Ohm’s Law
Prepared by: Joemarie L. Timario
What is Ohm’s Law?
• states the relationship between electric
current and potential difference. The
current that flows through most
conductors is directly proportional to the
voltage applied to it.
• electric current- rate of flow of electrons in a
conductor.
• potential difference- also known as voltage, is
the difference in electric potential between two
points in an electric circuit.
Georg Simon Ohm
• was a German physicist who discovered
the law, named after him, which states that
the current flow through a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential
difference (voltage) and inversely
proportional to the resistance.
Ohm’s Law Statement
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a
conductor is directly proportional to the current
flowing through it, provided all physical
conditions and temperature, remain constant.
• R can be measured in units of
voltage/current=volts/amperes=V/A.
• This combination of units has the name
“ohm” and is denoted by the symbol Ω.
• Mathematically, this current-voltage
relationship is written as, V=IR.
• In the equation, the constant of
proportionality, R, is called Resistance and
has units of ohms, with the symbol Ω.
• The same formula can be rewritten in order
to calculate the current and resistance
respectively as follows:
I=V/R
R=V/I
• Ohm’s Law Equation: V = IR, where V is
the voltage across the conductor, I is the
current flowing through the conductor and
R is the resistance provided by the
conductor to the flow of current.
Ohm’s Law Magic
TrianAgle
Relationship Between
Voltage, Current and
Resistance
• Analyzing rows 1, 2 and 3, we come to
understand that doubling and tripling the
voltage leads to doubling and a tripling of
the current in the circuit. Likewise, when
we compare rows 1 and 4 and rows 2 and
5, we come to understand that doubling the
total resistance serves to halve the current
in the circuit.
Example #1:
If the resistance of an electric iron is 50 Ω and a
current of 3.2 A flows through the resistance. Find
the voltage between two points.
Example #2:
An EMF source of 8.0 V is connected to a purely resistive
electrical appliance (a light bulb). An electric current of
2.0 A flows through it. Consider the conducting wires to
be resistance-free. Calculate the resistance offered by the
electrical appliance.
Problem #1:
A bulb operates on a voltage of 120 V and has a
resistance of 240 Ω. Find the current flowing through the
bulb.
Problem #2:
A hairdryer operates at a voltage of 240 V and draws a
current of 10 A. What is the resistance of the hairdryer?
Problem #2:
A hairdryer operates at a voltage of 240 V and draws a
current of 10 A. What is the resistance of the hairdryer?
• The resistance (R) of a wire is related to its resistivity (ρ),
length (L), and cross-sectional area (A) by the formula: R
= ρ * (L / A)
• The formula R = ρ * (L / A) tells us that the resistance of
a wire is directly proportional to its resistivity and length,
and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area.
• Resistivity (ρ) is a property of a material that describes how strongly it
resists the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohm-meters (Ω.m).
• Think of resistivity as a measure of how "stubborn" a material is when it
comes to allowing electric current to pass through it. Some materials, like
metals such as copper or aluminum, have low resistivity, which means they
allow electric current to flow easily. Other materials, like rubber or plastic,
have high resistivity, which means they hithe flow of electric current.
• Length (L): This is the length of the wire. The longer the wire, the
greater the resistance, all else being equal. This is because the
electricity has to travel a longer path, and more interactions can
happen that hinder its flow.
• Cross-sectional area (A): This is the thickness of the wire. A thicker
wire (greater cross-sectional area) has less resistance than a thinner
wire of the same material and length. This is because there's more
"room" for the electricity to flow.
• For a wire with a circular cross-section, which is the most
common shape for wires, the cross-sectional area (A) can be
calculated using the formula for the area of a circle: A = π * (d
/ 2)^2, where d is the diameter of the wire.
• If the diameter of the wire is not given, but the radius (r) is
given, then the cross-sectional area can be calculated as A = π
* r^2.
Example #1:
The wires commonly used in household wiring are made
of copper and have a typical radius r = 1.0 mm. a) Find
the resistance of a piece of this wire of length L = 5.0 m.
b) Assume a battery with an emf of 12 V is attached to
the ends of this wire. What is the current?
Solve this problem
The wires used in certain types of outdoor lighting are
made of aluminum and have a typical radius of r = 2.0
mm. a) Find the resistance of a piece of this wire of
length L = 10.0 m. b) Assume a battery with an emf of 24
V is attached to the ends of this wire. What is the current?
• Ohm’s law predicts a linear relationship between
current and voltage. However, even though it is
called “law”, it is not fundamental law of physics in
the sense of Newton’s law of mechanics.
• Devices called diodes and transistors do not obey
Ohm’s law. These devices are essential for making
amplifiers, electronic switches, and computer
memory elements, and are thus extremely important
in many applications.
• In materials or devices that do not obey Ohm’s law,
such as a semiconductor diode, the current and
voltage are negative, there is very small current or
zero through the diode. If the current and voltage are
positive, the current increases nonlinearly.
ELABORATE: GROUP ACTIVITY
Problem #1:
We have a lead wire with a radius of r = 1.0 mm. a)
Find the resistance of a 8.0 m length of the lead wire. b)
If a battery with an emf of 13 V is attached to the ends
of this lead wire, what is the current?
ELABORATE: GROUP ACTIVITY
Problem #2:
Consider we have a silver wire with a radius of r = 2.0
mm. a) Find the resistance of a 6.0 m length of the
silver wire. b) If a battery with an emf of 15 V is
attached to the ends of this silver wire, what is the
current?
EVALUATION
Problem 1:
You have a toaster that requires a current of 10 A to
operate properly. If the toaster is plugged into a
standard household outlet that provides 120 V, what is
the resistance of the heating element in the toaster?
EVALUATION
Problem 2:
A portable device uses a 9V battery and has a resistance
of 18 Ω. How much current is the device drawing?
EVALUATION
Problem 3:
Consider a gold wire with a radius of r = 1.5 mm. a)
Find the resistance of a 4.0 m length of the gold wire. b)
If a battery with an emf of 26 V is attached to the ends
of this gold wire, what is the current?
ASSIGNMENT
How does Ohm's Law apply to
circuits with resistors connected in
series and in parallel? Discuss the
implications of series and parallel
connections on total resistance,
current, and voltage in a circuit.
