CompSci 230 S2 2017
Programming Techniques
Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look
Agenda & Reading
Topics:
Case study: Time class
Case study: Time2 class
Composition: Employee & Date
Reading
Java how to program Late objects version (D & D)
Chapter 7 & 8
The Java Tutorial
Classes:
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/classes.html
Objects
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/objects.html
2 Lecture09
Time1.jav
a
1.Case Study: Time1 class
Class Time1 represents the time of day.
private int instance variables hour, minute and second
represent the time in universal-time format (24-hour clock
format in which hours are in the range 0–23, and minutes
and seconds are each in the range 0–59).
public methods setTime, toUniversalString and
toString.
Class Time1 does not declare a constructor, so the
compiler supplies a default constructor.
public class Time1 {
Each instance variable
private implicitly
int hour; receives
// 0 - 23 the default int value.
private int minute; // 0 - 59
private int second; // 0 – 59
public void setTime( int h, int m, int s ) { ... }
public String toUniversalString() { ... }
public String toString() { ... }
3 } Lecture09
Time1Test.ja
1.Time1 class va
Instance Variables & Methods
The instance variables hour, minute and second are
each declared private
private instance members are not accessible outside the
class.
Time1 time = new Time1();
System.out.println( time.toString() ); The initial standard time is: 12:00:00 AM
System.out.println( time.hour ); %02d:%02d:
%02d
The initial universal time is: 00:00:00
The initial standard time is: 12:00:00 AM
Instance Methods:
toUniversalString
System.out.println( and toString
time.toUniversalString() );
Complete the
System.out.println( time.toString() );
toUniversalString
method
public String toString() {
return String.format( "%d:%02d:%02d %s",
( ( hour == 0 || hour == 12 ) ? 12 : hour % 12 ),
minute, second, ( hour < 12 ? "AM" : "PM" ) );
}
4 Lecture09
1.Time1 class
Instance Variables & Methods
Method setTime declares three int parameters and
uses them to set the time.
test each argument to determine whether the value is
outside the proper range.
If it is out of range, set the value to zero
time.setTime( 13, 27, 6 ); Universal time after setTime is: 13:27:06
time.setTime( 99, 99, 99 );
Universal time: 00:00:00
public void setTime( int h, int m, int s ) {
hour = = ( ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? …………….
}
Complete the
setTime
method
5 Lecture09
public class Time2 {
private int hour; // 0 - 23
2.Case Study: Time2 private int minute; // 0 - 59
private int second; // 0 – 59
...
Note:
No constructor has been defined in Time1 class. We can only
use the default one Time2.jav
a
Case Study: Time2 class
Add 5 overloaded constructors
Overloaded constructors enable objects of a class to be initialized in
different ways.
To overload constructors, simply provide multiple constructor
declarations with different signatures.
Recall that the compiler differentiates signatures by the number of
parameters, the types of the parameters and the order of the parameter
types in each signature.
Add getHour, getMinute, getSecond methods
Add setHour, setMinute, setSecond methods
Modify the toString() and toUniversalString() methods
6 Lecture09
Time2Test.ja
2.Case Study: Time2 va
Overloaded Constructors
Five overloaded constructors that provide convenient
ways to initialize objects.
The compiler invokes the appropriate constructor by
matching the number, types and order of the types of
the arguments specified in the constructor call with the
number, types and order of the types of the parameters
specified
Time2 t1 = newinTime2();
each constructor declaration.
// 00:00:00
Time2 t2 = new Time2( 2 ); // 02:00:00
Time2 t3 = new Time2( 21, 34 ); // 21:34:00
Time2 t4 = new Time2( 12, 25, 42 ); // 12:25:42
Time2 t5 = new Time2( 27, 74, 99 ); // 00:00:00
Time2 t6 = new Time2( t4 ); // 12:25:42
7 Lecture09
2.Case Study: Time2
Overloaded Constructors
Such a constructor simply initializes the object as specified in the
constructor’s body
Using this in method-call syntax as the first statement in a constructor’s
body invokes another constructor of the same class.
Popular way to reuse initialization code provided by another of the class’s
constructors rather than defining similar code in the no-argument
constructor’s body.
Once you declare any constructors in a class, the compiler will not provide
a default constructor. Time2(int h, int m,
int s)
Standard constructor:
s: 0
Time2(int h)
Time2(int h, int
Time2() m)
Time2(int h, int m,
int s)
public Time2(int h, int m, int s){
setTime( h, m, s );
Time2(Time2 }
8 time.getHour(), t) Lecture09
…
Exercise 1: Complete all constructors
public class Time2 {
private int hour; // 0 - 23
private int minute; // 0 - 59
private int second; // 0 – 59
public void setTime( int h, int m, int s ) {
setHour( h ); // set the hour
setMinute( m ); // set the minute
setSecond( s ); // set the second
}
public void setHour( int h ){
hour = ( ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h : 0 );
}
...
