MODULE CODE MLT04104:

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
PRESENTER
[Link].
LUSHINGE .
 Session 1:
INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS AND CODE
OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, you should be able to:
• Define the following terms: Health Laboratory Practitioner,
Legislation, Ethics and Code of Conduct.
• Explain the background information of Health Laboratory
Services
• Explain the background information on legislation of Health
Laboratory Professionals.
• List the main components of Ethics and Code of
Professional Conduct.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Health Laboratory Practitioner- This includes a
Health Laboratory Scientist, Health Laboratory
Technologist and Health Laboratory Assistant.
Legislation: The Process of making Laws.
Ethics: -The moral practices, believes and
standards of individual stand or groups.
Code of conduct:- A formal statement by a group
that is established and prescribed moral and non
moral standards and behaviours of the group.
 Background information of Health
Laboratory Services and legal legislation
of Health Laboratory Professionals
• Medical Laboratory Services in the then
Tanganyika was established in the late 19th
Century during the German administration. In
1897, the first Government Health Laboratory
was established at Ocean Road in Dar es
Salaam by Dr. Robert Koch who visited and
worked in the laboratory on several occasions
while investigating malaria, sleeping sickness
and other endemic disease, which were a
major health problem in the country.
 Cont;
• The Ocean Road Laboratory in Dar es Salaam
was therefore the first site of a health
laboratory in Tanzania. Since then, laboratory
services continued to grow countrywide. The
Ocean Road Laboratory becomes the Central
Pathology Laboratory (CPL) in early 1960s
under the Ministry of Health.
 Laboratory roles
• Laboratory roles are to provide relevant
reports and epidemiological data that should
allow for a better surveillance, recognition of
epidemic or unusual infections, control of
prevalent communicable and non
communicable diseases as well as in the
follow up care of patients,
 Cont;
• To provide other health workers with laboratory
information that will help in reaching an early and
correct diagnosis and prompt treatment or
management and
• To produce and test the efficacy of laboratory
supplies, drugs and vaccines.
 cont
The current laboratory services are organised in such
a way that they serve both clinical and public health
needs as follows:
• Central Pathology Laboratory (National Reference and
Public Health Laboratory)
• Level III laboratory –(Group A)
• Level II laboratory –(Group B1)
• Level I laboratory -(Group B2)
• Health Centre and Dispensary –(Group C)

• Specimen collection points

 cont
• The Parliament ENACTED – two Acts as follows:
– The Private Health Laboratories Regulations Act, No.
10 of 1997
– The Health Laboratory Technologists Registration Act,
No. 11 of 1997
• The Private Health Laboratories Board and Health
Laboratory Technologists Council have been
established in 1998, as legal bodies responsible
for the implementation of the two Acts
respectively.
 cont
• The Health Laboratory Technologists Registration
Act, number 11 of 1997 was repealed and a new
Health Laboratory Practitioners Act No. 22 of 2007
has been Enacted.
• Health Laboratory Practitioners Council has been
established.
• Regulations on General Regulations, Fees charged
by the Council and Ethics and Code of professional
conduct have been developed and signed by the
Minister responsible for Health.
Main components of Ethics and Code
of Professional Conduct
Preamble
• The Health Laboratory Practitioners in
Tanzania operates in a wide variety of context
ranging from:- public to private health
facilities in clinical chemistry, haematology,
blood transfusion, histopathology, cytology,
microbiology, immunology, parasitology and
medical entomology disciplines including
molecular biology, as may be applicable
 Cont;
• The Health Laboratory Practitioners play an
important role in the health services delivery by
providing relevant diagnostic information and
epidemiological data which allow better surveillance,
recognitions of epidemics or unusual infections as
wells as communicable and non-communicable
diseases, including follow up of patient’s care;
 Cont;
• Whereas in the course of performing his duties, the
Health Laboratory Practitioners interacts with
patients and other health care providers; the
interaction assumes a noble task requiring
dedication, commitment and understanding for
which medical laboratory investigations are ordered;
thus requiring them high ethical standards and
professional conduct to ensure dignity and integrity
of every Health Laboratory Practitioner in Tanzania
 Cont;
• The ongoing reforms, advancements in technology,
emerging and re-emerging diseases create challenges for
Health Laboratory Practitioners in the delivery of
services thus requiring establishment and adherence to
ethical codes and professional conduct;
• Now therefore for the promotion and better
implementation of the aforesaid dedication,
commitment and understanding, this Health
Laboratory Practitioners Code of Ethics and
Conduct falls under the following main
components
Health Laboratory Practitioners Code
of Ethics and Conduct falls under the
following main components
[Link] ;-such as:
– confidentiality and privacy;
– accountability;
– competence and professional advancement;
– truthfulness, fidelity loyalty;
– Personal presentation and attire
[Link] situations
– Research and Consultancy
– HIV /AIDS
 Cont,
– Disaster and emergency situations
– Publicity, advertisement and canvassing
– Conflict of interest
3.A pledge or oath:- A promise for commitment
to abide to Code of Ethics and Professional
Conduct in accomplishment of professional
duties.
 : Key Points
• Main components of Ethics and Code of
Professional Conduct
– Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct
– Special situations
– Pledge or oath
Thank you for listening
Any question?
Suggestion?
=End of session 1=
 SESSION 2: PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS
AND CODE OF PROFESSIONAL
CONDUCT
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session:you should be
capable of:
• Defining the following terms: Confidentiality
and Privacy.
• Describe Principles of Ethics and Professional
Conduct for Health Laboratory Practitioners
 Definition of Terms
• Confidentiality: The ethical obligation to keep
someone’s personal and private information
secret or private.
• Privacy: Self ownership; the right of an
individual to be free of undesirable
interaction.
 : Principles of Ethics and Professional
Conduct for Health Laboratory
Practitioners
The Principles for ethics and code of
professional conduct
• The underlining Principles for Ethics and Code of
Professional conduct for health laboratory
technologists are based on the following
principles:
1. Obligation to do good
2. Confidentiality
3. Accountability
4. Self confidence
 Cont;
[Link] and professional advancement;
[Link], fidelity loyalty;
[Link] and protection;
[Link]
[Link] relationship;
[Link] regard to colleagues:
[Link] presentation and attire.
 Obligation to do good
– The Obligation to do good and to avoid doing harm, is
a human value which guides the Health Laboratory
Practitioners to act positively to safeguard and
promote the interest of the individual, client and
society in general. In so doing, the Health Laboratory
Practitioner shall:
– Be constantly on guard in judgment in the face of
many outside pressures that may be exerted on him.
– Be entitled to decline to collect specimen and conduct
health laboratory investigations, which believes to be
inappropriate or detrimental to the client’s welfare.
 Cont;
– Refuse to condone, facilitate, allow or coordinate
laboratory investigations which are detrimental to the
client’s welfare.
– Practice his profession with conscience and dignity.
– Not delegate to a person who is not a qualified health
laboratory practitioner tasks of health laboratory
work.
– Take appropriate action if the workload and pressure
on professional colleagues and juniors may endanger
safe standards of practice.
 Confidentiality

