Genetic
Engineering
Explain the Modification
Direction: Refer to the image below and answer the activity questions that
follow.
Explain the Modification
Direction: Refer to the image below and answer the activity questions that
follow.
1. Write an observation on the color of the rice for the two samples.
Observation:
______________________________________________________________
2. Based on experience and knowledge, what is the common or natural color
of the rice?
______________________________________________________________
3. Write one problem or question related to your observation
Problem:
_____________________________________________________________
0 Genes
1
What is a Gene?
A gene is a stretch of DNA that
codes for a type of protein that
has a function in the organism.
It is a unit of heredity in a living Environmental
organism.. All living things factors
depend on genes When an environmental factor
puts a person at risk of
developing an illness, it means
that exposure to certain
Genes hold the information to substances, conditions or
situations in the environment
build and maintain an can increase the likelihood of
developing that illness
organism's cells and pass
genetic traits to offspring.
● DNA= Deoxyribu-Nucelic Acid
● DNA is a very large molecule, made up of
smaller units called nucleotides
● Each nucleotide has three parts: a sugar
(ribose), a phosphate molecule, and a
nitrogenous base.
● The nitrogenous base is the part of the
nucleotide that carries genetic information
● The bases found in DNA are four: adenine,
cytosine, guanine, and thymine
What are gene components?
Genes contain:
EXONS: a set of coding regions…
INTRONS: Non-coding regions removed sequence and
are therefore labeled split genes (splicing).
Environmental
factors
When an environmental factor
puts a person at risk of
developing an illness, it means
that exposure to certain
substances, conditions or
situations in the environment
can increase the likelihood of
developing that illness
What is the genome?
The genetic complement of
an organism, including all of Environmental
its GENES, as represented factors
in its DNA When an environmental factor
puts a person at risk of
developing an illness, it means
that exposure to certain
substances, conditions or
situations in the environment
can increase the likelihood of
developing that illness
Spider Goat
Environmental
factors
When an environmental factor
puts a person at risk of
developing an illness, it means
that exposure to certain
substances, conditions or
situations in the environment
Dolly the sheep can increase the likelihood of
developing that illness
What isGenetic Engineering?
Changing the DNA in living organisms to
create something new.
This organisms are called Genetically
Modified Organism (GMO)
Genetic Engineering Techniques
Cloning
Artificial Selection creating an organism Gene splicing
that is an exact
breeders choose which genetic copy of DNA is cut out of one
organism to mate to another. organism and put
produce offspring with into another
desired traits. organism
10,000 85%
Patients treated Success rate
1,000
Suffered secondary effects
Venomous Cabbage
10,000 85%
Patients treated Success rate
1,000
Suffered secondary effects
Featherless Chicken
10,000 85%
Patients treated Success rate
1,000
Suffered secondary effects
Dolly the Sheep
10,000 85%
Patients treated Success rate
1,000
Suffered secondary effects
Grapple
10,000 85%
Patients treated Success rate
Glow in the Dark Cat
Artificial
Selection
- breeders choose which organism to mate to
produce offspring with desired traits.
Three types of artificial selection:
A. selective breeding
B. hybridization
C. inbreeding
Breeding
- when animals with desired characteristics are
mated to produce offspring with those desired
traits.
- Passing of important genes to next
generation.
Selective Breeding
-For example people breed dogs for specific
purposes.
Dachshund were once bred to hunt badgers
and other burrowing animals.
Selective Breeding
-Examples of selective breeding:
Angus cows are bred to increase
muscle mass so that we get more
meat,
Egg-Laying Hen-produces more
eggs than the average hen
2. Hybridization
- two individuals with unlike
characteristics are crossed to
produce the best in both
organisms.
- Other Examples of hybridization:
- Liger: lion and tiger mix
- Grape + apple= grapple. The fruit
tastes like grapes and looks like
apple.
Inbreeding
- breeding of organism that genetically similar to maintain desired
traits.
- Dogs breeds are kept pure this way.
- Its how a Doberman remains a Doberman.
Cloning
How could you clone a human?
Step 1: An egg is removed from a
female human
The nucleus of the egg is removed
and is thrown away.
Cloning
How could you clone a human?
Step 2: A body cell is removed from
another person.
The nucleus of the body cell is
removed
Cloning
How could you clone a human?
Step 3:
The nucleus of the diploid body cell is
put into the egg.
This egg no longer needs to be
fertilized since it has all 46
chromosomes.
Cloning
Step 4: The egg is then charged with
electricity to start mitosis.
Step 5: Its then put into a surrogate mother
so it can grow.
Its going to be genetically identical to the
parent of the body cell.
But it will be a baby.
Four main types of treatments
Medical treatment
This involves the use of Behavioral therapy
medications, surgery, radiation
therapy, chemotherapy or other Behavioral therapies involve various
medical procedures to treat a techniques that are used to treat
particular illness mental health conditions, such as
depression, anxiety and addiction
Alternative therapies
Alternative therapies include a Lifestyle changes
range of treatments that are not
considered part of conventional Lifestyle changes involve making
medical practice modifications to an individual's diet,
exercise habits or other behaviors
Gene splicing: DNA is cut out of one
organism and put into another
organism
A trait will be transferred from one
organism to another.
.
Risk factors
Age Genetics Lifestyle
Many diseases occur Some diseases have a Certain behaviors can
more frequently in hereditary component increase the risk of
certain age brackets and can be passed down developing
through families certain illnesses
Medical
Environment history Gender
Exposure to certain A personal or family Some illnesses are more
substances in the history of certain common in one gender
environment can illnesses can increase than the other
increase the risk of the risk of developing
developing some related or similar
diseases conditions
How is gene splicing done?
1. A restriction enzyme cuts the
insulin gene out of the human DNA.
2. A plasmid is removed from a
bacteria and cut with a restriction
enzyme
How is gene splicing done?
1. A restriction enzyme cuts the
insulin gene out of the human DNA.
2. A plasmid is removed from a
bacteria and cut with a restriction
enzyme
3. The human gene is place into the
bacteria plasmid
4. The plasmid is placed back into the
bacteria.
The cell now has directions (DNA) to make
insulin.
That's exactly what it does.
Its human insulin, bacteria do not make
insulin on their own.
Plasmid with
insulin gene