9 Lecture09
2.Case Study: Time2
Get & Set methods
It would seem that providing set and get capabilities is
essentially the same as making a class’s instance variables
public.
A public instance variable can be read or written by any method that
time.hour
has a reference to an object that contains that variable.
If an instance variable is declared private, a public get method
certainly allows other methods to access it, but the get method can
control how the client can access it.
A public set method can—and should—carefully scrutinize attempts to
modify the variable’s value to ensure valid values.
We can check and only modify if the parameter is a valid value
Although set and get methods provide access to private data, it
is restricted by the implementation of the methodsAdvantage
s
public void setHour( int h ){
hour = ( ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h : 0 ); Validati
} on
10 Lecture09
3.Composition
Date
Class Date
Instance variables: day, month and year to represent a
date
The constructor receives three int parameters. It also
validate day if it’s out of range or invalid
The toString method return the object’s string
public class Time2 {
representation.
private int hour; // 0 - 23
private int minute; // 0 - 59
private int second; // 0 – 59
public void setTime( int h, int m, int s ) {
setHour( h ); // set the hour
setMinute( m ); // set the minute
setSecond( s ); // set the second
}
public void setHour( int h ){
hour = ( ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h : 0 );
}
...
11 Lecture09
EmployeeTest.ja
va
3.Composition
A class can have references to objects of other classes as
members.
This is called composition and is sometimes referred to as a has-a
relationship.
Example: Employee and hire date (Date)
Class Employee
Instance variables: firstName, lastName, birthDate and hireDate
Members firstName and lastName are references to String objects
Members birthDate and hireDate are references to Date objects
Blue, Bob; Hired: 3/12/1988 Birthday: 7/24/1949
Date birth = new Date(7, 24, 1949);
Date hire = new Date(3,12,1988);
Employee bob = new Employee("Bob", "Blue", birth, hire);
System.out.println(bob);
bo firstName Bob Date
Date
b lastName
year: 1949
Blue year: 1988
month: 7
birthDate
day: 24 month: 12
12 hireDate
day: 3 Lecture09
3.Composition
Employee
Employee & Date : has-a relationship
public class Employee {
Employee Class private String firstName;
Date class private String lastName;
private Date birthDate;
class Date { private Date hireDate;
private int month; // 1-12 ...
private int day; // 1-31 based on month
private int year;
public Date( int theMonth, int theDay,
int theYear ){
...
} public Employee(String first, String last,
Date birth, Date hire ) {
firstName = first;
lastName = last;
this.birthDate = birth;
hireDate = hire;
}
13 Lecture09
3.Composition
Java Source Files
When you compile a .java file containing more than
one class, the compiler produces a separate class
file with the .class extension for every compiled class.
When one source-code (.java) file contains multiple
class declarations, the compiler places both class files
for those classes in the same directory.
A source-code file can contain only one public class
—otherwise, a compilation error
class Date
...
{ occurs.
}
class Employee {
...
EmployeeTest.java }
public class EmployeeTest {
public static void main( String args[] ) {
...
}
14 Lecture09
Exercise 2
A 3x3 matrix is represented by the following array:
{ {29, 28, 27}, {16, 15, 14}, {3, 2, 1} };
Complete
class MyMatrix {
the following MyMatrix class
private int[][] data;
private final static int SIZE=3;
public MyMatrix() { //complete this }
public MyMatrix(int x11, int x12, int x13, int x21, int x22, ...
public String toString() {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("");
for (int[] row: data)
sb.append(String.format("%s%n", _______________________));
return sb.toString();
}
[1, 2, 3]
MyMatrix myMatrix2 = new MyMatrix(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); [4, 5, 6]
System.out.println(myMatrix2 ); [7, 8, 9]
15 Lecture09
Exercise 3
Complete the add method. This method takes two
MyMatrix as parameters, adds and returns a new
MyMatrix
public object. other) {
MyMatrix add(MyMatrix
MyMatrix result = new MyMatrix();
return result;
}
[30, 30, 30]
[20, 20, 20]
[10, 10, 10]
MyMatrix myMatrix2 = new MyMatrix(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);
MyMatrix myMatrix1 = new MyMatrix(29, 28, 27, 16, 15, 14, 3, 2, 1);
MyMatrix result = myMatrix1.add(myMatrix2);
System.out.println(result);
16 Lecture09