– Confidentiality is the principle, which refers to

limitation to access to clients private information;
it is a foundation upon which a Health Laboratory
Practitioner’s relationship with a client is built and
it underlies the trust and willingness of the client
that allow the Health Laboratory Practitioner to
access the client’s information.
 Cont;
• Thus the Health Laboratory Practitioner shall
– Respect the confidential and personal nature of
professional records.
– Protect the patient’s right to privacy by keeping the
information in the strictest confidence.
– Be aware that the information a patient gives to the
Health Laboratory Practitioner remains the property
of the patient in that respect shall be confidential.
– Be aware that the findings, which the health
laboratory practitioners obtain as a result of
laboratory investigations, remains to be confidential.
•
 Accountability
– Accountability and responsibility shall be based on
the context that the Health Laboratory
Practitioner is ready and willing to ensure and
account for any action taken, the consequence
arising and to accept fault from such action.
• Thus the Health Laboratory Practitioners shall:
 Comply with provisions of the act and other
laws regulating the profession
 Cont;
Handle the client and any person accompanying
with due courtesy and respect.
Avoid interpersonal relationships that can impair
professional judgment and proper assessment of
risks.
Be responsible for the logical process from the
acquisition of the specimens to the production of
data and the final report of the results.
Be accountable for the quality and integrity of
clinical laboratory services
 Cont;
Observe professional responsible for practice and
adhere to standards of practice and total quality
system.
Only accept requests for laboratory investigation or
analysis which are properly authorized in accordance
with established or recognized criteria.
Be accountable for his work.
In the event that an accident is occasioned to a client
in the course of management, inform the relevant
authority measures taken or to be undertaken.
 Self confidence

– Confidence is based on the concept that a Health

Laboratory Practitioner is required to build and
develop positive and realistic attitude towards
himself. It further requires a Health Laboratory
Practitioner to trust his personal ability and
possessing sense of control of decisions or judgment;
this involves capability to:
Uphold and maintain the dignity and respect of the
profession and strive for maintaining a reputation of
honesty, integrity and reliability.
Hold himself out as a person who, by training and
experience, is professionally qualified to diagnosis diseases
 Competence and professional
advancement;
– Perform his work within the scope of his competence
and professional preparation.
– Take every reasonable opportunity to improve and
sustain his knowledge, skills and professional
competence.
– Request for support when he perceives the need.
– Provide expert advice and consult other health
professionals. Be dedicated to the use of health
laboratory sciences to benefit mankind.
– Exercise professional judgment, skills and care while
meeting established standards and quality systems.
 Cont,
– Strive for improvement of professional skills and
knowledge and adopt scientific advancement that
benefits the patient and other users.
– Strive for improvement of the delivery of reliable
test results.
• Truthfulness, fidelity loyalty;
– The principle of truthfulness imposes duty on the
Health Laboratory
– Practitioners to be honest and truthful in the
course of their practice
 Cont;
– The Health Laboratory Practitioner is obliged to respect
the inherent trust that exists in his relationship with the
clients. It requires him to communicate truthfully and
without deception or deceit.
- In the event of adverse events to a procedure,
drug, device or reagent, the Health Laboratory
Practitioner shall communicate that information
to relevant authorities.
- The Health Laboratory Practitioner shall observe
fidelity by keeping promises that are made and
requires not representing in a false or
misleading manner.
 Safety and protection;
;
– Workers in Health (Medical) laboratories are
exposed to many dangers, not only from infected
material, but also from the dangerous compounds
and apparatus which they use in their daily
routine. Similarly, laboratory and equipment
needs to be protected from fire hazards. To
minimize the risk of infections and accidents,
certain safety precautions must be enforced.
– The Health Laboratory Practitioner shall not perform or
recommend laboratory investigation procedures that are not
necessary or share fees for providing laboratory services in a
false or misleading manner.
– These precautions should be observed by all members of the
laboratory staff to protect themselves and those who are
obliged to visit the laboratory.
– In so observing, the Health Laboratory Practitioners shall:
– Follow safe working practices to ensure that patients and
others are not put at risk.
– Know what to do should any accident or fire occur and how to
apply emergency First Aid.
 Cont;
– Use equipment and laboratory reagents correctly
and avoid wastage of reagents or other laboratory
supplies.
– Properly de-contaminate all bench surfaces,
wastes or re-usable materials before disposal or
re-use.
– Keep laboratory premises in clean and tidy
conditions at all time.
– Display and abide by the laboratory safety rules
and regulations.
 Justice

– Justice is manifested in fairness, equitableness and

impartiality in what is due or required by another
person. Health care systems, including health
laboratory services, face shortages and scarcity of
resources. Given the circumstances, a Health
Laboratory Practitioner shall:
– Use wisdom and judgment to ensure that the limited
resources are used fairly.
– Treat all clients fairly and equitably based on needs,
regardless of factors such as economic status,
religion, race, sex, tribe, age, political affiliation or
physical attributes.
 Good relationship;

– Trust and honesty are the benchmarks of the

relationship between a Health Laboratory Practitioner,
clinician, client and other stakeholders. With reference
to relationship with clients and patients, it is the duty
of every Health Laboratory Practitioner to:
• Inform a person with whom he has a professional contact, the
nature of the relationship.
• Respect the customs, value, spiritual beliefs and human
dignity of patients.
• Respect the physical and physiological needs of patients.
• Avoid any abuse of the privilege relationship with patients.
 Cont,
– Promote and safeguard the well being and
interests of patients.
– Refuse to accept any gift, favour or hospitality
that might be interpreted as seeking to exegete
under influence to obtain preferential treatment;
– Take into consideration that clients, patients and
accompanying relatives can easily be
embarrassed, ashamed or fearful in the course of
collecting specimen for laboratory investigations;
thus health laboratory practitioner shall:-
 Cont;
– show humanity, kindness and understanding towards
them;
– do his best to relieve them of hidden fears and
apprehension;
– Encourage and restore confidence in the client with regard
consent to laboratory investigation.
• With regard to consent to laboratory investigations,
the trust of patients and clients that the consent to
laboratory investigation will not be misused is essential
in the relationship with the Health Laboratory
Practitioner. For Health Laboratory Practitioner, even
to touch the patient without consent is an assault
 Cont,
• Thus:-
– Consent shall be valid only when given freely and
readily if the client understand the nature,
purpose and consequences of what is proposed;
and
– Assumed consent or consent obtained by undue
influence is valueless. It is thus unethical to carry
out health laboratory investigation on a client or
patient if there is no direct benefit.
 With regard to colleagues:

– Every Health Laboratory Practitioner shall have a

responsibility to cooperate professionally with
colleagues and other health related professionals. In
so doing, a Health Laboratory Practitioner shall:
• Regard colleagues as brothers and sisters and respect each
other;
• Share knowledge, skills and experiences with colleagues;
• Avoid any action, which may be regarded as self-praise;
condemning or belittling colleagues or using derogatory
language about them.
• Recognize and respect the expertise and contribution of
other workers and collaborate with them to provide the best
laboratory investigation services and care.
 Personal presentation and attire.

