03: RANKINE CYCLE
PREPARED BY: Matthew Jeffrey G. Roque
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Analyze the different processes involved in the
Rankine Cycle.
Calculate different properties and parameters
from the cycle.
RANKINE CYCLE
An ideal thermodynamic cycle used in describing processes
utilized in steam power plants.
https://kingston-corporation.com/portfolio/shuqaiq-steam-power-plant/
IDEAL RANKINE
CYCLE
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
Ideal Rankine Cycle Schematic Diagram
TURBINE or
ENGINE
STEAM
GENERATOR or
BOILER COOLING WATER
in
CONDENSER
COOLING WATER
PUMP out
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
P-V Diagram of Rankine Cycle
PROCESSES INVOLVED:
1 – 2: Isentropic Expansion in the
engine (s = constant)
2 – 3: Isobaric Heat Rejection in the
Condenser (p = constant)
3 – B: Adiabatic Pumping
(s=constant)
B – 1: Isobaric Heat Addition in the
Steam Generator (p =
constant)
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
T-S Diagram of Rankine Cycle
PROCESSES INVOLVED:
1 – 2: Isentropic Expansion in the
engine (s = constant)
2 – 3: Isobaric Heat Rejection in the
Condenser (p = constant)
3 – B: Adiabatic Pumping
(s=constant)
B – 1: Isobaric Heat Addition in the
Steam Generator (p =
constant)
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
IMPORTANT NOTES
The state of the steam leaving the steam generator and entering the
turbine/engine are the same.
This also applies to the feedwater leaving the pump and entering the
steam generator. As a result, there is NO PRESSURE DROP and NO
HEAT LEAKAGE in the steam and feedwater lines.
Constant quantity of working substance, which means no system
leakage.
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
RECALL: ISOBARIC HEAT
BOILER / STEAM GENERATOR
ADDITION
ENERGY BALANCE:
(per unit mass)
IF MASS FLOWRATE IS
INVOLVED:
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
TURBINE / ENGINE RECALL: ISENTROPIC
EXPANSION
ENERGY BALANCE:
(per unit mass)
IF MASS FLOWRATE IS
INVOLVED:
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
TURBINE / ENGINE RECALL: ISENTROPIC
EXPANSION
ENERGY BALANCE: Considering
(per unit mass)
IF MASS FLOWRATE IS
INVOLVED:
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
CONDENSER RECALL: ISOBARIC HEAT
REJECTION
ENERGY BALANCE:
(per unit mass)
IF MASS FLOWRATE IS
INVOLVED:
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
PUMP (Exact Pump Work) RECALL: ADIABATIC
PUMPING
ENERGY BALANCE:
(per unit mass)
IF MASS FLOWRATE IS
INVOLVED:
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
PUMP (Approx. Pump Work) RECALL: ADIABATIC
PUMPING
Feedwater leaving the pump is a
compressed liquid.
Compressed liquid tables are often
not available so getting the properties
needed for the exact pump work is
difficult.
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
PUMP (Approx. Pump Work) RECALL: ADIABATIC
PUMPING
Assumptions are made to get the
approximate pump work:
Water can be considered as
incompressible.
Negligible change in internal energy.
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
PUMP (Approx. Pump Work) RECALL: ADIABATIC
PUMPING
ENERGY BALANCE:
*Pressure should be in kPa to get a
Pump Work in kJ/kg (per unit mass)
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
PUMP (Approx. Pump Work) RECALL: ADIABATIC
PUMPING
IF VOLUME FLOWRATE IS
INVOLVED:
*Pressure should be in kPa to get a
Pump Work in kW
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
NET CYCLE WORK
(per unit mass)
IF POWER IS INVOLVED:
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
STEAM RATE
Let P = Power output, kW
Mass of steam used to perform unit work. W = Work done by a kg of
Mass flow rate of steam consumed to steam,
produce a unit of power. SR = Steam Rate,
= Mass Flow Rate,
A lower value is desired because a
smaller quantity of steam is needed to
develop the desired power output.
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
STEAM RATE
For Ideal Rankine Cycle:
IDEAL RANKINE
ENGINE
IDEAL RANKINE ENGINE
It’s either a steam turbine or a steam engine.
For the ideal Rankine engine analysis, pump work is NOT
included since we only want to focus processes inside the
engine.
Since we are dealing with an ideal engine, expansion is
considered as isentropic.
IDEAL RANKINE ENGINE
ENGINE ANALYSIS
WORK, W
(per unit mass)
STEAM RATE, SR
IDEAL RANKINE ENGINE
ENGINE ANALYSIS
THERMAL EFFICIENCY,
Since no heat is added to the engine, the equation from the
Rankine Cycle will change.
Where = Energy chargeable against the engine
= Enthalpy of Steam entering the Engine – Enthalpy of Sat. Liquid at the
condensing Temperature
IDEAL RANKINE ENGINE
ENGINE ANALYSIS
HEAT RATE,
Energy chargeable per unit of work or the rate of energy
chargeable per unit of power.
