Fire & Explosion

PDIS-102
CHAPTER 9
L R Patel MGLI
 TOPICS
1. Fire Phenomena
1.1. Chemistry of fire.
1.2. Stages of fire.
1.3. Factors contributing to fire.
1.4. Classification of fires.
1.5. Common causes of industrial fires.
1.6. Spread of fire.
2. Determination of Fire Load

3. Design of Building, Plant, Exits, etc. for Fire

Safety & Fire Resistance of Building Materials
4. Prevention of Fire
4.1. Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers. Water
systems. Carbon-dioxide systems. Foam extinguisher
system. Dry chemical extinguishing systems.
4.2. Halon Alternatives.
4.3. Hydrant and fixed installations.
4.4. Special industrial fire detectors and alarms.
4.5. Sprinkler systems.
4.6. Automatic fire detection and extinguishing system.
5. Special Safety Consideration
5.1. Control of fire and explosion in
handling/processing flammable liquids, gases,
vapors, mists, dusts etc.
5.2. PIPA for automatic fire and gas detection and
getting probable scenarios on DCS.
5.3. Fighting fire involving pesticides.
5.4. Electrical fire.
5.5. Effects of combustion products.
6. Explosion Phenomena
6.1. Deflagration
6.2. Detonation.
6.3. Confined and unconfined Vapor Cloud
Explosion (VCE).
6.4. Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion
(BLEVE).
7. Fire Emergency Action Plan & Drill. Control
Room
 Common Hazards in Industry
• Fire
• Electricity
• Chemical
• Material Handling
• Process related (Noise, Heat, Vibration,
Illumination,..
• Work related (welding-cutting, work at height,
confine area,..
 Fire Practical
Demo

1. Glass- Petrol fire :Extinguish by paper, water

2. LPG Gas tube- Green Vs Orange
3. Trey fire: Cover with Cloth, paper, water, sand
4. Surface fire: Cover with sand, water
5. Fire extinguisher: PASS
6. Fire Hydrant, hose reel & monitor
7. RACE
8. STOP- DROP- ROLL
9. Crawling
10. Siren code & Assembly point
 Practical
Equipment requirement

1. One glass, 500ml petrol

2. One bucket water
3. Hard sheet
4. LPG bottle with tube & regulator
5. Metal trey for fire demo + waste mat
6. One bed sheet
7. All types of extinguisher – one each
8. One sand bucket
9. Table
Exercise
 Fire training module
• Types of hazards in plant
• Case study- learning point
• Fire hazards at different area
• Causes of fire ignition
• Availability of flammable materials
• Fire protection system – hose reel, extinguisher,
MCP, siren code
• Escape route
• Siren code & Assembly point
 TOPICS
1. Fire Phenomena
1.1. Chemistry of fire.
1.2. Stages of fire.
1.3. Factors contributing to fire.
1.4. Classification of fires.
1.5. Common causes of industrial fires.
1.6. Spread of fire.
1.1 Chemistry of fire
 WHAT IS FIRE?
• Fire is fast-rapid chemical reaction between a
combustible substance and oxygen
accompanied by evolution of heat and/or
light.
• A rapid oxidation of a fuel produces heat and
light.
• Rust, or corrosion, is an example of the slower
form, and explosion is an example of the more
rapid form.
 o n Oxidation
o siti i o n
m p o s
Co r r
A ir Co
Slow Oxidation

Instantaneous Oxidation

Rapid Oxidation i re
F

Self Oxidation Peroxide / Oxides / Oxalates

What Elements of fire?
-Fire is a chemical reaction of 3 elements.
Need all three
components to
start a fire.
Fire extinguishers
remove one or
more of the
components.

17
Elements are:
• Fuel- paper, wood, flammable gas,
energized electrical equipment,
etc...
• Energy (heat),- sufficient to support
combustion. Often referred to as
the ignition source.
• Oxidizer (air)

IF ANY ONE OF THESE IS MISSING, A

FIRE CANNOT CONTINUE.
18
 FIRE Principles /chemistry
• Fire is a process of combustion.
• For fire to occur- all three elements must join
in a close relationship.
• Heat and/light energy released.
• Recent studies indicate that the spread or
propagation of a fire is also dependent on a
fourth factor - the chemical chain reactions
The Combustion Process
THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON- Pyramid
(NEW CONCEPT)

FUEL

AIN N
CH CTIO
OX A
YG
E RE
N
TEMPERATURE

20
 ELEMENTS OF FIRE
• Three basic elements must be present for a fire to occur: fuel,
heat, and oxygen.
• These three components make up the fire triangle and proper
combination of these three items invariably results in a fire.
• The chemical chain reaction between the fuel, heat and oxygen
represents the fourth component of the fire equation- refer to
this as the fire square these four components are present.
• Preventing the combination of these elements will prevent a
fire.
• If one of the elements is removed from the fire situation, the
fire will be extinguished.