– At a place of work, a Health Laboratory Practitioner

shall:
• Appear smart, properly and decently dressed in proper attire
with identification tags and behave in a manner becoming of
professional;
• Be at all times courteous to patients and clients, and be
considerate to colleagues; and
• Do not consume alcohol or take un prescribed drugs that could interfere
with his performance during laboratory working hours or when on
emergency stand-
Thank you for listening
Any question or Suggestion so far?
=End of session 2=
 Session 3:
Principles of Ethics and Code of
Professional Conduct
(Special situations, confidentiality and privacy)
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, you should be able to:
• Define the following terms: Research,
Consultancy, Disaster, Canvassing and Conflict
of Interest.
• Describe Special situations to be considered by
the Health Laboratory Practitioner.
 CONT;
• Differentiate between confidentiality and
privacy
Definition of the following terms: Research,
Consultancy, Disaster, Canvassing and Conflict
of Interest
• Research: is systematic investigation to
establish facts or collect information on a
subject.
 CONT
• Consultancy is the act of advising on
professional matters
• Disaster is an accident that causes great
distress or destruction.
• Canvassing is to try to persuade people to
vote for a particular candidate or party in an
election or advertise convincingly on where to
obtain services.
 CONT;
• Conflict of interest is a situation in which a
person has a duty to more than one person or
organization, but cannot do justice to the
actual or potentially adverse interests of both
parties.
SPECIAL SITUATIONS TO BE CONSEDERED
BY LAB HEALTH PRACTITIONER

• The ongoing reforms, advancements in

technology, emerging and re-emerging diseases
create challenges for Health Laboratory
Practitioners in the delivery of services thus
requiring special attention on the following
special situations.
1).Research and Consultancy:
– Advancement of Health Laboratory Science depends
on doing research and consultancy, which ultimately
involves experimentation on human subjects.
 CONT;
– In the circumstances, the Health Laboratory
Practitioner shall:-
a)Ensure protection of the welfare and rights of
subjects used in research.
b)Ensure that research is conducted after approval
by an approved Ethical Review Committee and
only qualified persons are allowed to conduct a
research.
c)Preserve dignity and privacy of research subject at
all times.
 CONT;
c).Ensure that consent to do research is obtained and
observe the rights of the subject to withdraw consent.
d).Be aware of current advancements in science and
technology, including genetic engineering.
2).HIV/AIDS
– In the testing and diagnosis of HIV/AIDS, the Health
Laboratory Practitioner may be faced with ethical
problems associated with the natural history of the
disease, absence of cure, stigma and accompanying
social economical problems.
 Cont;
• Thus, the Health Laboratory Practitioner shall:
a) Observe confidentiality in saving human life
against deliberate acts likely to infect potential
victims;
b) Acquire adequate knowledge of HIV/AIDS
transmission, prevention and skills on
counselling.
 Cont;
c).Educate individuals infected with HIV/AIDS on the
opportunity to agree or decline from being
research subjects and on the methods applied
for scientific research and teaching, including
taking of photographs.
d).Have a duty to take appropriate precautions to
protect their patients and staff from cross-
infection.
 Cont;
3).Disaster and emergency situations:
– The Health Laboratory Practitioner shall practice his
profession with conscience and dignity and the
health of the clients shall be his first consideration.
– In so doing, the Health Laboratory Practitioner shall
have an obligation during the threatening
emergencies to take immediate steps to ensure that
necessary investigations and tests are performed to
the patients without discrimination or undue delay.
 CONT;
4).Publicity, advertisement and canvassing:
– Good relationship between a Health Laboratory
Practitioner and colleagues is essential for
fostering teamwork in the health laboratory
profession. Health Laboratory Practitioner shall
be aware that matters of general interest are
sacred and refrain from adopting methods aimed
at advertising a particular person institutions, test
or technique.
 CONT;
• A Health Laboratory Practitioner shall not:
– Advertise and sign using professional
qualifications to encourage the sale of commercial
products;
– Use any professional premises to display the name
of commercial product.
– Publish any article or personal photograph or
otherwise indulge in any form of self –
advertisement or publicity.
 CONT;
– Encourage any practice, which is of a nature that
invites attention to professional position, skill, and
qualification of achievements.
– Publish or cause to be published in a lay media
articles likely to publicize, advertise and canvass.
– Communicate or address to the lay public, use or
permit the use of personal professional
qualification as an advertisement for the
organization or the company or be personally
involved in advertising company services.
 CONT;
– Talk in a derogatory manner about the professional
skills; knowledge, qualification or services of another
practitioner.
– Canvas purposes of obtaining whether done directly or
through an agent associated with or employed by an
organization or a company.
5).Conflict of interest:
– The Health Laboratory Practitioner shall abide to
regulations and avoid situations, which may create
conflicts of interest including observation of the
Government Procurement Act in obtaining supplies.
 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN
CONFIDENTIALITY AND PRIVACY
• Confidentiality is the principle, which refers to
access limitation to clients private
information; it is a foundation upon which a
Health Laboratory Practitioner’s relationship
with a client is built and it underlies the trust
and willingness of the client that allow the
Health Laboratory Practitioner to access the
client’s information.
 CONT;
This includes:
– Respect the confidential and personal nature of
professional records;
– Protect the patient’s right to privacy by keeping
the information in the strictest confidence;
– be aware that the information a patient gives to
the Health Laboratory Practitioner remains the
property of the patient in that respect shall be
confidential;
 Cont;
Be aware that the findings, which the health
laboratory practitioners obtain as a result of
laboratory investigations, remains to be confidential
NB: Exceptions to the principles of confidentiality
whereby the confidential information can be
disclosed are:
– Where a patient gives consent to disclosure;
– The clinician or other authorized health care
professional ordering laboratory investigation on
patient requests the results
 CONT;
– Information is required by the due legal process
– Information required, is to be shared with other
Health Laboratory Practitioners or other members
of health professions given in the official clinical
reports.
Privacy
• Privacy implies to self ownership or the right of an
individual to be free of undesirable interaction..
 CONT;
• Therefore every patient or Laboratory client
shall have the right to respectfulness and
privacy as it relates to; his / her medical care
program, Laboratory results discussion,
consultation, and treatment are confidential
and should be conducted discretely

