5. Refractive Indices of Different Media
6. Principle of Reversibility of Light
7. Refraction through a Compound Slab
8. Apparent Depth of a Liquid
9. Total Internal Reflection
10. Refraction by Spherical Lenses
11. Image Formation by a Convex Lens
12. Image Formation by a Concave Lens
13. New Cartesian Sign Conventions
14. Lens Formula, Linear Magnification & Power of a Lens

Created by C. Mani, Principal, K V No.1, AFS, Jalahalli West, Bangalore

Refraction of Light:
Refraction is the phenomenon of change in the path (direction) of light as
it travels from one transparent medium to another (when the ray of light is
incident obliquely).
It can also be defined as the phenomenon of change in speed of light
from one transparent medium to another.

Laws of Refraction:
i Rarer
I Law: The incident ray, the normal to
the refracting surface at the point of
incidence and the refracted ray all lie in N
r
the same plane. Denser
II Law: For a given pair of media and for r
N μ
light of a given wavelength, the ratio of
the sine of the angle of incidence to the
sine of the angle of refraction is a i Rarer
constant. (Snell’s Law)
Bending of Light

N N
B Rarer
E c, μ1
i
X i F C
r Y
A Denser
G v, μ2
r
D

AB – Incident wavefront
CD – Refracted wavefront
XY – Refracting surface
Refractive Index:
Refractive index of the 2nd medium with respect to the 1st medium is
defined as the ratio of the sine of angle of incidence in the 1 st medium to
the sine of angle of refraction in the 2nd medium.

sin i (The constant 1μ2 is called refractive index of the

μ21 = 1μ2 =
sin r medium, i is the angle of incidence and r is the
angle of refraction.)

Refractive index of the 2nd medium with respect to the 1st medium is also
defined as the ratio of the speed of light in the 1 st medium to the speed of
light in the 2nd medium.

Speed of light in 1st medium

μ21 = 1μ2 =
Speed of light in 2nd medium

If the 1st medium is vacuum or air, then the refractive index is called
‘absolute refractive index’.
If ‘c’ is the speed of light in air and ‘v’ is the speed of light in the medium,
then the absolute refractive index is given by

Speed of light in air c

μm = =
Speed of light in medium v
Refraction through a Parallel Glass Slab:
N
sin i1 sin i2 i1 Rarer
aμb = bμ a = medium (a)
sin r1 sin r2
Denser
But aμb x bμa = 1 N
medium (b)
r1 δ
sin i1 sin i2 t
x i2
=1 M
sin r1 sin r2
y μ
It implies that i1 = r2 and i2 = r1
since i1 ≠ r1 and i2 ≠ r2. Rarer r2
medium (a)

TIPS:
1. μ of optically rarer medium is lower and that of a denser medium is higher.
2. μ of denser medium w.r.t. rarer medium is more than 1 and that of rarer
medium w.r.t. denser medium is less than 1. (μair = μvacuum = 1)
3. In refraction, the velocity and wavelength of light change.
4. In refraction, the frequency and phase of light do not change.
5. aμm = ca / cm and aμm = λa / λm
Refractive Index of different media

Material Medium Refractive Material Medium Refractive

Index Index
Air 1.0003 Canada balsam 1.53
Ice 1.31
Rock salt 1.54
Water 1.33
Carbon disulphide 1.63
Alcohol 1.36
Dense flint glass 1.65
Kerosene 1.44
Fused quartz 1.46 Ruby 1.71

Benzene 1.50 Sapphire 1.77

Crown glass 1.52 Diamamond 2.42

Principle of Reversibility of Light: (Not in Syllabus)

sin i sin r
aμb = bμ a =
sin r sin i
i Rarer (a)

aμ b x bμ a = 1 or aμ b = 1 / bμ a
Denser (b)
r
If a ray of light, after suffering any number of
reflections and/or refractions has its path N μ
reversed at any stage, it travels back to the
source along the same path in the opposite
direction.

