Unit II

2D Transformation
Introduction to Polygon
● Polygon is a representation of the surface. It is primitive which is closed in nature. It is
formed using a collection of lines. It is also called as many-sided figure. The lines
combined to form polygon are called sides or edges. The lines are obtained by
combining two vertices.

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Types of Polygon
1. Concave Polygon:
Line segment joining any two points within
polygon may not lie completely inside the
polygon
Example:

2. Convex Polygon:
Line segment joining any two points within
polygon lie completely inside the polygon
Example:

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Polygon Representation
To draw polygon on screen it should
satisfy following conditions
1. To draw polygon required more
than 2 vertices / 2 edges
2. All edges should be present in
specific sequence.
3. End point of last edge should be
equal to start point of start edge
(to make close shape)

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2D Transformation
● Transformation is a process of change in orientation of an object by mathematical
operations.
● Using transformation we can change size, location, angle, take mirror image of
an object.

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Steps to Perform Transformation
● Design polygon by series of line segments
● These Line segments represented by its end pixels
● Perform mathematical operations on pixel coordinates to change orientation of an
object.
● For Various transformation different matrices are present.
● Formula for any types transformation

P2 = P1 * T

Where P2- resultant matrix, P1- input matrix & T- transformation matrix

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Representation of Polygon in Matrix Format
● Use n × 2 matrix
● 1st column for X axis coordinates
● 2nd column for Y axis coordinates
● Rows represents edges of polygon
● n no of rows depends on number of
edges in polygon

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Identity Matrix
● A square matrix in which all the main
diagonal elements are 1’s and all the
remaining elements are 0’s
● Identity Matrix is also called Unit Matrix or
Elementary Matrix.
● Identity Matrix is denoted with the letter
“In×n”, where n×n represents the order of
the matrix.
● The important properties of identity matrix
is: A×In×n = A, where A is any square
matrix of order n×n.

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 Homogeneous Coordinate System
● A coordinate system that algebraically
treats all points in the projective plane
(both Euclidean and ideal) equally.
● Homogeneous coordinates are so called
because they treat Euclidean and ideal
points in the same way.
● Homogeneous coordinates are widely
used in computer graphics because they
Example: standard homogeneous coordinates enable affine and projective
[p1,p2,p3] of a point P in the projective plane are of transformations to be described as matrix
the form [x,y,1] if P is a point in the Euclidean plane
z=1 whose Cartesian coordinates are (x,y,1), or are of
manipulations in a coherent way.
the form [a,b,0] if P is the ideal point – the point at
infinity – associated to all lines in the Euclidean plane
z=1 with direction numbers a,b,0.
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Scaling Transformation
● A scaling transformation
alters size of an object.
● we either compress or
expand the dimension of
the object.
● Scaling operation can be
achieved by multiplying
each vertex coordinate (x,
y) of the polygon by
scaling factor sx and sy to
Sx – scale factor for X coordinate produce the transformed
Sy – scale factor for Y coordinate
coordinates as (x', y')

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Problem Solving

Scale the polygon with coordinates A (2,5) B(7,10) and C (10,2) by 2

units in X direction and 2 units in Y direction.
Given:

Sx=2, Sy=2

Scaling Matrix P1 Matrix

Sx 0 0 2 5 1

0 Sy 0 7 10 1

0 0 1 10 2 1

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Problem Solving

Formula for to perform transformation:

P2 = P1 * T
2 5 1 2 0 0
=
7 10 1 0 2 0

10 2 1
* 0 0 1

4 10 1
=
14 20 1

20 4 1

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 Translation
● Translation is process of changing the
position of an object from one location
to another location.
● We can translate 2D object by adding
translation distance tx & ty.
● But for transformation we use generalize
formula P2=P1*T
● To implement translation though
multiplication instead of addition we use
1 0 0 homogeneous coordinate system.
Tx= translation factor of X coordinate
0 1 0
Ty = translation factor of Y coordinate
Tx Ty 1

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Problem Solving

Translate the polygon with coordinates A (2,5) B(7,10) and C (10,2)

by 3 units in X direction and 4 units in Y direction.
Given:

Tx=3, Ty=4

Matrix P1 Matrix
1 0 0 2 5 1

0 1 0 7 10 1

Tx Ty 1 10 2 1

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Problem Solving

Formula for to perform transformation:

P2 = P1 * T
2 5 1 1 0 0
=
7 10 1 0 1 0

10 2 1
* 3 4 1

5 9 1
=
10 14 1

13 6 1

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Rotation
● Rotation is repositioning an
object along a circular path in xy
plane.

● To perform rotation we specify

angle of rotation (Ɵ) and
position of rotation point about
which object will rotate.
● Object rotation in clockwise or in
anticlockwise direction
● Position of rotation point can be
with respect to origin or any
arbitrary point.