skip
 Stages of Fire
Four stages
1. Incipient stage: No visible smoke, flame or more heat
developed. Invisible combustion particles are
generated. Detect by ionisation detector.
2. Smouldering stage: Visible smoke generated.
Photoelectric detector can detect smoke.
3. Flame stage: Flame starts after point of ignition. Smoke
decrease- heat increase. Infrared detector can detect.
4. Heat stage: Heat, flame, smoke and gases are produced
in large amount. Thermal detector can detect.
 Factors contributing to fire
1. Easy availability of combustible mat- solvent, paper,
wood, rubbish, etc –nearby ignition source
2. Easy availability of oxidizing material
3. Source of ignition like spark, static charge, hot surface,
welding spark,..
4. Failure of lubrication- hot
5. Electrical spark in flammable areas
6. Smoking –alchohol
7. No fire detector- fire extinguishers
8. Wrong-unsafe of flammable liq /gases
9. Chemical unsafe process /uncontrolled
reaction- exothermic reaction
[Link] stoppage of cooling system on
process
[Link] gas –failure on flammable substance
[Link] strike
Classification of
Fire Class Fire Type Materials involved

A Solid
Wood, paper, cloth, trash etc…

B Flammable Liquids
Flammable solvents, liquids, Oils,
Greases, Paints etc…

C Flammable Gases
Energized electrical equipment
and All flammable gases

D Metals
Water reactive Chemicals,
Combustible metals etc…

E Electrical Cable, panel, transformer

K kitchen Fat oil

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 CLASSES OF FIRE – International std
• Fire is divided into four/five classes based
primarily on the fuel that is burning.
• This classification system helps us assess
hazards and determine the most effective type
of extinguishing agent.
 Class-A fire : solid material
• Class A fires involve ordinary combustible
materials: wood, paper, and cloth.
• Class A fires are usually relatively slow in their
initial development and growth, and because
these materials are solids, they are somewhat
easier to contain.
• Class A fires leave an ash after the material
has been consumed.
 Class-B fire : Liquid material
• Class B fires involve flammable and combustible
liquids fuel oil
• These fires usually develop and grow very rapidly.
• Class B materials are fluid in nature, which allows
them to flow and move.
• This makes dealing with them somewhat more
difficult than Class A materials.
• These materials are common in many settings.
• These fires typically do not leave an ash.
 Class-C fire : Gas material
• Class C fires involve flammable gases such as
propane, LPG, H2.
• These fires usually develop and grow very very
fast.
 Class-D fire : Metal
• Class D fires involve combustible metals such
as magnesium, titanium, and zirconium.
• These materials are usually difficult to ignite
but create intense fires once started.
• Class D fires are very difficult to extinguish,
but, fortunately, they are relatively uncommon
in most industries.
 Class-E fire : Electrical
• Class E fires involve energized electrical equipment such as motors,
appliances, and machinery.
• This is the only classification of the five that is not directly related to
the type of fuel.
• The fact that a live electrical circuit is involved is the determining
factor.
• The burning materials may actually fall into one or more of the four
other classes.
• If the electric power is disconnected, the fire is no longer considered
class E.
• Whether the device being considered is turned on or not is
unimportant in this classification.
• Power to the device makes it Class E even if the device is turned off.
 Class-K fire : Kitchen oil

Class K fires involve cooking oils.

This is the newest of the fire classes.

Fire Triangle-simple way
 -Fire is a chemical reaction of 3 elements.

Need all three components to start a

fire.
Fire extinguishers remove one or more
of the components.

35
 Extinguishing Principles
• Fuel removal
Starvation
• Excluding Oxygen
Smothering
• Reducing Temperature
Cooling
• Inhibiting the Chemical Chain
Reaction
Starvation
Example :
• Isolation of leaking section
• Separating combustible materials .

No
Fire
Ignition Source
 Cooling
Example :
• Removal of heat by application of water

No
Fire
Ignition Source
 Smothering
Example :
• Removal of air (oxygen) by foam
•Blanket / covering by fire blanket .

No
Fire
Ignition Source
40
41
42
43
46
No identification
Live contact
Tree closed to live
conductor
52
53
Paint drum near panel

54
Combustible solid material near
transformer

55
Material stacked closed to
MCC
 Injury due to fire-smoke
Direct /clinical • CPR
• Burns • First aid
• Unconsciousness
• Asphyxiate- lack of O2
• CO /Toxic poisoning-fatal

Indirect /Non -clinical

• Stampede
• Fall on ground
• Jump
58
Fire output – main hazard
Heat

Smoke

Panic

Reduced visibility

Building collapse

Reduced oxygen
 Most output from fire
• PVC /HCl fumes
• Hydrogen
cyanide
• Isocyanides
• Carbon Dioxide
• Carbon
monoxide
• SO2
• NO2
60
 IGNITION SOURCES
• Ignition sources can be grouped into four
categories based on the type of source involved
in the heat-producing action.
These categories are:
• Mechanical (friction, compression);
• Electrical (resistance, arcing, static, lightning);
• Chemical (combustion, decomposition,
spontaneous heating, solution);
• Nuclear.
 Mechanical heating occurs in two forms:
Friction and compression

• Friction between two surfaces that are in contact with at least one
surface in motion creates a heat build-up which can lead to the
ignition of combustible materials.
Examples: Heating or sparking
• Conveyor bearing heating due to non availability of lubrication
• Belt slipping on a pulley.
• The action of the belt moving against the pulley generates heat,
and the belt, being a combustible material, provides the fuel.
• Friction can also result in ignition if the friction produces sparks.
• Grinding operation may ignite combustibles in the area.
 Ignition by compression

• Compression is not a common source of ignition.

