Introduction to

Database Management Systems

 Introduction to Data

● Data are raw alphanumeric values obtained

through various methods.
● Forms include text, numbers, media, and bytes.
● Data can be stored on paper or electronic
memory.
● Remember: Data is the plural of datum.
 Understanding Information

● Information is processed, organized data that

provides context and meaning.
● It is the collected facts about a subject.
● Example: A telephone service providing
numbers to the public.
● Information clarifies the underlying meaning of
data.
 What is a Database?

● A database is a well-organized collection of

related data.
● It allows for easy data manipulation and
management.
● Databases store data electronically in a
computer system.
● Example: Storing student information like roll
numbers and contact details.
 File-Based Management Systems

● Early attempts to computerize manual systems.

● Each department controlled its own data,
leading to redundancy.
● Example: Student file systems with duplicated
fields.
● Centralized systems like DBMS help overcome
these issues.
 File-Based Management Systems

● It is the predecessor of database system

● Data is stored in files
● Each unit of the organization has its own files
and each file has a specific set of programs that
were used to manipulate data in file
● Each department collected and maintained the
required data. This usually resulted in
duplication of data.
 File-Based Management Systems

● To be able to retrieve data, entries are searched

sequentially.
● File – based system works well when the
number of data items to be stored is small.
File-Based Management Systems
 Disadvantages of File – based approach

● Data Redundancy
● Data Inconsistency
● Difficulty in Accessing data
● Limited Data Sharing
● Integrity Problem
● Incompatible file formats
● Recovery
 Introduction to DBMS

● A Database Management System (DBMS) is

software for storing and managing data.
● It performs operations like insertion, deletion,
and selection.
● DBMS was introduced in the 1960s.
● It centralizes data to reduce duplication.
 Introduction to DBMS

● A Database Management System (DBMS) is

software for storing and managing data.
● It performs operations like insertion, deletion,
and selection.
● Ask and answer questions concerning the data
in the database.
● Create forms and reports using the data in the
database
● It centralizes data to reduce duplication.
 RDBMS: An Advanced DBMS

● Relational Database Management System

(RDBMS) emerged in the 1970s.
● RDBMS organizes data in tables, enhancing
data relationships.
● It supports operations like normalization and
integrity constraints.
● Example: MySQL and Oracle SQL are popular
RDBMS.
 Comparison: File-Based vs. DBMS

● File systems manage files; DBMS manages

databases.
● DBMS offers efficient data retrieval and
recovery processes.
● Data redundancy is higher in file systems
compared to DBMS.
● DBMS provides better security and concurrency
support.
 Advantages of DBMS

● Reduces data redundancy and improves data

integrity.
● Facilitates data sharing among authorized
users.
● Ensures data security and privacy.
● Automates backup and recovery processes.
 Characteristics of Database

 Real – world entity – more realistic and uses

real world entity to design architecture.

 Less Redundancy – DBMS follows the rule of

normalization, which splits a relation when any
attributes is having redundancy in values.
Normalization – a mathematically rich and
scientific process that reduces data
redundancy.
 Characteristics of Database

 Query Language - DBMS is equipped with

query language, which makes it more efficient to
retrieve and manipulate data.
A user can apply as many and as different
filtering options as required to retrieve a set
of data.
 Characteristics of Database

 Multiuser and Concurrent Access - DBMS

supports multi-user environment and allows
them to access and manipulate data in parallel.
Though there are restrictions on transactions
when users attempt to handle the same data
item, but users are always unaware of them.
 Characteristics of Database

 Multiple views - DBMS offers multiple views for

different users.
A user who is in the Sales department will
have a different view of database than a
person working in the Production department.
This feature enables the users to have a
concentrate view of the database according
to their requirements.
 Characteristics of Database

 Security - Features like multiple views offer

security to some extent where users are unable
to access data of other users and departments.
Who USE DBMS
 Administrator
 maintain the DBMS
 responsible to look after its usage and by whom it
should be used
 they create access profiles for users and apply
limitations to maintain isolation and force security
 look after DBMS resources like system license,
required tools, and other software and hardware
related maintenance
 Designers
 work on the designing part of the database
 keep a close watch on what data should be kept and
in what format
 They identify and design the whole set of entities,
relations, constraints, and views.
 End User
 End users can range from simple viewers who pay
attention to the logs or market rates to sophisticated
users such as business analysts.