DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA

EEEN 309

(ELECTRIC MACHINES 1)

Lecturer: ENGR. I. ABDUWAHAB

2019/2020
 COURSE OUTLINE
1. DC MACHINES
Construction features of DC machines
Calculation of EMF generated in armature
windings
Circuit model of DC machine
Developed Torque
Losses and efficiency

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 COURSE OUTLINE
2. DC GENERATOR
Working principles
Types and performance characteristics
Built up voltage in self excited machines
3. DC MOTOR
Working principles
Types and performance characteristics
Starting and braking speed regulation

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 INTRODUCTION
ELECTRIC MACHINES
Electro-mechanical conversion devices.
 Generator – convert mechanical input to electrical output

 Motor – when input is electrical and output is mechanical

An electric machine has a stator, a rotor and an air-gap in

between the two. Both the stator and the rotor have magnetic
poles.
The general feature of generators and motors is the same. This
means a machine used as motor can be used as a generator if
the input is changed.
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 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRIC MACHINES

When the device is a generator,

the mechanical system delivers
energy through the device to the
electrical system:
Mechanical Electrical
Electric Machine
System/ Input System/
Output

Losses

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 BASIC CONCEPT OF ELECTRIC MACHINES

When the device is a Motor, the electrical system

delivers energy through the device to the mechanical
system:

Electrical Mechanical
Electric Machine
System/Input System/Output

Losses

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 Electric Machine

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 DC MACHINE
 DC Machines are generators that convert
mechanical energy to its electrical energy and
motors that converts the electrical energy to
mechanical energy.
Most DC machines are like AC machines because
they have AC voltages and currents within them
but DC machines have a DC output only because
a mechanism exists that converts the internal AC
voltages to DC voltages at their terminals.

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DC MACHINE
 Generator action: An emf (voltage) is induced
in a conductor if it moves through a magnetic
field.

 Motor action: A force is induced in a

conductor that has a current going through it
and placed in a magnetic field.

 Any DC machine can act either as a generator

or as a motor.
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 Introduction
Electromagnetic Energy Conversion:
1. When armature conductors move in a
magnetic field produced by the current in
stator field winding, voltage is induced in
the armature conductors.
2. When current carrying armature
conductors are placed in a magnetic field
produced by the current in stator field
winding, the armature conductors
experience a mechanical force.
These two effects occur simultaneously in
a DC machine whenever energy
conversion takes place from electrical to
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 TERMINOLOGY
 CONDUCTOR: Each individual length of wire lying within
the magnetic field is called conductor. It may be made of
one or two or more parallel strands in the armature
winding.
 TURN: When the two conductors lying in a magnetic field
are connected in series so that the resultant induced emf
becomes double of that due to one conductor, it is known
as a turn.
 COIL: when one or more turns are connected in series and
the two ends of it are connected to adjacent commutator
segments (in lap winding) it is termed as a coil.

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 POLE PITCH: it is defined as the number of conductors
per pole. If there are 54 conductors for 6 poles then pole
pitch will be equal to 9 conductors per pole.
Coil Pitch: it is the distance measured in terms of
armature slots (or armature conductors) between two
sides of a coil.
Commutator: its function is to facilitate collection of
current from the armature conductors. It helps converts
the alternating current induced in the armature
conductors into unidirectional current in the external load
circuit.

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 Conductors placed in the slots of the stator or
rotor are interconnected to form windings.
The winding in which voltage is induced is called
ARMATURE WINDING.
The winding through which a current is passed
to produce the primary source of flux in the
machine is called the field winding.
In DC machine, the field winding is placed on
the stator and the armature winding on the rotor.
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Generated emf and Electromagnetic Torque

V f I f R f
Motor: Vt > Ea
Vt  Ea I a Ra Generator: Vt > Ea

Voltage generated in the armature circuit due the flux of the stator field current
Ea  K a d  m
Ka: design constant
Electromagnetic torque
Te  K a  d I a

Pem  Ea I a Te  m

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 EMF AND TORQUE EQUATION

N Te  K a  d I a
E  P
60

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 Assignment
• Write a short note on armature reaction and commutation

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 D.C. GENERATORS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy (power)
in to electrical energy (power).
The conversion principle is based on Faraday’s Laws of
Electromagnetic Induction.
Figure 1 shows a single turn
rectangular copper coil rotating
in a magnetic field (N – S). The
two ends of the coil are joined
by slip rings and the current
induced is conveyed to the
external through the carbon
Figure 1: Simple Loop
brushes.
Generator
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 D.C. GENERATORS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Let the coil in figure 1 be rotating in clock-wise direction. The
positions of the conductor in the field changes with time as shown
in figure 2(a). The e.m.f induced in over one cycle is shown in
figure 2(b).

a b
Figure 2: Working Principle of Generator

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The commutation process in the figure above

will ensure that the emf generated is DC
 D.C. GENERATORS
PRACTICAL GENERATOR
The simple loop generator has been considered just to bring out the basic principles.
The underlying construction and actual generator is as shown in figure 3 below.