• The gas laws of chemistry state that anytime the
pressure on a gas is increased, the temperature also
increases.
• It is possible that during the compression of a gas,
sufficient heat could be generated to cause ignition of
combustible materials.
• This principle is one of the reasons why a diesel engine
works without spark plugs.
 Electrical heating
• Resistance
• Arcing
• Overloading /current
• Static electricity
• Lightning.
 Resistance - may cause a fire
• Resistance in an electric circuit is very similar to friction and generates heat. H
= I2Rt
• As an electric current passes through a conductor, a certain amount of the
current is needed to overcome the friction between atoms as the electricity
passes from one to the other.
• This causes a resistance to the passage of the current which, in turn, produces
heat.
Heating depends on:
•whether the conductor is insulated or not,
•how big it is, what the conductor is made from
•how quickly it dissipates the heat.

An example
• Intentional resistance heating is the electric water immersion heater.
• If a conductor is caused to carry more current than it was designed for, heating
 Arcing- cause fire
• Disconnecting a switch creates a small arc that is usually not a
problem.
• Arcing occurs anytime a circuit carrying electric current is
interrupted.
• The arc is created by the current’s tendency to maintain the
established flow.
The magnitude of the problem created by the arc depends
•amount of current being carried out
•method of interruption of the circuit.
• A conductor placed in close proximity to a grounded object is
likely to create an arc that would be a problem if combustibles
were nearby.
 Over loading /current
• Over load –carrying more current than
designed – more heat produced
• Short circuit-
•insulation failure and short by two carrying phase result in sudden flowing
huge current- result in sever heat instantly
•Short of two phase by any live spices
•Dust /moisture in panel-switch board

• Fault created inside equipment: Burn out coil,

short of conductor with other metallic part-
result in fault current
 Common causes of Industrial fire
• Electrical
• Static charge
• Friction
• Open flame- welding cutting
• Smoking
• Bad housekeeping
• Spontaneous ignition
• Hot surface nearby combustible particles
• Process failure- explosion, unsafe chemical handling
 Spread of fire
Depends on:
• The area, type and amount of combustible
substance exposed
• CV of mat
• Conduction – convection and radiation
• Atmospheric condition –humidity –dry- hot-
wind direction and velocity
 9.2 Determination of fire load
• It is amount of heat released by fuel per area of
premises. Kcal per m2
• Fire load are calculated to assess potentially fire
hazards, need of fire prevention and protection
system.
• Useful for design in
• fire detection-alarm system
• Portable Fire extinguisher- nos
• Amount of fire water to quench the fire
 Fire load calculation
Fire load = ∑ Wt of combustion mat in kg x CV
Area m2
= 1800 kg x 4500 Kcal/kg + 1500 kg x 6000 k-cal
1000 m2
= 8100000 + 9000000 /1000 = 17,100 k-cal/m2
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Wood: 1800 kg CV: 4500 k-cal /kg
Plastic: 1500 kg CV: 6000 k-cal/kg
Floor area: 1000 m2
 Fire load class
• 2,75,000 k-cal /m2 : Low fire load

• 2,75,000 - 5,50,000 : Moderate fire load

• Above 5,50,000 k-cal /m2 : High fire load

 9.3 Design of building, plant, exit –for fire
safety
• Building should be protected both horizontal and vertical
from spreading of fire & smoke through floors, stairs,
wall, ventilating ducts.
• Escape route must be provided as per requirements.
• High risk areas: packing, store, boiler, kitchen, car park..
Should be separated by fire resistant construction.
• Segregate the building for high hazardous /fire risk
process.
• Storage of flammable mat like gas cylinders, oil must be
minimum.
• Electricity installation must be having protective devices.
• Lightening protection to be provided as per
requirements.
• Facility for Emergency management to be
provided.
• Process safety to be implemented.
• Fire safety Training to be awarded to working
people.
• Legal /IS provisions to be observed.
• National building code-2016 part-4 & GFR -
1963 to be observed.
 Fire Exit (GFR-66A)
• They should be sufficient in number.
• Clearly visible and illuminated. Lighting
independent from normal power supply.
• Marked by language understood by the
workers.
• Iron or spiral ladders not allowed.
• Minimum dimension of doorway - width 100
cm, height 200 cm
• Exit doorways should open outwards at all
times
• Exit door should be open able without key
• If a staircase is arranged round a lift way, the
fire resistance (rating) of the lift way should be
more than that of the staircase.
• Ramp of slope I in 8, or less, be provided to
connect floors of different levels.
 9.4 Fire Safety (to protect plant,
people and property)

Fire Prevention Fire Protection Fire fighting

•Elimination of possible •Limiting the spread of •Fire extinguishers

and potential source of fire/smoke •Hydrant
fire •Compartmentation •Hose reel
•Fuel control •Segregation •Monitor (water cum
•Heat control •Fire resistance foam)
•Engineering control •Fire seal/ barrier •Sprinkler
•Provide protective •Gas suppression
•Fire door •Foam blanketing
devices
•Housekeeping •Escape •Fire vehicles
•On site emergency •Fire detection /alarm •Process tripping
plan /Fire order- •Fixed automating •Smoke control system
documents /Hot work sprinkler /fire •Training & Mock drill
permit extinguisher •Mutual aid
 Fire Safety (as per NBC-2016)