•
 CONT;
• The difference between confidentiality and
privacy lies in the fact that, whereas
confidentiality deals with person’s
information, privacy deals with both personal
affairs as well as personal information.
 Key Points

References:
• Mellish, J.M. and Paton, Frieda. (1999).An Introduction
to the Ethics of Nursing, Heinemenn. Cape town.
• Furrow, Dwight. (2005). Ethics: Key Concepts in
Philosophy. Continuum. New York.
Any question, suggestions, comments
Thank you for listening
=End of sessession3=
 SESSION 4:
IMPORTANCE OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND
PRIVACY IN LABORATORY PRACTICES

Learning Objectives
By the end of this session,
You should be able to:
• Explain the importance of confidentiality and
privacy in laboratory practices
• Describe obligations of the Health Laboratory
Practitioner in maintaining Confidentiality and
Privacy.
 CONT;
• Describe consequences of the Health
Laboratory Practitioner for not Observing
Confidentiality and Privacy.
Importance of confidentiality and
privacy in laboratory practices

• First of all,according to the health laboratory

practitioners Act No. 22 of 2007 definition, a
Health Laboratory Practitioners includes;
Health Laboratory Scientist, Health Laboratory
Technologist and Health Laboratory Assistants
and according to the Regulations on Ethics
and Code of Professional Conduct
•
 CONT;
• Health Laboratory Practitioners are required
to undertake an oath as a promise for
commitment to abide to Code of Ethics and
Professional Conduct in accomplishment of
professional duties which include ensuring
confidentiality and privacy in laboratory
practices as an important component of the
Regulations.
 CONT
• The Health Laboratory Practitioner therefore
is obliged to respect the inherent trust that
exists in his relationship with the clients. It
requires the laboratory assistant to
communicate truthfully and without
deception and also obtaining consent before
touching client or patient.
 CONT;
• It is important to take into consideration that
clients, patients and accompanying relatives can
easily be embarrassed, ashamed or fearful in the
course of collecting specimen for laboratory
investigations. Thus specimen collection
procedures by the health laboratory practitioner
should be carried out in strict privacy and in so
doing:
– Show humanity, kindness and understanding towards
them;
 CONT;
– Do best to relieve them of hidden fears or worries.
– Encourage and restore confidence in the client
with regard consent to laboratory investigation.
 Obligations of the Health Laboratory
Practitioner in maintaining Confidentiality and
Privacy
• In the course of performing duties, the Health
Laboratory Practitioners role require interacts
with patients, dedication, commitment and
understanding laboratory investigations
ordered; high ethical standards and professional
conduct to ensure dignity and integrity of every
Health Laboratory Practitioner.
 Cont;
• For the promotion and better implementation
Of the aforesaid dedication, commitment and
understanding, the Health Laboratory
Practitioner is obliged to abide to Ethics and
Code of Professional Conduct which includes
Confidentiality and Privacy
 Cont;
Benefits if confidentiality and privacy in
laboratory practices is observed:
• It creates confidence between the patients or
clients and the integrity of laboratory services.
• It creates good relationship between the patients
or clients and the laboratory practitioner
• It creates patients and clients trust that,
laboratory investigation will not be misused or
even to touch the patient without consent.
 Cont;
• It is in compliancy with the Health Laboratory
Practitioners Act and Regulation provisions.
• It helps to maintain a name in the Health
Laboratory Practitioners Register
 Consequences of the Health Laboratory
Practitioner for not observing
Confidentiality and Privacy
– It is breaching the oath or committed pledge.
– The Health Laboratory practitioners will be held accountable for
any action taken and consequence arising from non observance
of confidentiality and privacy in laboratory practices.
– It is practicing against Health Laboratory Practitioners Act and
Regulation provisions.
– It may lead the Health Laboratory Practitioner to face legal
charges under the Health Laboratory Practitioners Council or
Court proceedings.
•
 Key Points
• Specimen collection procedures by the health
laboratory practitioner should be carried out in
strict privacy and in so doing show humanity,
kindness and understanding towards patients or
clients.
• Consequences of the Health Laboratory
Practitioner for not Observing Confidentiality and
Privacy
 Thank you for listening
 Question if any, suggestions, comments?
 Session 5:
Methods of Maintaining
Confidentiality
Learning Objectives
At the end of this session, you should be able to:
• Explain the importance of protecting laboratory
data
• Describe procedure applied in safe data keeping.
• Describe procedures of releasing laboratory
results.
 Cont;
• Describe the importance of restricting access
to the laboratory.
 IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTING
LABORATORY DATA
• The Health Laboratory Practitioners play an
important role in the health services delivery
by providing relevant diagnostic information
and epidemiological data which allow better
surveillance, recognitions of epidemics or
unusual infections as well as communicable
and non-communicable diseases
 Cont;
• Based on the aforesaid, it is crucial to ensure
that this information is well secured and
retrievable whenever required by authorised
persons.
– Only accept requests for laboratory investigation or
analysis which are properly authorized in
accordance with established or recognized criteria.
– Be aware that the findings, which the health
laboratory practitioners obtain as a result of
laboratory investigations, remain to be confidential.
 Cont;
– Health Laboratory Practitioners shall be
responsible for the overall management of a
client’s specimen, investigation, testing and
production of timely correct results data, which
includes the logical process from the acquisition of
the specimens to the production of data and the
final report of test results.
- Records describe the result of what was done
and must be created and retained.
 Cont;
• The importance of protecting laboratory data
lies in the fact that the data, helps to:
– Provide relevant reports and epidemiological data
that should allow for a better surveillance,
recognition of epidemic or unusual infections,
control of prevalent communicable and non
communicable diseases as well as in the follow up
care of patients.
 Cont;
– Provide other health workers with laboratory
information that will help in reaching an early and
correct diagnosis and prompt treatment or
management.
– Plan for Health care intervention strategies,
forecasting future laboratory supplies, equipment,
human and other resources requirements.
 Procedure applied in safe data
keeping
• The Health Laboratory Practitioner shall
observe fidelity by protecting the patient’s
right to privacy by keeping the information in
the strictest confidence;
• Laboratory data should be kept in such a way
that easy retrieval of all documents and
records are ensured.
 Cont;
• The period of retention depends on:
– Clinical needs for retrieval of patient records
– Government or accrediting requirements
– Storage capacity
– Auditing and assessment needs
• Records must be organized, secure, and easily
retrievable
• Records must be traceable to performing staff
and reviewing supervisor
 Cont;
• Records should be retained in secure, water-resistant
boxes according to date, type of record and disposal
date
• Forms of record keeping include:
a)Paper Storage Systems, data entry on manual records
must be accurate, legible, permanent ink, and kept
as follows:
• Well secured room
• Well secured cupboards or file cabinets.
• File shelves
 Cont;
b)Electronic record-keeping provides advantages over
paper systems in ease of storage, retrieval,
traceability, legibility and ensures security. However
there should be password for authorised personnel
to access information or data
procedures of releasing laboratory results
• Results for all basic laboratory tests should be
available to the clinicians within the same day if
specimens are sent to the laboratory in good
time (before eleven a.m.).
 Cont;
• All laboratory practitioners should adhere to
assigned turn around time (TAT) in releasing results
for each type of requested test.
• Strive for improvement of the delivery of reliable
test results.
• Laboratory results should be collected by clinical
staff for submission to the clinicians who requested
the tests.
• Patients should never be allowed to collect their
results from the laboratory.
 Cont;
• In the event of adverse events to a procedure,
device, equipment or reagent, the Health
Laboratory Practitioner shall communicate
that information to the relevant authorities.
 Importance of restricting access to the
laboratory
• The laboratory is a place where various
specimens most of them being infectious are
received and processed.
• Moreover there are poisonous, explosive, and
dangerous chemicals. Also patient confidential
records are kept in this place. It is there
mandatory that access to laboratory working
place be restricted to laboratory staff
 Cont;
• Restriction to the laboratory is done to
enhance:-
– Safety to laymen from infectious materials and
chemicals
– Safeguard patients records from unauthorized
people
– Avoid disturbing Laboratory staff when conducting
delicate procedures
 Key Points
• Importance of protecting laboratory data
– The importance of protecting laboratory data lies in
the fact that the data, helps to:
• Provide relevant reports and epidemiological data that
should allow for a better surveillance, recognition of
epidemic or unusual infections, control of prevalent
communicable and non communicable diseases as well
as in the follow up care of patients.
• Provide other health workers with laboratory
information that will help in reaching an early and
correct diagnosis and prompt treatment or management.
 Cont;
• Plan for Health care intervention strategies, forecasting future
laboratory supplies, equipment, human and other resources
requirements
Procedures of releasing laboratory results
Results for all basic laboratory tests should be available to the
clinicians within the same day if specimens are sent to the
laboratory in good time (before eleven a.m.).
All laboratory practitioners should adhere to assigned Turn
Around Time (TAT- that is from the time the specimen is
received in the laboratory to the time results are released) in
releasing results for each type of requested test.
•
 Cont;
Importance of restricting access to the
laboratory
– Safety to laymen from infectious materials and
chemicals
– Safeguard patients records from unauthorized
people
– Avoid disturbing Laboratory staff when conducting
delicate procedures
 References:

• Mellish, J.M. and Paton, Frieda. (1999).An

Introduction to the Ethics of Nursing,
Heinemenn. Capetown.
• Furrow, Dwight. (2005). Ethics: Key Concepts
in Philosophy. Continuum. New York.
Thank you for listening
Any comment, additional or question?
=End of session5=
 Session 6
Methods of Maintaining Privacy
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session,you should
be able to:
• Explain how to create a privacy environment
• Describe how to attend a client in privacy
environment
 How to create a privacy
environment
• Taking into consideration that clients, patients
and accompanying relatives can easily be
embarrassed, ashamed or fearful in the course of
collecting specimen for laboratory investigations,
it is therefore the duty of the Hospital or
Laboratory Management to make sure that:
• There is a conducive environment for attending
clients or patients within the Laboratory
premises.
 CONT;
• There should be a secured well ventilation
room (about 2.5m x 2.5m) with:
– One table and two chairs,
– Three waste bins for disposable wastes.
– One washing sink or basin.
– Keep the door closed when attending a client or
patient.
 How to attend a client or patient
in privacy environment
• With reference to relationship with clients and
patients, it is the duty of every Health Laboratory
Practitioner to:
– Greet and inform a client or patient being attended the
nature of the relationship, type of procedure required to
be undertaken; so as to establish trust, honesty and
obtain consent.
– Respect the customs, value, spiritual beliefs and human
dignity of patients;
– Respect the physical and physiological needs of patients;
 CONT;
– Avoid any abuse of the privilege relationship with
patients;
– Promote and safeguard the well being and interests of
patients;
– Refuse to accept any gift, favour or hospitality.
– Show humanity, kindness and understanding towards
them;
– Do his best to relieve them of hidden fears and
apprehension
– Encourage and restore confidence in the client with
regard consent to laboratory investigation.
 CONT;
• With regard to consent to laboratory
investigations, the trust of patients and clients
that the consent to laboratory investigation will
not be misused is essential in the relationship
with the Health Laboratory Practitioner. For
Health Laboratory Practitioner, even to touch
the patient without consent is an assault. Thus:-
• Consent shall be valid only when given freely and readily
if the client understand the nature, purpose and
consequences of what is proposed; and
 CONT;
• Assumed consent or consent obtained by undue influence is
valueless. It is thus unethical to carry out health laboratory
investigation on a client or patient if there is no direct benefit.

=END=
 : Role play on how to create a
privacy environment
• The Tutor organise two pairs of students: One
pair to play the role of best way of creating
privacy environment and another pair play the
role of bad way of creating privacy environment.
• In all cases let one student play a role of a
patient seeking Blood analysis and another
student play the role of a Health Laboratory
Practitioner attending the patient in obtaining
the blood.
 CONT;
• Other students should observe the role play
and thereafter discuss and give comments.
 Ask any question or give comments and
suggestions.
thanks for listening
=End of session 6=
 SESSION 7:
PERSONAL PRESENTATION AND
ATTIRE
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session,you should be able to:
• Define the terms attire
• List elements of personal presentation and attire
• Explain the importance of personal presentation
and attire
• Demonstrate personal presentation and attire
 Definition of terms
• Attire: Clothes especially fine or formal ones
ELEMENTS OF PERSONAL PRESENTATION AND
ATTIRE
• At a place of work, a Health Laboratory
Practitioner shall:
– Appear smart, properly and decently dressed in
proper attire with identification tags and behave
in a manner becoming of professional;
 CONT;
– Appropriate protective clothing (White
Laboratory Coat) must be worn at all times when
in the Laboratory and whenever necessary gloves
should be worn. It should be noted that the
laboratory coat should be worn in the laboratory
and left in the laboratory after work
– Be at all times courteous to patients and clients,
and be considerate to colleagues; and
 CONT;
– Footwear shall be comfortable with nonslip soles.
Open ended sandals are inappropriate as Laboratory
footwear. Leather or synthetic fluid impermeable
footwear is recommended. Disposable fluid –resistant
shoes covers may be worn for jobs where splashing is
anticipated.
– Do not consume alcohol or take un prescribed drugs
that could interfere with performance during
laboratory working hours or when on emergency
stand-by.
•
 Importance of personal
presentation and attire
• It is important that a Health Laboratory Practitioner
appear smart, properly and decently dressed so as:
– It is a legal requirement that a Laboratory Practitioner
should appear in proper attire in a manner expected of a
professional;
– To gain confidence of the patients and other laboratory
clients.
– The wearing of identification tags helps the client to
know the name of the Practitioner attending him or her.
 CONT;
– Wearing of laboratory protective coat and shoes
helps the Practitioner from contamination and
injuries.

