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Adjectiv
e
Is a word, which is used to modify noun or pronoun or
gives extra information about noun or pronoun.
Or
is a word, which is used to show the color, size, age, location,
temperature, quantity, shape, quality, and the origin of
noun or pronoun.
Red color ------ Blue pen ======> Show color
Small car ------ Big car ======> Show size
Young boy ------ Old woman ======> Show age
Next Street ------ Far place ======> Show location
Hot weather ------ cold weather ======> Show
Cont. …..
Many books ------ Much pollution ======> Show
quantity
Round earth ---- Triangular building ======> Show
shape
Talented student ------ Nice car ======>
Show quality
Indian movies ---- American movies ======> Show
origin
Hints about Adjective
1. Position or Usage of An Adjective
2. Types or Kinds of Adjective
3. Comparison of an Adjective
Position or Usage of An Adjective
Based on English grammar, adjective has mainly three positions
1. Attributive Position
2. Predicative Position
3. Post-positive Position
Attributive Position
When an adjective is used before a noun this position of an adjective is called
attributive position.
Ex: Talented Student ---- Nice Car ---- Experienced Teacher ---- Whiteboard etc.
Note:
Sometimes an adjective is used after a noun specially in poetry or songs.
Ex: Girl beautiful ----------- Attorney general etc.
Predicative Position
In this position an adjective comes after linking verbs [is, am, are, was, were, seem,
taste, smell, etc.]
Ex: She seems exhausted.
Link. Verb Pred. Pos
Ex: He is unhappy.
Post-positive Position
In this usage an adjective comes after indefinite pronouns.
Ex: Something expensive
Ex: Something easy
Ex: Nothing cheap
Note:
Only linking verbs are not modified by an adverb, but they are modified by an
adjective.
kinds or types
Adjective is generally divided into ten kinds or types:
Proper Adjective
Possessive Adjective
Adjective of Quality
Adjective of Quantity
Interrogative Adjective
Distributive Adjective
Demonstrative Adjective
Numeral Adjective
Emphasizing Adjective
Exclamatory Adjective
Proper Adjectives
Are those Adjectives, which are taken from proper noun.
Note:
Proper Adjectives are normally used with capital letter.
Ex: Afghan ----- Afghani
Pakistan ----- Pakistani
Possessive Adjectives:
Are those Adjectives, which are used to show the possession or ownership.
Possessive Adjectives are [his, her, its, your, my, our, their]
Note:
After possessive Adjectives, we use a noun.
Ex: My house ----- His book ----- Its color ----- etc
Adjective of Quality
Is also called descriptive Adjective.
Are those Adjectives, which are used to show the quality of a noun and pronoun.
Ex: Talented ----- Intelligent ----- Experienced ----- Dumb etc
Demonstrative Adjective
Are also called Dem-Adjective.
Are those Adjectives, which are used to demonstrate or point out place, person, or
thing.
Some Demonstrative Adjective are listed here:
This: Used for singular near place, person, and thing.
That: Used for singular far place, person, and thing.
These: Used for plural near places, persons, and things.
Those: Used for plural far places, persons, and things.
Cont. …..
Note:
The words (this, that, these, those) can be demonstrative pronouns and can be
demonstrative adjective.
Ex: These chairs are mine.
Dem-Adj Noun
Ex: Those are markers.
Dem-P Verb
Adjective of Quantity
Is also called Quantity Adjective or Quantifiers.
Are those adjectives, which are used to show the quantity or measurement of a
noun.
Ex: He has little money.
Ex: He has a little money.
Ex: She has few books.
Ex: She has a few books.
Note:
[a little / little] are used with uncountable nouns.
Little: Shows that much quantity, which cannot complete our requirement and it, gives
negative meaning or sense.
A little: Shows that much quantity, which can complete our requirement and it, gives positive
meaning or sense.
Cont. …..
Note: [a few / few] are used with plural count noun.
Few: Shows that much quantity, which cannot complete our requirement.
A few: Shows that much quantity, which can complete our requirement.
Numeral Adjective:
Is also called Adjective of number.
Are those adjectives, which are used to show order in a specific number.
Or
those adjectives, which are used to numberize a noun.
Ex: The hand has five fingers.
Ex: She has some books.
Kinds of Numeral Adjective
1. Indefinite Numeral Adjective
2. Definite Numeral Adjective
Indefinite Numeral Adjective: Which do not denote an exact number.
Ex: some ---- all ---- no ---- enough etc.
Definite Numeral Adjective: Which denote an exact number.
Note:
Definite Numeral Adjective has two kinds:
1. Cardinal Numeral Adjective: Denotes how many.
Ex: One ---- Two ---- Ten ---- Three etc.
2. Ordinal Numeral Adjective: Denotes order of things.
Ex: First ---- Second ---- Third ---- Fifth etc.
How to change cardinal to ordinal number
The first three numbers are irregular
One First
Two Second
Three Third
Most of numbers taken (th)
Six Sixth
Four Fourth
If a Number Ends With (e), We Drop (e) and add (Th)
Nine Ninth
If a Number Ends With (ve), We Change (ve) To (f) and add (Th)
Five Fifth
Twelve Twelfth
Cont. …..
If a Number Ends With (y), We Change (y) To (ie) and add (Th).
Eighty Eightieth
Twenty Twentieth
If a Number Has Many Digits, We Change Only The Last Digit To Ordinal
Number.