HR = SR = SR () [Unit: kJ/kwh]
IDEAL RANKINE ENGINE
ENGINE ANALYSIS
RELATING THERMAL EFFICIENCY AND HEAT RATE
Recall: and
RANKINE CYCLE & ENGINE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 01
Steam is generated at 4.10 MPa and and condensation occurs at
0.105 MPa. For a Rankine cycle that occurs between these limits,
determine the following:
(a) Heat Added (d) Thermal Efficiency
(b) Heat Rejected (e) Required Mass flow rate for
(c) Net Cycle Work a net output of 30000 kW in kg/s
RANKINE CYCLE & ENGINE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 02
Steam is generated at 4.10 MPa and and condensation occurs
at 0.105 MPa. For a Rankine engine that occurs between
these limits, determine the following:
(a) Thermal Efficiency
(b) Heat Rate
ACTUAL RANKINE
CYCLE
ACTUAL RANKINE CYCLE
Actual Rankine Cycle Schematic Diagram
TURBINE or
ENGINE
STEAM
GENERATOR or
BOILER COOLING WATER
in
CONDENSER
COOLING WATER
PUMP out
ACTUAL RANKINE CYCLE
When the following conditions are present:
Pressure Drop in the steam generator.
Pressure Drop in the steam line (1 – 1’).
Pressure Drop in the condenser.
Pressure Drop in the feedwater line (B – B’).
ACTUAL RANKINE CYCLE
When the following conditions are present:
Heat losses in the steam line.
Heat losses in the turbine/engine.
Irreversible Adiabatic Expansion in the turbine.
Inefficient pump.
Subcooled condensate.
ACTUAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
HEAT ADDED,
(per unit mass)
HEAT REJECTED,
ACTUAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
ENGINE WORK, ’ RECALL:
IRREVERSIBLE ADIABATIC
EXPANSION (per unit mass)
ACTUAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
ENGINE WORK, ’ RECALL:
POLYTROPIC EXPANSION
ENERGY BALANCE:
(per unit mass)
ACTUAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
PUMP WORK,
Where = Pump Mechanical Efficiency
ACTUAL RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE ANALYSIS
ACTUAL CYCLE THERMAL EFFICIENCY,
x 100%
ACTUAL RANKINE
ENGINE
ACTUAL RANKINE ENGINE
Similar to the ideal Rankine engine but the expansion
process it not isentropic.
Definition of Terms:
Turbogenerator – generator driven by a turbine.
TURBINE/ GENERATOR
ACTUAL RANKINE ENGINE
Definition of Terms:
Ideal Work, – work done by the steam during a reversible
adiabatic expansion process in the turbine.
Indicated or Actual Fluid Work, – work done by the steam during
an irreversible adiabatic expansion or polytropic expansion process
in the turbine.
ACTUAL RANKINE ENGINE
Definition of Terms:
Brake Work, – useful work or available work at the engine
shaft.
Combined Work, – electrical energy available at the generator
outlet.
ACTUAL RANKINE ENGINE
TURBINE-GENERATOR SET
TURBINE/ GENERATOR
ENGINE
ACTUAL RANKINE ENGINE
ENGINE ANALYSIS
WORK,
ENERGY CHARGEABLE AGAINST THE ENGINE,
THERMAL EFFICIENCY,
ACTUAL RANKINE ENGINE
THERMAL EFFICIENCIES
IDEAL THERMAL EFFICIENCY,
INDICATED THERMAL EFFICIENCY,
BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY,
ACTUAL RANKINE ENGINE
THERMAL EFFICIENCIES
COMBINED THERMAL EFFICIENCY,
NOTE: > > >
ACTUAL RANKINE ENGINE
STEAM RATES [kg/kwh]
IDEAL STEAM RATE, BRAKE STEAM RATE,
INDICATED STEAM COMBINED STEAM RATE,
RATE,
ACTUAL RANKINE ENGINE
ENGINE EFFICIENCIES
INDICATED ENGINE EFFICIENCY ,
BRAKE ENGINE EFFICIENCY ,
ACTUAL RANKINE ENGINE
ENGINE EFFICIENCIES
COMBINED EFFICIENCY ,
TURBINE/ENGINE MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY ,
GENERATOR EFFICIENCY ,
ACTUAL RANKINE ENGINE
HEAT RATES [kJ/kwh]
IDEAL HEAT RATE, BRAKE HEAT RATE,
INDICATED HEAT RATE, COMBINED HEAT RATE,
RANKINE CYCLE & ENGINE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 03
Steam at 5.2 MPa, expands in a Rankine Turbine to 0.036 MPa.
For 136 kg/s of steam, determine the following for the cycle:
(a) Net Power in kW
(b) Thermal efficiency in %
(c) Steam Rate
RANKINE CYCLE & ENGINE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 04
Steam at 5.2 MPa, expands in a Rankine Turbine to 0.036 MPa. For 136 kg/s of
steam and an actual turbine, the brake steam rate is 4.80 kg/kwh and the driven
electric generator has an efficiency of 93%. Find the following:
(a) Brake Thermal Efficiency in %
(b) Brake Engine Efficiency in %
(c) Combined Work in kW
(d) Quality of Actual Exhaust Steam in %
REFERENCES
Thermodynamics 2 by Hipolito B. Sta. Maria, Raymundo M.
Melegrito, Nelson M. Pasamonte, and Renato M. Siapno.