A natural consequence of the principle of reversibility is that the image and object
positions can be interchanged. These positions are called conjugate positions.
Refraction through a Compound Slab: (Not in Syllabus)
sin i1 N
aμb =
μa
sin r1 i1
Rarer (a)
sin r1
bμ c =
sin r2 N Denser
r1 (b)
sin r2 r1
cμa =
sin i1 μb

μb x bμc x cμa = 1
a Denser
N
(c) r2
or μb x bμc = aμc r2
a

μc
or b μc = aμc / aμb
Rarer (a)
i1

μc > μb
Apparent Depth of a Liquid: (Not in Syllabus)
sin i sin r
μa = or μb =
b
sin r
a
sin i N

hr Real depth
aμb = =
ha Apparent depth Rarer (a)

r μa
Apparent Depth of a Number of
Immiscible Liquids:
n
h a = ∑ h i / μi ha r i
i=1
hr μb
Apparent Shift: O’
i
Apparent shift = hr - ha = hr – (hr / μ) Denser (b)
O
= hr [ 1 - 1/μ]
TIPS:
1. If the observer is in rarer medium and the object is in denser medium then
ha < hr. (To a bird, the fish appears to be nearer than actual depth.)
2. If the observer is in denser medium and the object is in rarer medium then
ha > hr. (To a fish, the bird appears to be farther than actual height.)
Total Internal Reflection: (Not in Syllabus)
Total Internal Reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon of complete reflection of
light back into the same medium for angles of incidence greater than the
critical angle of that medium.
N N N N

Rarer μa
r = 90° (air)

ic i > ic i

Denser μg
O (glass)

Conditions for TIR:

1. The incident ray must be in optically denser medium.
2. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the
critical angle for the pair of media in contact.
Relation between Critical Angle and Refractive Index:
(Not in Syllabus)

Critical angle is the angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the
angle of refraction in the rarer medium is 90°.
sin i sin ic
gμ a =
= = sin ic
sin r sin 90°

1 1 1 λg
or aμg = μg = or sin ic = Also sin ic =
gμ a
a
sin ic aμg
λa

Red colour has maximum value of critical

angle and Violet colour has minimum Applications of T I R:
value of critical angle since,
1. Mirage formation

1 2. Looming
1
sin ic = = 3. Totally reflecting Prisms
aμg a + (b/ λ2)
4. Optical Fibres
5. Sparkling of Diamonds
Refraction by Spherical Lenses
Lenses whose refracting surfaces are spherical are called ‘spherical lenses’.
A spherical lens whose refracting surfaces are bulging outwards at the
centre is called a ‘double convex lens’. It is thicker in the middle
compared to the edges.
A spherical lens whose refracting surfaces are curved inwards at the
centre is called a ‘double concave lens’. It is thinner in the middle
compared to the edges.

Different types of Spherical Lenses

Meniscus lenses
Double Double Plano- Plano- Convexo- Concavo-
Convex Concave convex concave concave Convex
First Principal Focus:
First Principal Focus is the point on the principal axis of the lens at which if
an object is placed, the image would be formed at infinity.

F1
F1

f1 f1

Second Principal Focus:

Second Principal Focus is the point on the principal axis of the lens at
which the image is formed when the object is kept at infinity.

F2
F2

f2 f2
Convex Lens Concave Lens

M M

X’ X X’ X
C F O F C C F O F C
f f
R R
N N

Optic Centre (O) is the central point of a lens.