Fire Prevention Life safety Fire protection

•Structural building •To minimise the •To supress the

components such danger to person fire:
as: from fire, smoke,
•Mat used for •Fire extinguishers
fumes, panic: •Fixed like:
construction •Exit, door-stair-
•Access road to ramps- corridor- •Hydrant
building signages •Sprinkler
•Around the building •Smoke control •Gas suppression
•Height of building •Foam blanketing
•Floor area and layout •Detection and alarm
•Occupancy limitation •Evacuation •Water mist
 FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY:
•Based on loss prevention & control.
• No plant is absolutely safe.
•A fire in one part/section of a plant can endanger other
sections of plant as well

TYPES:
• ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
• PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
• Dyke walls
• Safety valves on equipment
• Water seal in separators
• Rupture disc in process piping
• Fire proofing of structures
• Fire retardants paints on cables
• Cable seal /panel seal
• Fire barriers / fire door
• Compartmentation
• Positive pressurization
• Flaring / venting
Physical factors
Restricting smoke and fire spread

Compartmentation •
Fire separation •
Doors •
Smoke control •
Ventilation •
Internal and external walls •
Physical factors
Means of escape

Maintaining means of escape •

Signs and notices •
.Lighting •
83
Cable sealing and Fire STOP
Dyke wall for oil storage tank
Active Fire fighting system
 Portable fire fighting equipment
• Fire blankets
• Fire (water/sand) Buckets
• Fire extinguishers
• Portable fire pump(Diesel /Petrol driven)
Mobile fire fighting equipment
• Fire tender
• Trailer pump
• DCP fire tender /Foam fire tender

Fixed fire suppression fighting system

• Water based: Fire hydrant /hose reel /water monitor/ sprinkler
• Gas based: CO2 /Halon /FM200 /Novec /Clean agent
• DCP based: Specific area
• Foam based: Tank farm
FIRE BLANKET
Fire Buckets/Drums
 Fire Extinguishers

Methods of
Operations
 Fire Extinguisher Anatomy
PRESSURE GAUGE
(not found on CO2
DISCHARGE LEVER extinguishers)

DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN CARRYING

AND SEAL HANDLE

DISCHARGE HOSE

DATA PLATE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE BODY

DISCHARGE ORIFICE

98
Different Kinds of Fire Extinguishers
The 5 most common fire
extinguishers:

 Water Type
 Mechanical Foam
 Dry Chemical
Powder
 Carbon Dioxide
 Halon / Clean agent
Each kind of extinguisher has a 99
How to use a Fire Extinguisher
Remember this easy
acronym when using an
extinguisher - P.A.S.S.

Pull the pin.

Aim the nozzle.
Squeeze the handle.
Sweep side to side at the base of the
fire.
100
 HOW TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• Pull the pin or safety clip.

• This will allow you to

discharge the extinguisher.

Pull out safety device of fire

extinguisher
Aim nozzle at base of fire

Aim at the base of the fire. If

you aim at the flames
(which is frequently the
temptation), the extinguishing
agent will fly right through and
do no good.
You need to hit the fuel.
Squeeze top lever of fire extinguisher

Squeeze/open the top

handle or lever.

This depresses a button that

releases the pressurized
extinguishing agent in the
extinguisher.
 Water type fire Extinguisher
Now Old type
CO2 type

70 bar pr
 CO2
• Chip
• Easy to operate
• Available in 2 /4.5 kg - portable
• 6/9/22.5 kg – trolley mounted
• Agent: Liquefied CO2 gas at 55 to 70 bar pr
• Exhaust time: 30 sec
 FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA
CARBON DIOXIDE

Prevents combustion by displacing Oxygen

Non conductor of Electricity

Expansion ratio 1: 450

DCP type
ABC type
 ABC /DCP tpe
• Pressurised by N2 gas at 15 bar
• Available in 1/ 2/ 4/ 6 / 9 kg
• Discharge jet 1 to 5 m
• Above 22 kg are on trolley mounted and with
CO2 gas cylinder
• ABC-Powder name: Mono ammonium
phosphate (MAP).
• DCP: Sodium bicarbonate and potassium
bicarbonate
 FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA
DRY CHEMICAL POWDER / ABC type
Decomposing and releasing CO2
Smothering
Cutting chain reaction
Heat absorption by powder
Example: Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium
bicarbonate, Urea based potassium
bicarbonate, Mono Ammonium
phosphate..
 FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA

2NaHCO3 Heat
Na2CO3 + H2O +CO2

Na2CO3 Heat
Na2O + CO2

Na2O + OH* + H* Heat

2NaOH + CO2
Foam type
 Mechanical Foam
• Cap: 9 Lit –portable / 50 L- trolley mounted
• Foam name: AFFF + water
• Propelling gas: N2 at 15 bar
• Jet: 3-5 m / 10 m + hose length 3 m
K-type
Halon type
• Halon 1011, 1211 or 1301 a
liquid gas is filled in
extinguishers
• 3-4 times more effective
than CO2
 Clean agent
• Liquefied gas pr at 15 bar
• Jet: 2 -4 m length
118
119
120
 Fire Extinguisher Summary
EXTINGUISHER WORKS AS EFFECTIVE AGAINST

PRESSURIZED WATER COOLING

MECHANICAL FOAM BLANKETING

DRY CHEMICAL POWDER

SMOTHERING
ABC type

CARBON DIOXIDE SMOTHERING

K-type BLANKETING FAT OIL

121
 Fixed FIRE PROTECTION
Fire protection facilities provided depending on the nature of the installation and
risk involved:

• Detection and alarm system

• Communication system

• Fire water system

• Foam system

• Clean agent system

• CO2 system

• DCP extinguishing system

 Fire detection system
• Manual call point
• Detector with alarm

• They should be properly located depending upon

their range.
• They simply give alarm and cannot extinguish fire.
• They make us alert for fire fighting & to escape.
 Principles
Actually they detect sensible heat, smoke density or flame radiation to operate
before actual fire follows.

