UNIT 6
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
23EEE101 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Syllabus:
Overview of Number Systems, Logic gates including
Universal Gates, BCD codes, Excess-3 code, Gray
code, Hamming code. Boolean Algebra, Basic
Theorems and properties of Boolean Algebra, Truth-
Tables and Functionality of Logic Gates – NOT, OR,
AND, NOR, NAND, XOR and XNOR. Simple
combinational circuits–Half and Full Adder,
Introduction to sequential circuits, Flip flops,
Registers and counters (Elementary Treatment only)
Overview of Number
Systems:
• Binary Coded Decimal, or BCD, bit is preferred) is another process for converting decimal
numbers into their binary equivalents. This encoding can be done in either 4-bit or 8-bit
• It is a fast and efficient system that converts the decimal numbers into binary numbers as
compared to the existing binary system.
• These are generally used in digital displays where is the manipulation of data is quite a task.
• BCD code is more precisely known as 8421 BCD code , with 8,4,2 and 1 representing the
weights of different bits in the four-bit groups, Starting from MSB and proceeding towards
LSB. This feature makes it a weighted code , which means that each bit in the four bit group
representing a given decimal digit has an assigned weight.
In standard binary-coded decimal (BCD), each decimal digit is represented by a 4-bit
binary code. For example, the decimal digit 0 is represented as 0000, 1 as 0001, 2 as 0010,
and so on up to 9 as 1001.
In excess-3 code, 3 is added to each of these 4-bit binary codes. So, the binary code for 0
becomes 0011, for 1 it becomes 0100, for 2 it becomes 0101, and so on.
Let's take the decimal number 7. In standard BCD, 7 is represented as 0111. In excess-3
code, we add 3 to each bit, resulting in 1000.
Excess-3 code was historically used in certain applications for encoding decimal digits in
electronic systems, calculators, and computers.
Excess-3 code is a way of representing decimal digits in binary-coded form by adding 3 to
the standard BCD representation. This coding scheme has its historical significance, but it is
not as commonly used today as other binary representations.
DIGITAL LOGIC GATES:
Table
Basic Identities of Boolean Algebra
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Sequential circuits:
FLIP-FLOP CIRCUITS:
The memory elements used in clocked sequential
circuits are called flip-flops. These circuits are binary
cells capable of storing one bit of information. It has
two outputs, one for the normal value and one for
the complement value of the bit stored in it : Binary
information can enter a flip-flop in a variety of ways.
Hence there different types of flip-flops.
The following are the types of flip-flops :
1. R-S flip-flop.
2. D flip-flop.
3. J-K flip flop.
4. T flip-flop