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 Rotation Transformation Matrix
Rotation in Clockwise Direction

Rotation in Anticlockwise Direction

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 Rotation Transformation Matrix
Rotation in Clockwise Direction

Rotation in Anticlockwise Direction

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 Rotation About Arbitrary point

● Formula for rotation with respective arbitrary point = Tt * Tr * T -1t

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Problem Solving
Perform a 450 rotation of triangle A(0,0) B(1,1) C(5,2)
i. About the origin ii. About arbitrary point (-1, -1)
Given: Ɵ = 450

P1 Matrix Rotation Matrix

0 0 1 cosƟ -sinƟ 0 cos45 -sin45 0 1/√2 -1/√2 0

1 1 1 sinƟ cosƟ 0 1/√2 1/√2 0

sin45 cos45 0
5 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

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Problem Solving

P2= P1 * T
0 0 1 1/√2 -1/√2 0
= *
1 1 1 1/√2 1/√2 0

5 2 1 0 0 1

0 0 1

= √2 0 1

7/√2 -3/√2 1

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Rotation About arbitrary point (-1, -1)
Cos Ɵ Sin Ɵ 0
T=
- sin Ɵ Cos Ɵ 0

-xp cos Ɵ + yp sin Ɵ +xp -xp sin Ɵ - yp cos Ɵ +yp 1

Cos 45 Sin 45 0

= - sin 45 Cos Ɵ 0

-(-1) cos 45 + (-1)sin 45 +(-1) -(-1) sin 45- (-1) cos (-1) +(-1) 1

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Problem Solving
P2= P1 * T
= 0 0 1 * 1/√2 -1/√2 0

1 1 1 1/√2 1/√2 0

5 2 1 0 0 1

Cos 45 Sin 45 0
0 0 1
= - sin 45 Cos Ɵ 0
√2 0 1
-(-1) cos 45 + (-1)sin 45 +(-1) -(-1) sin 45- (-1) cos (-1) +(-1) 1
7/√2 -3/√2 1

= √2 -1 -1 1

√2 + √2 -1 -1 1

9/√2 -1 -3/√2 -1 1

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 Reflection
● Reflection produces a mirror image of an
object with respective an axis of
reflection.
● Different types of reflection – about X
axis, Y axis, origin, line y=x or any
arbitrary axis.

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Types of reflection

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Shear ● Slant the shape of an object
● 2 types of shearing
transformation X shear, Y shear
● In X shear : changes X value
which results in vertical lines to
tilt right / left & unchanged y
coordinate

● In Y shear : changes Y value

which results in horizontal lines
to slope up / down & unchanged
x coordinate

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Composite Transformation
● Perform 2 or more types of transformation together
● Composite transformation is easy with homogeneous coordinate system
● Example of composite transformation is rotation about arbitrary point.
● In rotation about arbitrary point we perform combination of translation then
rotation and again reverse translation.

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Problem Statements on Composite Transformation
● Consider the square P (5, 5) Q (5, 15) R (15, 15) S (15, 5). Rotate the square about
fixed point R(15,15) by an angle of 60 (anticlockwise) followed by scaling by 2 units
in x direction and 2 units in Y directions

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3D Transformation
o Coordinate system (RHS /
LHS)
o How to represent 3D object
in 2D plan
o Different types of
transformations

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 How to represent 3D object on 2D plane`

❖ Accept 3 coordinates of pixel

❖ Consider any 2 axis value at a time &
discard 1
❖ Plot 3 pixel in considered axis plan one by
one.
❖ Draw parallel lines to the discarded axis
and passing through plotted pixel
❖ Identify the point where these
perpendicular lines are meeting
❖ That pixel will be present somewhere in
air. It means pixel having 3 dimensions

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Steps to Perform Transformation

● Accept coordinates to design 3D object

● Draw 3D object on 2D plane
● Design P1 (4 * 4) matrix with the help of provided coordinate
● Identify transformation matrix (4 * 4) matrix based on type of
transformation
● Apply P2 = P1* T
● P2 will provide coordinates of resultant object

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Scaling

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Translation

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3D Rotation

Xnew = Xold Xnew = Zoldsinθ + Xold cosθ Xnew = Xoldcosθ – Yold sinθ
Ynew = Yold Ynew = Xoldsinθ + Yoldcosθ
Ynew = Yold cosθ – Zold sinθ
Znew = Yoldcosθ – Xoldsinθ Znew = Zold
Znew = Yold sinθ + Zold cosθ

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 Rotation About Z Axis

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 Rotation About Y Axis

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 Rotation About X Axis

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 3D Reflection Types

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 3D Shear

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 THANK YOU !!!!

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