• Photosensitivity to detect presence of smoke, increase in temperature, light intensity or total

radiation
• Thermal expansion,
• Thermoelectric sensitivity,
• Thermo conductivity

Types:
• Photo electrical:
• Light scattering
• Light Obscuration
• Ionization
• Heat (Thermal)
• Thermal expansion detectors.
 Stage-1 fire
Incipient stage: No visible smoke / detectable
heat
• Combustion particles are produced < 0.3
microns
• Use ionisation detector
 Stage-2 fire
• Smouldering stage: Visible smoke particles are
produced > 0.3 microns
• Use Photoelectric detector
 Stage-3 Fire
• Flame: Rapid combustion produced. Radiant
heat energy in visible and invisible (IR, UV)
spectrum.
• Use flame detectors.
 Stage-4
• Uncontrolled combustion- huge quantity of
heat and light produced
• Use heat detector
• But takes time
 Notification given by
• Audible horn, siren
• Visual strobes
Sounding a warning in case of fire

Electric

.Manual
133
 Fire detection equipment
Smoke detectors Heat detectors

Ionisation • Rate of rise •

Optical • .Fixed temperature •

Beam smoke detectors

 Linear heat detection
• Linear Heat Detection (LHD) is a continuous heat
detector designed to detect heat along the length of a
sensor cable. This sensor cable is made up of two
conductors, both insulated by heat sensitive
polymers.
• Freezers
• Printing presses
• Vehicle suppression systems
• Warehouses
• Coal conveyor
 Fire control panel
• Conventional (Fixed or Programmable)
• Addressable (multiplexed)
• Intelligent (Analog data transfer)
 Thermal Detector
• Thermal detectors are of fixed temperature
detectors, rate-compensated thermal
detectors, rate of rise thermal detectors, line
thermal detectors and the bulb detection
system.
 Smoke detectors
Smoke detectors are of photoelectric type and
are of two classes –
• The beam photoelectric or
• reflected beam photoelectric detectors
Action in the event of fire
• Manual call point
 Gas detector
This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak or
other emissions and can interface with a control system
so a process can be automatically shutdown.

-CO gas detector at garage

-O2 gas detector at hospital “At Oxygen cylinder storage”
-And other- Cl2 , SO2
 Major Fires (Contd.)
Fire Suppression System
- Hydrant & water sprinkler
- Halon -1011, 1211, 1301- now scraped
- FM 200
- NOVEx- clean agent
- Carbon dioxide
- DCP flooding system
- Foam spray system etc... 143
 Water based fire protection system
• Fire hydrant system: hydrant + hose reel
• Water monitor
• Water sprinkler system: HV /MV
 FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA
WATER

COOLING - One kg of water 60 +540 = 600 kcal

absorb heat

SMOTHERING

DILUTION

EMULSIFICATION
 Major Fires
Fire Hydrant System
- Pressure in the System: 7.0 Kg/Cm2
- Water Reservoir Capacity: 2 times than pump capacity or 100 min
fire fighting
- Main Pump: 273 m3/Hr =~ 4500 LPM
- Diesel Engine Pump (Stand by): 273 m3/Hr
- Jokey Pump: 10 m3/Hr
# Single Hydrants,
# Water monitors,
# Water Sprinklers,
# Mobile Foam Monitors
# Different nozzles

146
 Sprinkler
• Ground or elevated tank
• Auto or manual pump
• Pressure tank
• Piping (wet pipe , Dry pipe, Deluge valve)
• Nozzle
Fire Pump
Hydrant + Hose reel
Water cum foam monitor
Fire Inlet for outside fire vehilcle
Trolley Mounted Water & Foam Monitor.

WATER MONITOR FOAM MONITOR

Auto & Manual water sprinkler system provided at
Methanol, Xylene, Heptanes, EO, ACN storage
tank etc.
Mulsifier + Oil drainage system- case study
100 MVA
At parking, ware house, cinema hall
 Foam system
• Mobile vehicle
• Fixed
 FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA
FOAM
Extinguishes fires by smothering
Foam concentrate + water air foam
Normally foam is available in 3% & 6%
concentration
Aspirating foam
Non aspirating foam
Expansion
Low expansion
Medium expansion
High expansion
 FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA
TYPES OF FOAM
Protein Foam :
Derived from a chemical digestion and
hydrolysis of natural protein
solids and in formulated with
sterilizers.
AFFF
FFFP
Alcohol resistant AFFF
FIXED ROOF TANK
Low Expansion Foam : Applications – Large flammable liquid fires
Low Expansion Foam : Applications – Large flammable liquid fires
Low Expansion Foam : Applications – Large flammable liquid fires
Low Expansion Foam : Applications – Large flammable liquid fires
Low Expansion Foam : Applications – Large flammable liquid fires
High Expansion Foam : Applications – Warehouses, aircraft
High Expansion Foam : Applications – Warehouses, aircraft
Tank farm fire fighting system
Fixed Installations
Foam Protection System
Main Types of Atmospheric Storage Tanks
o Fixed Roof
 Roof does not move
 Typical for smaller tanks (<50 ft. diameter)
o Floating Roof
 Roof floats on Liquid surface
 External - Area above roof open to atmosphere
 Internal - Fixed roof over floating roof