END
Demonstrate ideal personal presentation
and Attire

• The Tutor organise two pairs of students: One

pair to play the role of best way of personal
presentation and attire and another pair play
the role of bad way of personal presentation
and attire.
 Cont;
• In all cases let one student play a role of a patient
seeking Blood analysis and another student play
the role of a Health Laboratory Practitioner
attending the patient in obtaining the blood.
Other students should observe the role play and
thereafter discuss and give comments.
 Thank you for listening
Any question or comments?
=End of session7=
 Session 8
Health Laboratory Guidelines in
Health Care Delivery
Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, you should be able to:
• Define a guideline
• Explain the importance of health Laboratory
Guidelines
• Describe main components of the National
Standard Guidelines for Health Laboratory
Services
 CONT;
• Explain objectives and strategies of the
National Health Laboratory Strategic Plan
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• A guideline: A principle put forward to set
standards or determine a course of action.
•
 Importance of health Laboratory
Guidelines
• To maintain good quality, accessible, effective
and efficient health laboratory services in
supporting the provision of Essential Health
Package at all Health Care Levels
• To be used as reference material by the
district and Regional Health Management
Teams Referral Hospitals, Training Institutions
and Health Laboratory Personnel in both
Public and Private Institutions
 CONT;
• To set management organizational structure
for laboratory services.
 :
Main components of the National Standard
Guidelines for Health Laboratory Services
Objectives:
• To set minimum standard of physical
infrastructure for health laboratories.
• To provide a guide to equipping and setting
range of essential tests at each level of
laboratory services.
• To set minimum personnel requirements at all
health laboratory levels.
• To set ethical code of conduct
 CONT;
• To set methodology standardisation.
• To develop performance assessment systems.
• To set management organizational structure
for laboratory services.
•
 Laboratory Levels

Health Laboratories in Mainland Tanzania are

organised
in the following main levels:-
1)Specimen collection point (SCP)
• Level of laboratory services at which
specimens will be collected and be
transported to higher level for processing.
This can be in a dispensary or operate as an
autonomous service.
 CONT;
2)Centre and Dispensary Laboratories (Group C
– Laboratories)
• This is the lowest level of health laboratory
services, which is attached to a Dispensary,
Health Centre or can operate as an
autonomous private health laboratory.
 CONT;
3)Level I laboratories (Group B2 Laboratories)
• This is the health laboratory facility, which is
attached to a level I hospital or can operate as
an autonomous health laboratory. It serves as
the first referral laboratory for dispensary and
Health Centre laboratories.
 CONT;
4)Level II laboratories (Group B1 Laboratories)
• This is the health laboratory facility, which is
attached to a level II hospital or can operate
as an autonomous health laboratory. It serves
as a referral laboratory for level I laboratories.
 CONT;
5).Level III Laboratories (Group A Laboratories)
• This is the health laboratory facility which is
attached to level III hospital or can operate as
an autonomous health laboratory. It serves as
a referral laboratory for level II laboratories.
• The level III laboratories can operate as:-
– Level III single purpose laboratory: This type of
laboratory operates with one discipline of the
laboratory specialities (Group A2).
 CONT;
– Level III multipurpose laboratory. This type of
laboratory operates with two or more disciplines
of the laboratory, specialities (Group A1).
6).National Reference and Public Health
Laboratory
• This is the top most National Reference Health
Laboratory for both diagnostic and Public
Health investigations in the country.
 Minimum Standards For Health
Laboratory Premises (Refer Guidelines).
• Equipment and Supplies:
– Should have appropriate standard equipment and
supplies according to the recommended
standards for each level
• Equipment Maintenance:
• Each equipment should have a regular system
of planned preventive maintenance. Also the
operation and service manuals should be
available
 CONT;
• Environment Sanitation
• Human Resource (Refer Guidelines)
• Laboratory Safety
• Training Qualifications Of Laboratory Staff (Refer
Guidelines).
• Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct
• Essential major equipment and tests at each level
(Refer Guidelines).
• Essential supplies
 CONT;
• Management, Committees and Sub
Committees at each Level (Refer Guidelines).
• Monitoring and evaluation
 Technical Practice of Health
Laboratory Personnel
• All practising professional laboratory staff
must be registered or licensed to render
laboratory services under the Health
laboratory Technologists Council.
• All Private Health Laboratories must be
Registered under the Private Health
Laboratories Board.
 CONT;
• There must be an internal quality control in
every laboratory for every test using acceptable
standard methods and quality assurance
procedures.
• It is compulsory for all laboratories to participate
in all organised external quality assessment
programmes. The performance of each
laboratory shall be evaluated by the quality
assurance sub-committee (Refer Guidelines).
 Inter professional links and
relationship
• Health laboratory personnel should recognise
and respect the expertise of other health
workers and collaborate with them in the
interest of providing the best possible health
care.
• Health laboratory personnel should co-
operate fully with all laboratory levels, in the
interest of providing the best possible health
care for the community.
 Quality Assurance Scheme