The essential parts are as labeled.

The parts are broadly categorized
under magnetic circuit, electric circuit
and accessories for cooling and
mechanical support.

Figure 3: Practical Generator

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 D.C. GENERATORS
TYPES OF GENERATORS
Generators are classified according to the way in which their fields are
excited. We have the separately-excited and the self-excited generators.
Figure 4 shows all the various types of d.c. generators.

Figure 4: Types of d.c. Generators

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 PERMANENT MAGNET
GENERATOR
• When permanent magnets are used for
establishing the flux in the magnetic circuit,
the generator is known as a permanent
magnet generator. These generators have
not found industrial applications. They are
only employed in small sizes like dynamos
in motor cycles.

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 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC
GENERATORS
Since the operation of a dc machine
depends upon a fixed polarity of the poles
which does not vary with time, the field
coils need energization from a dc source.
A dc generator whose field winding is
excited from an independent external dc
source , such as a battery, is called a
separately excited generator.
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 SELF EXCITED DC GENERATORS
 A dc generator whose field winding is excited
by the current supplied by the generator itself,
is called self excited dc generator. In such
machines the field coils are inter-connected
with the armature winding.
 The field coils may be connected either in
series with the armature, in parallel with the
armature or partly in series and partly in
parallel with the armature.

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 SELF EXCITED DC GENERATORS
 Accordingly the self excited dc generator
can be classified as

Series wound generator

Shunt wound generator
Compound wound generators

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 Series wound generators
 In this type of generator, there is only
one field winding (one field coil on the core
of each salient pole) which is connected in
series with armature winding so that the
whole current flows through the field
winding as well as the load.

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 SHUNT WOUND GENERATOR
 In this generator also, there is only one
field winding, as in the case f series wound
generator, but in this case it is connected
across the armature circuit forming a
parallel or shunt circuit. The voltage across
the field winding is therefore the same as
the terminal voltage of the generator.
For shunt field, the effective power of
generator is proportional to the current
delivered to the external load circuit,
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 GENERATORS CHARACTERISTICS
INTRODUCTION
Generator characteristics gives the relationship between terminal
voltage and load current.
 It is usually represented graphically as characteristic curves
 It is of great importance in judging the suitability of a
generator for a particular purpose.
 The most important characteristic curves are:
 No-load saturation characteristic (E0/If) also called magnetic
characteristic or open-circuit characteristic (O.C.C).
 Internal or Total characteristic (E/Ia).
 External characteristic (V/I)

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF DC
GENERATORS
The three most important characteristics
or curves of a dc generator are
No load saturation characteristics (E0/If)
Internal or Total Characteristic (E/Ia)
External Characteristics (V/I)

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 NO LOAD SATURATION CHARACTERISTICS (E0/If)

It is also known as magnetic characteristic

or open-circuit characteristic (O.C.C.). It
shows the relation between the no-load
generated e.m.f. in armature, E0 and the
field or exciting current If at a given fixed
speed. It is just the magnetization curve for
the material of the electromagnets. Its
shape is practically the same for all
generators whether separately excited or
self excited.
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Internal or Total Characteristics (E/I a)

It gives the relation between the e.m.f. E

actually induces in the armature (after
allowing for the demagnetizing effect of
armature reaction) and the armature current
Ia. This characteristic is of interest mainly to
the designer.

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 External Characteristics (V/I)

It can be also referred to as performance

characteristics or sometimes voltage regulating curve.
It gives relation between the terminal voltage V and
the load current I, this curve lies below the internal
characteristic because it takes into account the
voltage drop over the armature circuit resistance. The
values of V are obtained by subtracting IaRa from
corresponding values of E. this characteristics is of
great importance in judging the suitability of a
generator for a particular purpose.
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 GENERATORS CHARACTERISTICS
Separately-Excited Generator
The arrangement for obtaining the necessary data to plot no-load
saturation curve as well as the curve itself were shown in figure 5
below.

