Integrated Science
Unit 9, Chapter
Unit Nine: Energy in the Earth
Chapter System
25 Measuring Heat
25.1 Measuring Heat
25.2 Flow of Heat
25.3 Heat Transfer
Chapter 25 Learning Goals
Measure temperature.
Convert between the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales.
Understand and demonstrate physical changes due to
temperature.
Develop a mathematical relationship that describes how much the
temperature of water increases when heat is added to the water.
Discuss the relationship of heat and energy.
Calculate the efficiency in a heating system.
Explain three methods of heat transfer and describe applications
of each.
Analyze how energy can be transferred through convection.
Describe the motion of liquid due to temperature differences
within the system.
Chapter 25 Vocabulary Terms
British thermal unit (Btu) joule
calorie latent heat
Celsius scale thermal energy
convection radiationthermal
Fahrenheit scale equilibrium
first temperature
law of
thermodynamics thermal conductor
heat conduction thermal insulator
heat specific thermometer
heat-temperature rule thermostat
25.1 Measuring Heat
You have probably used
a thermometer to find
the temperature outside.
Temperature is the
measurement we use to
quantify the sensations
of hot and cold.
25.1 Measuring Heat
Temperature is a measure of average kinetic
energy of the molecules of an object.
As temperature
increases, so does
the average
kinetic energy of
the molecules.
25.1 Measuring Heat
Itis difficult to measure
the speed of individual
molecules in an object
since they are much too
small to see.
We commonly use
indirect measurement to The expansion of liquid in
a thermometer is directly
find an object’s proportional to the
temperature. increase in temperature.
25.1
Temperature
Scales
Fahrenheit scale was
developed in 1714 by
Gabriel Fahrenheit(1686-
1936), a German physicist.
In1742, Anders Celsius
(1701-44), a Swedish
astronomer, invented a
temperature scale in which
there were 100 degrees
between freezing and
boiling.
25.1 Thermal Energy and
Heat
Thermal energy is the
sum of all the kinetic
energy of the molecules
of a material.
Iftwo containers of soup
are at the same
temperature, a large pot
contains more thermal
energy because it takes
more energy to heat it.
25.1 Measuring Heat
Heatis the flow of
thermal energy due to a
temperature difference
between two objects.
In
the scientific sense,
heat occurs only when
there is a difference in
temperature.
25.1 Measuring Heat
Key Question:
How is temperature measured?
*Read text section 25.1 BEFORE Investigation
25.2 Flow of Heat
Ifyou double the
mass of the object
you are going to heat,
you need twice as
much energy to
increase the
temperature.
25.2 Specific Heat
Specific heat is a property of a substance.
Thespecific heat of a substance is the amount
of heat needed to raise the temperature of one
gram by one degree Celsius.
One unit used to measure heat is the calorie.
25.2 Flow of Heat
Scottishchemist Joseph Black
(1728-99) developed the theory of
specific heat in 1760.
Heatadded to boiling water causes
water to turn to gas, but it does not
raise the temperature.
Black called the heat used to boil or
melt substances latent heat because
it could not be sensed with a
thermometer.
Latent means "hidden".
Specific Heat of Various Metals
25.2 Specific Heat of Water
Water has a high specific heat.
Water
has greater resistance to temperature
change than does air.
25.2 1st Law of
Thermodynamics
In an isolated system, the total
amount of thermal energy
remains constant.
When hot water and ice are
placed in a closed system:
1. The energy lost by the hot
water is equal to
2. The energy gained by the ice.
3. Eventually, the contents
reach thermal equilibrium.
25.2 Flow of Heat
Key Question:
How efficient is an immersion heater?
*Read text section
25.2 BEFORE
Investigation 25.2
25.3 Heat Transfer
Thermal energy flows from
a material at a higher
temperature to a material at
a lower temperature.
Thisgeneral process is
called heat transfer.
Conduction and convection
both require matter for the
energy to transfer.
25.3 Conduction and
Insulators Materials that conduct
heat easily are called
thermal conductors.
Thosethat conduct
heat poorly are called
thermal insulators.
25.3 Convection
Convection is the transfer of
heat by the actual motion of
a fluid (liquid or gas) in the
form of currents.
Convection comes from a
Latin word meaning "to
carry together."
25.3 Convection in gases
Throughthe process of convection, the air surrounding your
body warms up, rises, and carries the heat away.
25.3 Convection in liquids
The hot water at the bottom of
the pot rises to the top of the
pot, and is replaced by the
cooler water.
Next the cooler water is
heated.
Ifthis did not happen, we
would have to rely on the
slower method of conduction
to boil a pot of water.
25.3 Radiation
Radiation is the direct
transfer of energy by
electromagnetic waves.
When electromagnetic
waves from the sun strike
Earth, some are absorbed
and others are reflected.
25.3 Radiation
Awhite sand beach is a poor absorber and poor
emitter of radiation.
Ablack road surface is a good absorber and good
emitter of radiation.
25.3 Heat Transfer
Key Question:
How much heat is transferred through convection?
*Read text section
25.3 BEFORE
Investigation 25.3