Centre of curvature (C) is the centre of the imaginary sphere from which
spherical lens is cut out. There are two centres of curvature on either side of
the lens.
Radius of curvature (R) is the distance between the optic centre and the centre
of curvature.
Principal axis (XPX’) is the line passing through the optic centre and the centre
of curvature and extending to ∞. It is the normal to the lens at the pole.
Principal Focus (F) is the point on the principal axis at which the incident
rays of light parallel to principal axis either really pass through or appear
to pass through after getting refracted from the lens. There are two foci
for the lens.
Focal length (f) is the distance between the optic centre and the principal
focus.
Radius of curvature is approximately twice the focal length. R ≈ 2f
Aperture (MN) is the diameter of the refracting surface. Note that it is not the
diameter of the sphere from which the lens is cut out.
Rays to be considered for drawing Ray Diagram
The intersection of at least two refracted rays give the position of image of the
point object.
Any two of the following rays can be considered for locating the image.

1. A ray parallel to the principal axis, after refraction from a convex lens,
passes through the principal focus on the other side of the lens. In case of
a concave lens, the ray appears to diverge from the principal focus on the
same side of the lens.

X’ X X’ X
C F O F C C F O F C
2. A ray passing through the principal focus of a convex lens or a ray which is
directed towards the principal focus of a concave lens, after refraction, will
emerge parallel to the principal axis.

X’ X X’ X
C F O F C C F O F C

3. A ray passing through the optic centre of a convex or concave lens, after
refraction, will emerge without any deviation.

X’ X X’ X
C F O F C C F O F C
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Describe the formation of an optical image by Describe the formation of an optical image by a
a plane mirror, and give its characteristics plane mirror, and give its characteristics
• Recall and use the law angle of incidence = • Recall and use the law angle of incidence =
angle of reflection angle of reflection
Describe an experimental demonstration of Recall and use the definition of refractive
the refraction of light index n in terms of speed
• Use the terminology for the angle of • Recall and use the equation sin I / sin r=n
incidence i and angle of refraction r and • Recall and use n = 1 / sin c
describe the passage of light through parallel- • Describe and explain the action of optical
sided transparent material fibres particularly in medicine and
• Give the meaning of critical angle communications technology
• Describe internal and total internal
reflection
Describe the action of a thin converging lens
on a beam of light
• Use the terms principal focus and focal
length
• Draw ray diagrams for the formation of a Draw and use ray diagrams for the formation of
real image by a single lens a virtual image by a single lens • Use and
• Describe the nature of an image using the describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying
terms enlarged/same size/diminished and glass • Show understanding of the terms real
upright/inverted image and virtual image
Lenses and Refraction

Convex lens Concave lens

Lenses and Refraction

Convex lens Concave lens

Converging Diverging lens

lens
Lenses and Refraction

Convex lens Concave lens

Converging Diverging lens

lens
Principal focus

Focal length
Lenses and Refraction

Convex lens Concave lens

Converging Diverging lens

lens
Principal focus Principal focus

Focal length Focal length

Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?
Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?
Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?
Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?

As light passes through the

first face of the lens it
bends towards the normal
(refraction)
Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?

As light passes through the

first face of the lens it
bends towards the normal
(refraction)
As light passes through the
second face of the lens it
bends away from the normal
(refraction)
Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?

As light passes through the

first face of the lens it
bends towards the normal
(refraction)
As light passes through the
second face of the lens it
bends away from the normal
(refraction)
Lenses and Images
Rays from a distant object brought to focus on
a screen by a convex lens.

Object Convex Image

lens
Lenses and Images
Rays from a distant object brought to focus on
a screen by a convex lens.

Object Convex Image

lens
The image on the
screen is real and
inverted (upside-
down)
Lenses and Images
Rays from a distant object brought to focus on
a screen by a convex lens.

Object Convex Image

lens
Light rays from a distant object are The image on the
considered to be parallel to each screen is real and
other, so the image passes through inverted (upside-
the principal focus. down)
Lenses and Ray Diagrams
- Predicting where a convex lens will form an image.

F1 F
Lenses and Ray Diagrams
- Predicting where a convex lens will form an image.

Standard Ray 1 – passes

through the centre of the lens

object

F1 F
Lenses and Ray Diagrams
- Predicting where a convex lens will form an image.