Figure 5: O.C.C Curve for SEDCG

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 GENERATORS CHARACTERISTICS
Separately-Excited Generator cont’d
Consider a separately-excited generator given its no-load voltage
E0 for a certain constant field current. figure 5 shows the curves if
there were no armature reaction (I) and armature voltage drop (II),
then with armature reaction drop and (III) represent the external
characteristics.

Figure 6: Internal and External

characteristics of SEDCG

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 GENERATORS CHARACTERISTICS
Self-Excited Generator

The O.C.C. all self-excited generators are obtained in a similar way to

that of SEDCG. The field winding is disconnected from the machine
and connected to external d.c. source. This O.C.C. can be obtained for
different speeds.

• The O.C.C. can be used in getting the generators critical resistance

Rc and critical speed Nc.

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 DC MOTOR
An electric motor is a machine which
converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
The fundamental principle of DC motor is
identical with that of DC generators which
have the same type of excitation. That is a
machine running as a motor will also
operate satisfactorily as a generator.
The only difference lies however in the
mode of construction, which is due to the
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 Working Principle of DC Motor
The principle upon which a DC motor works is very
simple. If a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, mechanical force is experienced on the
conductor , the direction of which is given by Fleming’s
left hand rule (also called motor rule) and hence the
conductor moves in the direction of force.
The magnitude of the mechanical force experienced on
the conductor is given by:
F BI clc newtons
 Where B is the field strength in tesla, Ic is the current
flowing through the conductor in amperes and lc is the
length of conductor in meters.
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 Working Principle of DC Motor
When the motor is connected to the dc supply
mains, a direct current passes through the brushes
and commutator to the armature winding; while it
passes through the commutator it is converted
into ac so that the group of conductors under
successive field poles carry currents in the
opposite directions.
Also the direction of current in the individual
conductors reverses as they pass away from the
influence of one pole to that of the next.
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Electrical Motor
• How Does an Electric Motor Work?

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DC Motor

DC motor principles
• DC motors consist of rotor-mounted windings
(armature) and stationary windings (field poles).
In all DC motors, except permanent magnet
motors, current must be conducted to the
armature windings by passing current through
carbon brushes that slide over a set of copper
surfaces called a commutator, which is mounted
on the rotor.
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Cont’d
• The commutator bars are soldered to armature
coils. The brush/commutator combination makes a
sliding switch that energizes particular portions of
the armature, based on the position of the rotor.
This process creates north and south magnetic
poles on the rotor that are attracted to or repelled
by north and south poles on the stator, which are
formed by passing direct current through the field
windings. It's this magnetic attraction and
repulsion that causes the rotor to rotate.
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 Types and Performance
Characteristics
Similar to DC motors the dc motor can also
be classified into
Permanent magnet motor
Separately excited DC motors
Series wound DC motors

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 Permanent Magnet Motor
This type of motor consist of an armature
and one or several permanent magnets
encircling the armature. Field coils are usually
not required. however some of these motors
do have coils wound on the poles. If they
exist, these coils are intended only for
recharging the magnets in the event that
they loose their strength. Schematically
these motor appears as only an armature
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 Separately Excited DC Motors
These motors have field coils similar to
those of a shunt wound machine, but the
armature and field coils are fed from
different supply sources, as illustrated in
the figure below and may have different
voltage ratings.

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 Series Wound DC Motors
As the name implies, the field coils,
consisting of few turns of thick wire, are
connected in series with the armature as
illustrated in Figure below. The cross
sectional area of the wire used for field coils
has to be fairly large to carry the armature
current, but owing to the higher current, the
number of turns of wire in them need not be
large.
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 Shunt wound DC motors
• The word shunt means parallel. These motors are named because
they basically operate with the field coils connected in parallel with
the armature.
 SPEED REGULATION

• The term speed regulation refers to the change

in speed of a motor with change in applied load
torque, other conditions remaining constant.
Change in speed here meant the change which
occurs under these conditions due to inherent
properties of the motor itself and not those
changes which are affected through
manipulation of rheostats or other speed-
controlling devices.
 SPEED REGULATION

• Speed regulation is defined as the change in

speed when the load on the motor is reduced
from rated value to zero, expressed as percent of
the rated load speed.

No load speed  Full load speed dN

% speed regulation  100  100
Full load speed N