Six Thousand Five Hundred and Eighty
Six Thousand Five Hundred and Eightieth
Interrogative adjective
Are those adjectives which are used to Interrogate Or ask about Noun
Or Pronoun.
Interrogative adj are (Which – What – Whose).
Ex: - which color do you like?
Interro – adj N
Ex: - Whose book Is This?
Interro – adj N
Note:
After Interrogative adjective we Use a Noun.
Distributive adjective
Are those adjectives, Which Refer to a Noun Individually.
Or
those adjective Which Modify a Noun Individually. Distributive adjective are
(Each, Every, any Other, Either, Neither).
Ex: - I like Each book.
Destri-adj
Ex: - Afghanistan Is Nicer Than any Other Country In The World.
Emphasizing adjective
Are those adjective, Which are Used To Emphasize a Noun.
Emphasizing adjective are (Very – Own).
Ex: - I Saw It With My Own Eyes.
Emph-adj
Ex:- Learning English is Very Good Thing For You.
Emph-adj
Exclamatory adj
The Word (What) Some Times Used as an Exclamatory adjective.
Ex: - What an Idea!
Exclam-adj
Ex: - What a ball!
Comparison of an adjective
In English grammar while knowing about high, higher and the highest quality of a noun
here, an adjective is used in three different degrees.
Degrees of an adjective:
[1] Positive degree
[2] Comparative degree
[3] Superlative degree
Positive degree of an adjective:- Is also called absolute adjective is a degree in which
we add neither suffixes (r) (er) (est) nor prefixes (less, more).
(or)
is a degree that shows high and low quality of a noun or pronoun, and it is used when no
comparison is needed.
Ex; the flower is beautiful.
Pos-degree
Ex; Khan is an intelligent student.
(2) Comparative degree
(2) Comparative degree: This degree denotes a higher degree of the quality then the
positive and we used this degree when we want to compare two things, two places, and
two people with each other.
Comparison may be between:
{} A single item.
Ex: Ali is taller than Wali.
{} A single item with a group.
Ex: Ali is more intelligent than other boys.
{} Two groups
Ex: The boys of level 3 are more intelligent than the boys of level 4.
(3) Superlative degree
We used this degree when we want to compare one person with the group of people,
one thing with a group of things, one place with a group of place and we used the
definite article (the) before superlative.
Ex: Nangarhar is the hottest city in Afghanistan.
Ex: Ali is the tallest student in the class.
Ex: Grammar is the most interesting subject in the languages.
Formation of comparative and superlative
For one syllable adjective we add (er) in comparative and (est) in
superlative
Positive comparative superlative
Sweet sweeter the sweetest
Great greater the greatest
Small smaller the smallest
When an adjective ends in (e) we add only comparative (r ) and super (st).
Brave braver the bravest
White whiter the whitest
Large larger the largest
Fine finer the finest
When an adjective ends in a single vowel +consonant, we double the
consonant and
add (er) in comparative and (est) in super.
Cont. …..
Big bigger the biggest
Red redder the reddest
Hot hotter the hottest
Fat fatter the fattest
When an adjective ends in a double vowel +consonant, here we don’t double the
consonant.
Sweet sweeter the sweetest
Great greater the greatest
When an adjective ends in {consonant +y}, we change (y) to (i) and add (er) in
comparative and (est) superlative.
Happy happier the happiest
Heavy heavier the heaviest
Easy easier the easiest
Cont. …..
Happy happier the happiest
Heavy heavier the heaviest
Easy easier the easiest
For two or more than two syllable adjective we add (less and more) in comparative
and (the least and the most) in superlative.
Positive comparative superlative
Interesting more interesting the most interesting
Intelligent more intelligent the most intelligent
Modern more modern the most modern
famous more famous the most famous
Some adjectives have two possibilities, we can add (r, er, more) comparative and
(st,est, the most) in superlative.
Positive comparative superlative
Polite politer/more polite politest/ the most politest
Simple simpler / the more simple simplest / the most simple
Cruel crueler/ the more cruel cruelest/ the most cruel
Cont. …..
Some adjective don’t have comparative and superlative forms, such adjectives are called absolute
adjective.
Positive comparative superlative
Excellent ?? ??
Complete ?? ??
Perfect ?? ??
Right ?? ??
Wrong ?? ??
The comparative and superlative form of irregular adjectives.
Positive comparative superlative
Good /well better the best
Bad / ill / evil worse the worst
Far farther/further the farthest
Late later / latter the latest / last
Old older / elder the oldest / eldest
Many more the most
Little less/lesser the least
Cont. …..
Many more the most
Much more the most
Little less / lesser the least
comparative adjectives are followed by (than) some adjectives are taken from
other languages such adjectives are followed by (to) in comparative and (the
+ adjective + most) in superlative.
They are: {senior, junior, superior, etc.}.
Ex: Ali is senior to Wali. (Comparatives)
Ex: Ali is the senior most student in his class. (Superlative)
Some comparatives are used as double, here the first comparative is the
cause and the second one is the result.
Ex: The more the children, the more the problem me.
Cause result
Ex: The higher you climb, he lower you down.
Cause result
Cont. …..
Sometimes we use repeating comparatives that shows a change in a
situation or shows that something decreases or increases.
Ex: the weather is getting hotter and hotter day by day.
Ex:-living in Afghanistan is more and more difficult.
The End
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