• At the National level, there shall be a Quality

Assurance Sub-Committee to oversee that
laboratories are performing at the required
standard.
• The Co-ordinator for quality assurance
MOHSW shall be secretary to the sub-
committee.
 CONT;
• At the Zonal Level there shall be the Zonal
Quality Assessment Task Force which will be
required to prepare and distribute the quality
assessment samples within the zone.
• At the Regional Level there shall be a Regional
Quality Assessment Team which will receive
quality assessment samples from the zonal
centre and distribute within the region.
 CONT;
• The Regional Health Laboratory Technologist shall be
the chairperson to the team and a member of the
Regional Health Management Team.
• The Private Health Laboratories Board and the
Health Laboratory Technologists Council
shall be responsible to set their standard
targets and verifiable indicators basing on
provisions of the respective Acts and
Regulations
 Objectives and Strategies of the National
Health Laboratory Strategic Plan
• Objective 1: Ensure equitable and Gender
sensitive standardized health laboratory
services provided at all health care levels.
– Strategies
• Establish minimum standard testing capabilities at all
health laboratory levels
• Strengthen supply chain management system of quality
laboratory reagents and supplies
• Ensure availability of adequate and standardised health
laboratory facilities and equipment at all levels
 CONT;
• Objective 2: An efficient and effective
governance system for delivery of public and
private health laboratory services established.
– Strategies
• Strengthen organisation and management of the
laboratory services to be responsive for both public
health and clinical laboratory functions
• Give mandate to the different levels of the Laboratory
network
 CONT;
• Strengthen coordination and communication
throughout the health sector (MOHSW, local
government, private sector) to improve quality of
laboratory services and networking.
• Strengthen Clinical, Public Health Laboratory and
Forensic Pathology Services
 CONT;
• Objective 3: HIV and other infectious diseases
at health Laboratory work places prevented
– Strategies
• Establish sustainable and effective laboratory safety
and bio-security programs
• Link Health Laboratory and mortuary workers with
existing Prevention programs
 CONT;
• Objective 4: Improve Quality of laboratory
services provided at all levels of the public and
private health laboratories
– Strategies
• Define and strengthen Health Laboratory Network at all
levels
• Implement Quality Management System at all levels
• Strengthen data collection, analysis and reporting from
private and public health laboratories
• Establish and strengthen Corrective and Planned Preventive
Maintenance (PPM) for health facilities and equipment.
 CONT;
• Create awareness and institute health laboratory
accreditation to meet national and international standards
• Objective 5: Enhance Research, Training,
Recruitment and Retention mechanism for
Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering
professionals enhanced
– Strategies
• Build Laboratory Human resource capacity using pre-service
training
• Build Human resource capacity using in-service training and
technical assistance
 CONT;
• Build Biomedical Engineering Capacity
• Recruit and retain appropriate laboratory and
biomedical engineering personnel
• Health Laboratory operational research promoted
 CONT;
• Objective 6: Establish Quality Health
laboratory services provision in both public
and private facilities
– Strategies
• Transform NHLQATC into an executive agency of the
MOHSW
• Enable NHLQATC to oversee implementation of
laboratory quality systems and training to public and
private health laboratories.
 CONT;
• NHLQATC serve as a resource centre and National
Reference Laboratory for clinical and public health
laboratory services
 Key Points
• Objective on Improving the quality of laboratory
services provided at all levels of the public and
private health laboratories
– Strategies
• Define and strengthen Health Laboratory Network at all
levels
• Implement Quality Management System at all levels
• Strengthen data collection, analysis and reporting from
private and public health laboratories
• Establish and strengthen Corrective and Planned Preventive
Maintenance (PPM) for health facilities and equipment.
 CONT;
• Create awareness and institute health
laboratory accreditation to meet national and
international standards
 Thank you for listening!
Question or suggestion?
=End of session 8=
 Session 9:
Health Laboratory Guidelines in
Health Care Delivery
• (National Guidelines for Integrated Disease
Surveillance and Response, National
Laboratory system to support HIV/AIDS Care
and Treatment, National Laboratory Quality
Assurance Framework to support Health Care
Interventions)
 Definition of terms
• Surveillance: Is being watchful or vigilant for
health problem and determinants with the
intention for improvement of health of a
population.
• Quality: Is the extent to which an actual
performance is in conformity with pre-set
criteria or set standards for good
performance.
• Quality Assurance: Planned and systematic
activities to provide adequate confidence that
requirements for quality will be met (ISO) or
Includes IQC, EQA, pre-analytic phase, test
standardization, post-analytic phase,
management, and organization (WHO, 1992)
 CONT;
• Internal quality control: Internal quality
control (IQC) – set of procedures for
continuously assessing laboratory work and
the emergent results; immediate effect,
should actually control release of results
(WHO, 1981)
 Cont;
• External quality assessment: is a procedure
by which the entire testing process including
the quality of results generated by a particular
laboratory is assessed by eternal agency by
using materials of known value but
undisclosed to the participating laboratory.
 :
Laboratory roles in Integrated Disease
Surveillance and Response
• Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response
(IDSR) is a strategy that will assist health
workers to detect and respond to disease of
epidemic potential, of public health
importance, and those targeted for eradication
and elimination. The information can help
health teams respond as quickly as possible to
outbreaks, set priorities, plan interventions,
mobilize and allocate resources. :
 Cont;
– In Tanzania the IDSR disease of priority are as
follows:-
• Epidemic prone diseases :
• Cholera
• Bacillary dysentery
• Plague
• Measles
• Yellow fever
• Cerebral spinal Meningitis
• Rabies / animal bite
• Diseases which are targeted for eradication /
elimination
• Acute flaccid paralysis
• Neonatal tetanus
• Disease of Public Health Importance
• Diarrhoea in Children Under 5 years
• Pneumonia in Children Under 5 years
• Malaria
• Typhoid
The Laboratory roles in the Integrated
Disease Surveillance and Response
include ( Refer guidelines):
• Planning for specimen collection
• Selecting the laboratory for specimen testing
• Logistics for management
• Safety and decontamination procedures
• Storage, packaging and transport of specimens
• Specimen processing
• Timely reporting of results to the relevant
authority.
 Cont;
• Diseases required to be reported weekly:
• Cerebral spinal meningitis
• Cholera
• Plague
• Measles
• Yellow fever
• Rabies / animal bite
• Acute flaccid paralysis
 cont
• Diseases required to be reported monthly:
• Diarrhoea in children Under 5 years
• Pneumonia in children Under 5 years
• Malaria
• Typhoid
• Bacillary dysentery
• Neonatal tetanus
 Laboratory roles to support
HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment
• The National Guidelines for the care and
treatment of HIV/AIDS in Tanzania outlines the
laboratory tests required to support anti-
retroviral therapy within the public health
laboratory system. These tests include:
 HIV diagnosis (HIV rapid assays, ELISA, PCR)
 Disease staging and monitoring assays (CD4 count)
 Drug safety assays (haematology and clinical
chemistry)
 Cont;
 Diagnosis of common and treatable sexually transmitted
infections
 (syphilis) and other opportunistic infections (TB) as required by
 routine standard of care
 Other tests, non- essential to the initial start of the program
include
 viral load and drug resistance testing, capacity for which may be
 developed once clinical guidelines for the use of these assays
are
 established and the required laboratory infrastructure is
developed.
 Main component of the Laboratory
Quality Assurance Framework
• Laboratory quality assurance is implemented by
instituting planned and systematic activities in
order to provide adequate confidence and quality
requirements.
• Key components of a laboratory QAS include:
– Internal Quality Controls (IQC).
– External Quality Assessment (EQA).
– Standardization of processes and procedures (pre-
analytic, analytic and post-analytic phases).
– Management and organization.
 Laboratory roles to support
HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment
• The National Guidelines for the care and
treatment of HIV/AIDS in Tanzania outlines the
laboratory tests required to support anti-
retroviral therapy within the public health
laboratory system. These tests include:
• HIV diagnosis (HIV rapid assays, ELISA, PCR )
• Disease staging and monitoring assays (CD4 count)
• Drug safety assays ( haematology and clinical
chemistry)
 Cont;
• Diagnosis of common and treatable sexually
transmitted infections (syphilis) and other opportunistic
infections (TB) as required by routine standard of care
• Other tests, non- essential to the initial start of the
program include viral load and drug resistance testing,
capacity for which may be developed once clinical
guidelines for the use of these assays are established
and the required laboratory infrastructure is developed.
 Thank you for listening
Any question?
=End of session 9=
 Session 10:
Use of Health Laboratory Guidelines in
Health Care Delivery
• (National Health Laboratory Service Supplies
List, The private health laboratories regulation
Act No. 10 -1997 and The health laboratories
practitioners Act No. 22 of 2007)
 Learning Objectives