FIRE AND EXPLOSION 172

 Foam Generator

Low expansion Midum expansion

In-Line Induction Nozzle High expansion

 Other protection for tank yard
• Foam monitor
• Fire hydrant
• Fire extinguishers
• Fire- sand bucket
• Manual call point
• Water sprinkler
• Foam fixed system
• Flame proof fittings
• Dyke wall
• Fire detector
• Fencing
• Static- earth system
• Tank –earth system
 Gas flooding system
• For highly sophisticated equipment
• CO2
• Halon
• FM 200
• Novec
• Clean agent
CO2 flooding system in Gas/Diesel Turbine at Power

plant.
 FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA
VAPORISING LIQUIDS
Forms no precipitate, electrically
non – conductor, cuts off chain
reaction.
Example : Halon
CF3Br CF3* + Br*
R-H + Br* R* + HBr
OH* + HBr H2O + Br*
FM 200
Clean agent
@ data centre
FM 200
NOVEC
CO2 flooding system
DCP flooding system
 Halon Alternatives
Halon:
Methane CH4 ---
• CBrF3 Bromo triflouro methane is Halon 1301
• Gaseous fire suppression
• Less toxic
• Best for fire fighting

• Halon …. Replacing H atom in HC by halogen atoms

(Br, Cl, I, F)
 Clean agent

• FM 200
• Novec
 First aid Extinguishing fire- conclusion

Interfering with
Cooling the chemical
Smothering Starving
reaction

Water Foam
Powder

CO2

Wet Chemical

Fire Blanket

Wet cloth
 5. Special Safety Consideration
5.1. Control of fire and explosion in
handling/processing flammable liquids, gases,
vapors, mists, dusts etc.
5.2. PIPA for automatic fire and gas detection
and getting probable scenarios on DCS.
5.3. Fighting fire involving pesticides.
5.4. Electrical fire.
5.5. Effects of combustion products.
 5.1. Control of Fire and Explosion in Flammable
Substances

Fire can possible if vapour comes under flammable range and

contact with ignition energy
• Check for leak and immediately control it-if
• Check for ventilation- if inside.
• Purging for combustion gases- boiler
• Provide Gas detection system
• Gas valve- joints to be checked for flammable gas
• Assess the area as haz area classification- Zone-0,1 or 2
• Provide flame proof electrical equipment
• Flameproof equipment for ventilation system
• Observe hot work permit procedure
LOTO
 Fires Fighting of Pesticides
Challenges and Issues:
• Emit toxic gases when catch the fire
• Dissolved in fire water which may create poison- cannot allow
• Toxic effect for fire fighter and nearby vicinity
Care to be taken as:
• Provide detection for early action
• Collection system for fire fighting water
• Treatment facility for contamination water
• Appropriate -DCP /foam fire fighting system to be provide
• Fire prevention measures to be taken
• Medical facility for affected persons-fire fighting
 Elect fire-causes
Heat developed by Short circuit- caused by-
• Old wiring
• Non standard materials
• Wrong design- power pattern
• Over load
• Internal fault inside the elect equipment
• Open box- rat-dust accumulation, moisture
Others
• Non availability or non functioning of protective devices-
MCB , ELCB, Earthing, Fuse
• Combustion materials nearby elect installation
COMMON REASONS FOR ELECTRICAL FIRE
 Prevention
• Selection of - All materials, fittings, cables, equipment &
their accessories should conform to IS/ international
standards (calculate for loading of current)
• Capacity of control switches should be selected to suit
the loading of A/c, accessories
• Separate cabling
• No overloading
• ELCB /Fuse
• Regular checking & Preventive maintenance
• Thermography
 Fire fighting in elect installation
• Make power supply OFF then can be use as
class A or B fire
• Use CO2, DCP or sand, if power ON
• Keep fire ext near Transformer, panel, elect
motor as per requirement
• Inspect wiring
• Check healthiness and setting of protective
devices MCB, Relay, fuse,..
 बिजलि के आग को कैसे रोके

1. पावर सप्लाय – स्वीत्च कि नोलेज सभी को दे

2. साल मै एक बार वायरिंग अवश्य चेक कराये- साफ
कराये
3. MCB, ELCB-RCCB , Fuse अवश्य लगाये और उसका
सेटींग्स सेट रखे
4. टेम्पररी वायरिंग को ठीक रखे
5. पेनल – वायरिंग से कम कम एक फिट स्पेस फ्री
रखे

लिखे
Reason for fire from electricity
Insulation failure resulting in a fault, Biomedical equipment fault.

Heat / spark over during a fault / over current due to delayed /

non-disconnection of the fault by the protective device.

Poor wiring/load distribution / inspection

Delayed disconnection will lead to an over current flow,

Maximum allowed disconnection higher heat dissipation due to high current and probable
fire.
time of an equipment is 200 mS. Spark over will ignite fire if the energy of the spark is
higher.

