Synchronous Generators
1
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Lecture 3
Pitch Factor and Distribution Factor
Lecture delivered by: Anusha Vadde
2
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Topics
• Pitch factor of a synchronous generator
• Distribution factor of a synchronous generator
• Winding factor
3
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Objectives
At the end of this lecture, student will be able to:
• Formulate the pitch factor
• Formulate the Distribution factor
• Analyze the effect of winding factor on induced e.m.f.
4
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Pitch Factor
• The factor by which the E.M.F per coil is reduced, because of
pitching being less, is known as pitch factor (or coil span factor) kp
thus
kp =
5
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Pitch Factor Contd..
Here α is the angle by which the coils are short pitched
Arithmetic sum of e.m.fs (Full pitch coil)=2Es
Vector sum of e.m.fs(Short pitch coil)=2Es cos
6
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Pitch Factor Contd..
kp =
=
• This pitch factor is for the fundamental component of e.m.f. The
flux wave may consists of space field harmonics
• In the view of this, the chording angle for the rth harmonic becomes
r times the chording angle for the fundamental component and
pitch factor for the rth harmonic is given as
7
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Example
The coil span for the stator winding of an alternator is 120o. Find the
chording factor of the winding.
Solution: Chording angle, =180𝑜−Coil Span Angle
= 180𝑜 − 120𝑜
=60𝑜
Pitch factor(kp) =
=
=cos 30 =0.866
8
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Distribution Factor
• If all the coil side of any one phase under one pole are bunched in
one slot, the winding obtained is known as concentrated winding
• The total e.m.f induced is equal to arithmetic sum of the e.m.fs
induced in all the coils of one phase under one pole
• But in practical cases, for obtaining smooth sinusoidal voltage wave
form, armature winding of alternator is not concentrated but
distributed among the different slots to form polar groups under
each pole
• In distributed winding, coil sides per phase are displaced from each
other by an angle equal to the angular displacement of the
adjacent slots
9
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Distribution Factor Contd..
• As per definition, distribution factor, is measure of resultant e.m.f
of a distributed winding in compared to a concentrated winding
• It is expressed as
kd =
• The distribution factor is always less than unity
• Let n = number of slots/pole
m = number of slots/pole/phase
Es = induced e.m.f in each coil side
β = angular displacement between the slots
=
10
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Distribution Factor Contd..
The e.m.fs induced in different coils of one phase under one pole are
represented by AC, CD, DE, EF and so on. They are equal in magnitude but
differ from each other by an angle β
11
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Distribution Factor Contd..
• If bisectors are drawn on AC, CD, DE, EF--------. They would meet at
common point O
• E.m.f induced in each coil side
• As the slot per pole per phase is m, the total arithmetic sum of all
induced e.m.fs per coil sides per pole per phase,
• The resultant emf would be AB, as represented by the figure,
12
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Distribution Factor Contd..
• Hence, the resultant e.m.f
• Therefore the distribution factor is
• mβ is also known as the phase spread in electrical degree
13
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Distribution Factor Contd..
• The distribution factor Kd given by equation is for the fundamental
component of e.m.f.
• If the flux distribution contains space harmonics the slot angular
pitch β on the fundamental scale, would become rβ for the rth
harmonic component and thus the distribution factor for the rth
harmonic would be
• Therefore, winding factor
14
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Example
Calculate the distribution factor for a 36-slots, 4-pole, single layer 3-
phase winding
Solution: No. of slots per pole, n= = 9
No. of slots per pole per phase, m =
= =3
• Angular displacement between the slots, β = = 200
• Distribution factor, kd =
15
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator
• The voltage EA is the internal generated voltage produced in one
phase of a synchronous generator.
• However, this voltage EA is not usually the voltage that appears at
the terminals of the generator.
• In fact, the only time the internal voltage EA is the same as the
output voltage Vφ a phase is when there is no armature current
flowing in the machine.(i.e at no load condition)
EA = Vφ
16
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator
• When the alternator is loaded both EA and Vφ are no longer same
• There are a number of factors that cause the difference between EA
and Vφ
• The distortion of the air-gap magnetic field by the current flowing in
the stator, called armature reaction
• The self-inductance of the armature coils
– The resistance of the armature coils
• The effect of salient-pole rotor shapes
17
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator
• We will explore the effects of the first three factors and derive a
machine model from them
• In this chapter, the effects of a salient-pole shape on the operation
of a synchronous machine will be ignored
• The first effect mentioned, and normally the largest one, is
armature reaction
• When a synchronous generator's rotor is spun, a voltage EA is
induced in the generator's stator windings
18
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator
• If a load is attached to the terminals of the generator, a current
flows. But a three-phase stator current flow will produce a
magnetic field of its own in the machine
• This stator magnetic field distorts the original rotor magnetic field,
changing the resulting phase voltage. This effect is called armature
reaction
19
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator
• In addition to the effects of armature reaction, the stat or coils have
a self inductance and a resistance. If the stator self-inductance is
called LA (and its corresponding reactance is called XA)while the
stator resistance is called RA , then the total difference between EA
and Vφ is given by
• Often, armature reactance and self-inductance are combined into
the synchronous reactance of the machine
20
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Phasor Diagram Of A Synchronous Generator
• The phasor diagram of a synchronous
generator at unity power factor.
• The phasor diagram of a synchronous
generator at lagging power factor.
• The phasor diagram of a synchronous
generator at leading power factor.
21
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Summary
• The internal generated voltage of this machine depends on the rate
of shaft rotation and on the magnitude of the field flux
• The phase voltage of the machine differs from the internal
generated voltage by the effect of armature reaction in the
generator and also by the internal resistance and reactance of the
armature windings
• The terminal voltage of the generator will either equal the phase
voltage or be related to it by , depending on whether the machine
is Y or Δ connected
• In distributed winding, coil sides per phase are displaced from each
other by an angle equal to the angular displacement of the
adjacent slots
22
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