By the end of this session, you should be able to:

• Define Act, Board, Private Health Laboratory,
Council
• List the categories in the National Health
Laboratory Service Supplies List.
• List Parts of the Private Health Laboratories
Regulation Act No. 10 of 1997.
• Describe Parts of the Health Laboratories
Practitioners Act No.22 of 2007.
 Define the following terms
• Act is law passed by law-making body.
• Board means the Private Health Laboratories Board
established under Part II section 4, responsible for
the registration, control, and regulation of private
health laboratories.
• Private health laboratory means any health
laboratory registered by the board to provide
private health laboratory services in accordance
with the private health laboratories regulation Act
No. 10 of 1997.
 Cont;
• Council means the Health Laboratory
Practitioners established under Part II Section
4 of the health laboratories practitioners Act
No. 22 of 2007
•
 Categories in the National Health
Laboratory Service Supplies List
• The dramatic increase or growth in the different
expertise has resulted into emergency of new
products. In order for MOHSW to ensure that
the supplies received in the country do meet
the required quality, the standardised supplies
list has been developed. The supplies in the list
are grouped in the following categories:
• Health Laboratory Reagents, Reagent Kits,
Chemicals and Stains.
 Cont;
• Sterilizing Controls, Disinfectants and
Antiseptics.
• Culture Media and Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Discs.
• Laboratory Consumables, Apparatus and
Instruments.
• Equipment and Instruments.
 Private Health Laboratories
Regulation Act No. 10 of 1997
Part I: Preliminary
• Commencement: The Act came into operation
with effect from 1st December, 1997.
• Application: The Act applies to all private health
laboratories, approved persons, and to any other
person engaged in the management of private
health laboratory, whether as the owner or an
employee of the private health laboratory.
•
 Cont;
• Interpretation: Is the description of meaning
of terms used in the Act.
Part II: Establishment and Functions of the
Board
• Establishment of the Board
• Functions of Board
• Power of Board to approve persons and set
fees
 Cont;
Part III: Appointment of Registrar and
Management of Private Health Laboratories
• Appointment of Registrar and Assistant
Registrar
• Duties of Registrar in relation to registered
private health laboratories
• Registration and publication of particulars of
approved persons
 Cont,
• Registration on management by private health
laboratories
• Identification of private health laboratories
Part IV: Registration of private health
laboratories ( Refer to the Act )
 Cont;
Part V : General provisions
• Inspection and search.
• Offences by approved persons.
• Regulations.
• Entitlement to practise for fees.
 Health Laboratories Practitioners
Act No. 22 of 2007
Part I: Preliminary Provision
• Commencement: The Act came into operation
with effect from 1st February, 2009.
• Application: this Act applies to Mainland
Tanzania.
• Interpretation: Is the description of meaning
of terms used in the Act.
 cont
Part II: The Health Laboratory Practitioners’
Council
• Establishment of the Health Laboratory
Practitioners’ Council.
• Composition of the Council
• Functions and Powers of the Council
• Committees of the Council
• Establishment of other Committees of the of the
Council
 Cont;
• Part III: Registration , Enrolment and Licensing
• Eligibility for Registration
• Procedures for registration
• Provisional registration
• Full registration
• Temporary registration
• Certificate of registration
• Qualification for enrolment
 Cont;
• Procedures for enrolment
• Certificate of enrolment
• Eligibility for licensing
• Procedures for Licensing
• License
• Determination of applications
• Register, role and record
• Surrender of certificates to the council
• De-registration, erase and suspension
 Cont;
• Cancelation or Suspension of Certificates and
License.
• Reinstatement
• Annual retention fees
 cont
• Part IV: Duties of Health Laboratory
Practitioners
• Duties of health laboratory practitioner and
licensed persons
 Cont;
Part V: Complaints, Inquiries, and Appeals
• Receipt of complaint by the Registrar
• Preliminary inquiry
• Conduct of the preliminary inquiry by the
Registrar
• Procedure for holding an inquiry
• Notification of the decision of the Council
• Appeals
 Cont;
Part VI: Financial Provisions
• Funds of the Council
• Financial year of the Council
• Estimates
• Accounts and Audit
• Financial report
• Remuneration
 Cont;
Part VII: Offences and Penalties
• Offence for illegal practicing.
• Offence for procurement of illegal
registration, enrolment, or licensing.
• Penalty for giving false information or uttering
forged documents.
• General offences.
•
 Cont;
Part VIII: Miscellaneous provisions
• Indemnity
• Regulation
•
 Key points
• Main parts of the Private Health Laboratories
Regulation Act N0. 10 of 1997
• Offences and penalties applicable under provisions of
the Health Laboratory Practitioners Act No.22 of 2007
• Offence for illegal practicing.
• Offence for procurement of illegal registration,
enrolment, or licensing.
• Penalty for giving false information or uttering forged
documents.
 Cont;
• General offences
References
• National Health Laboratory Services Supplies List
• Private Health Laboratories Regulation Act No. 1997
 Health Laboratory Practitioners Act No. 22 of 2007
Thank you for listening
• Questions or comments
=End of the module=.