205
Special Safety Precautions

Topic No. 9.5.2

PIPA (Pre-Incident Planning Analysis) for
Automatic Fire and Gas Detection and
getting Probable Scenario on
DCS (Distributed Control System)
PIPA for Automatic Fire and Gas Detection
Introduction
PIPA is Pre-Incident Planning Analysis (Tool available - exclusively SOFTWARE)

PIPA is Quick & easily provides Hazard Consequence Assessment

information to Plant Operation and Safety Engineers to assist them in
the development of Emergency Response Plans & the Specification of
Fire Protection requirements.
PIPA can be used for development of effective emergency plans for
any proposed design and to highlight aspects that may need
modification.
PIPA can output full emergency response plans including hazards,
protection requirements and justifications.
PIPA for Automatic Fire and Gas Detection
Introduction
Key Benefits:
 Gives easy access to Consequence modelling suite.
 Provides Fast, reliable & exact prediction of the Consequences
of Potential releases & fires
 Assists in rapid development of appropriate emergency
response plans
 Enables cost-effective plant design e.g. fire protection
measures
 Enables fire chiefs to quickly run ‘what if’ weather variations
on pre-programmed scenarios at real incidents.
PIPA for Automatic Fire and Gas Detection
Introduction
Maximum Credible Accident is an event with Maximum damage range
probability.
Maximum Credible Accident Analysis (MCAA) is the Qualitative /
Quantitative Assessment.
Here
The Probability of an Occurrence
is Not Calculated,
But
The Probability of Maximum
damaging effects is assessed
(Potential & Distance/Area range)
to Warn people and protect the
assets and environment.

20
9
 6. Explosion Phenomena
6.1. Deflagration
6.2. Detonation.
6.3. Confined and unconfined Vapor Cloud
Explosion (VCE).
6.4. Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion
(BLEVE).
 Explosion
• Explosion is the result of rapid combustion with a sudden,
violent change of pressure involving the liberation and
expansion of a large volume of gas.
• Thus release of energy in a rapid and uncontrolled manner
gives rise to explosion. The released energy may appear as
heat, light, sound or mechanical shock.
• Combustible dusts or powders, flammable vapours and
flammable gases can explode.
• A combustible material, air and source of ignition (or
temperature) are the prerequisites for an explosion.
• Sudden and huge energy released (Heat , pressure)
 Types of energy released
• Physical:
pipe etc. due to overpressure or brittle fracture and
flushing of superheated liquid (thermal energy) are
examples of physical energy

• Chemical: released due to chemical reaction

Exothermic or runway reaction, decomposition
and polymerisation

• Nuclear energy release can cause nuclear explosion.

 Types of explosion
• Deflagration and detonation.
• It is also classified as confined and unconfined
explosion
• BLEVE, gas and dust explosion.
 Explosion hazards in process plants
• Dust explosions
• Molten Metal water explosions (e.g. induction
furnace)
• Air system explosions
• Superheated liquid explosions-steam
• Mist and Spray explosions- flammable
 Types of Explosion
• Dust Explosion
• wood, coal, food(starch, flour, sugar, cocoa,
feed stuffs),
• chemicals, plastics (urea formaldehyde, resin,
polyethylene, polystyrene),
• metals(aluminium, magnesium) etc
 Deflagration:
• shock wave moving at a speed less than the speed of
sound
• Deflagration is vary rapid auto combustion of
particles of explosive as a surface phenomenon.
• It may be initiated by contact of a flame or spark but
may be caused by impact or friction.
• It is a characteristic of low explosives.
• These are confined explosions, as they occur in a
process vessel, building or pipe work i.e. in a
confined space.
 Detonation:
• shock wave' moving at a speed more than the speed of sound
• Detonation is extremely rapid, self-propagating decomposition of
an explosive
• high pressure-temperature wave
• It may be initiated by mechanical impact, friction or heat.
• It is a characteristic of high explosives which varies considerably
in their sensitivity to shock
• Nitro-glycerine being one of the most dangerous in this regard.
• These are confined explosions, as they occur in a process vessel,
building or pipe work i.e. in a confined space.
• Transition from deflagration to detonation (mostly in pipeline) is
also possible.
 Explosives
• Acetone Ethylene
• Acetylene Hydrogen
• Benzene Methane
• Chloroform Methanol
Confined and Unconfined Vapour
Cloud Explosion (VCE
• An unconfined vapour cloud explosion
(UVCE) occurs in open at a distance
from the point of vapour release and
threatens a larger area.
• A large release of flammable vapours
and cloud formation explodes when
spark or friction is available.
• Though it is a rare possibility but has
more potential to damage.
• A confined vapour cloud explosion (CVCE) occurs in a
confined place (e.g. vessel, pipe, building, pit etc.) while
UVCE occurs in an open area.
• The peak pressures of CVCE are much more higher than
that of UVCE.
• UVCE due to hydrogen are unusual but did occur.
• Hydrogen venting should be directly to atmosphere via
multiple vents or by a flare.
• Methane at normal temperature burn but do not explode.
• Vapour cloud of LNG might explode.
221
222
223
 BLEVE

• Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion

(BLEVE), also referred as a fireball, is a
combination of fire and explosion with an
intense radiant heat emission within a relatively
short time interval.
• When a tank or pressure vessel containing liquid
or liquefied gas above its boiling point (so
heated) fails or ruptures, the contents release as
a turbulent mixture of liquid and gas, expanding
rapidly and dispersing in air as a cloud.
• When this cloud is ignited, a fireball occurs
causing enormous heat radiation intensity within
a few seconds.
• This heat is sufficient to cause severe skin burns
and deaths.
• Road/rail accident to a tank car/wagon or due to
weakening of structure by fire or physical impact
on a overstressed vessel/tank can cause a BLEVE.
• HC, Vinyl chloride
 Chemical LEL (%) / UEL (%)
• Acetylene 3 82
• Benzene 1.4 8
• Butadiene 2 11.5
• Butane 1.9 8.5
• Carbon disulphide 1 44
• Hydrogen 4 75
• Methane 5 15
• Natural gas 3.8 17
 Sources of ignition
• Sparks
• Flames and hot surfaces
• Static electricity
• Compression
• Chemicals-pyrophoric material, unstable
compounds, reactive compounds arid
catalysts.
 Effects of explosion
• Blast damage-shock wave:
• Missile damage
• Thermal effects
• Ground shock
• Effects on people.
7. Fire Emergency Action Plan & Drill - Control Room

On site emergency plan

Fire inspection –extinguisher, protection system
Fire safety audit
Fire adequacy report
Mock drill
Control room
Mutual aid
 On site emergency plan- key points
• Identify all possible fire emergency
• Mark prone areas of fire emergency
• Resources
• Contact persons / ERT group
• Central control room and communication system
• Siren code
• Mock drill- patterns, format, period
• Fire inspection
• Alternative power sources
• Fire training
Fire Emergency Response
Remember to RACE during a fire

R Rescue – rescue clients in immediate danger.

Alert – Shout Fire! Fire! (or) Pull fire alarm (or) Dial
A emergency phone number.

Contain – Close all doors and windows.

C Extinguish/ Evacuate – Extinguish small fires, evacuate

clients, if appropriate.

E
232
Understand the safety sign

233
Fire Signage and Symbols
इतना तो याद रखो
 FO-LDO STORAGES AREA
Severity: 0 to 4
None:0 Slight:1 Medium:2 Serious:3 Extreme: 4

Flammability
Flammability
( ( 0-4)
0-4)

3
3
Health
Health Reactivity
(0
(0- -4)
4) (0-4)

1
1 1
Use
UseFoam
Foam
When
WhenFIRE
FIRE
 FIRE Prevention
• Fire drill –every six month
• Fire safety audit- once in
every 2 yrs
• Routine inspection- daily
• Routine inspection-
periodically
 EVACUATION PLAN
FIRE DRILLS…

…are conducted at least

once six months, but some
agencies may require them
more frequently.
Mock drill
242
You can do… Yes.. any one can do

243
 FIRE PREVENTION -checklist
Fire can be prevented by considering the
following issues
Flame proof equipment
Good housekeeping
Proper Ventilation
Anti Static measures
Personnel awareness
Work procedures
Safe work practices
Right tools
244
Remember the Following
1. Portable fire extinguishers are suitable for small
fires. i.e. The fires are in the incipient stage.
2. Portable fire extinguishers can be handled by any
work place personnel, who had aware in its
handling.
3. If the Fire is large leave it to ERT members
(Firefighting), they can control the fire by using
Fire hydrant / Other appropriate measures.
4. All new entrants should be instructed in Fire
safety awareness and emergency evacuation
plans.
245
 NFPA, OISD
• The NFPA is the clearing house for information on the subject of Fire
prevention, Protection & Fire Fighting. It is a non profit technical and
educational organization with a membership net work of around 68, 000
companies and individuals.
• The technical standards issued as a result of NFPA committee work are
widely accepted by federal, state and municipal governments as the basis
of legislation and used as a guideline of good practices.
• More than 50 serve as OSHA regulations. More than 300 codes and
standards are currently issued by NFPA, which are constantly reviewed
and updated. Issued as separate booklets, many of these codes and
standards supply authoritative guidance to safety engineers.
• The standards are also published as the NFPA codes. Other publications of
interest to safety professionals concern hazardous materials, fire safety to
health care facilities, and public fire safety. In addition , The Fire
Protection Handbook is an authoritative encyclopedia for Fire loss control.
 OISD
• It is an institute set up by the ministry of Petroleum, Govt. of
India to serve the oil/ natural gas exploration & refinery units.
• It is an autonomous body entrusted with task of formulation,
issue & review various standards on Safety applicable to the
above mentioned industrial units.
• Those standards are applicable through out the country. Even
the dept. of Explosives are now a days quoting relevant OISD
standards and stipulating the requirements of enforcement of
the same as part of prior approval & License requirements for
factories falling under the purview of Petroleum Act/Rules and
Explosives Act/Static & Mobile Pressure Vessel (Unfired) Rules
(SMPVR)
NBC-2016 part-4
 Summary
• Many people believe that fire is unpredictable, but there is no
unpredictable fire behavior.
• Our ability to predict what will happen in the fire environment is
hampered by limited information, time pressure, and our level of
fire behavior knowledge.
• Most importantly, firefighters need to have an understanding of fire
behavior that permits them to recognize developing fire conditions
and be able to respond safely and effectively to mitigate the hazards
presented by the fire environment.
• Firefighters need to understand the combustion process and how
fire behaves in different materials/different environments.
• They also need to know how fires are classified so that they can
select and apply the most appropriate extinguishing agent.
THANKING YOU

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