WATER SUPPLY AND

TREATMENT ENGINEERING
 NEED FOR WATER SUPPLY
 Importance and necessity for planned water supplies.
 Planning and execution of modern water supply scheme.
 Water availability in India
WATER AVAILABILITY AND WATER STRESS IN INDIA
 WATER USE TREND IN INDIA
 Population growth and distribution

 Changing life style

 Urbanization

 Industrial growth

 Environmental condition

 Cropping pattern and irrigation Practices

 Cost, subsidy and economics

 Technology

 Water resources planning

 CHANGING WATER USE TREND IN
INDIA

Source: Central Water Commission (BP Directo- rate) - Report of the Standing Sub-Committee for Assessment of availability and requirement of water
for Diverse Uses in the Country August, 2000 (Taken from: Central Water Commission , Water Data Complete Book 2005)
 WATER DEMAND
 While planning a water supply scheme, it is necessary to find out, the total yearly water demand, the required average
rates of flow and the variation in these rates.
 The following quantities are:
 Total annual volume (V) in liters or million liters.
 Annual average rate of draft in liters per day i.e. V/365
 Annual average rate of draft in liters per day per person called per capita demand.
 Average rate of draft in liters per day per service.
x
 Fluctuation in flows expressed in terms of percentage ratios of maximum or minimum yearly, monthly, daily or hourly
rates to their corresponding average values.
TYPES OF WATER DEMAND
 Domestic water demand
 Industrial water demand
 Institutional and commercial water demand
 Demand for public uses
 Fire demand
 Water required to compensate losses in thefts and wastes
 DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
Uses Consumption(l/h/d) Uses Consumption(l/h/d)
Drinking 5 Drinking 5
Cooking 5 Cooking 5
Bathing 75
Bathing 55
Washing of clothes 25
Washing of clothes 20
Washing of utensils 15
Washing of utensils 10
Washing and cleaning of 15
houses and residences Washing and cleaning 10
of houses and
Lawn watering and
15 residences
gardening
30
45 Flushing of water
Flushing of water closets,
etc. closets, etc.
Total 200
With full flushing system Total 135LIG colonies
Weaker sections and
INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND
Name of the industries Unit of production or Raw Approximate quantity of
materials used water required in kilo liter
Automobiles Vehicle 40
Distillery(Alcohol) Kilo liters 122 - 170
Fertilizer Tonne 80 – 200
Leather Tonne 40
Paper Tonne 200 – 400
Special quality paper Tonne 400 – 1000
Straw board Tonne 75 – 100
Petroleum refinery Tonne(crude) 1-2
Steel Tonne 200 -250
Sugar Tonne(crushed cane) 1 -2
Textile Tonne(goods) 80 – 140
 INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMERCIAL WATER DEMAND
Type of institution or commercial establishment Average water consumption in l/h/d

Offices 45 – 90
Factories
Bath room are provided 45 – 90
No bath rooms are provided 30 – 60

Schools
Day scholars 45 – 90
Residential 135 – 225

Hostels 135 – 180

Hotels 180
Restaurants 70
Hospitals(Including laundry)
No. of beds not exceeding 100 340(per bed)
No. of beds exceeding 100 450(per bed)
 Cont…..
Nurses homes and medical quarters 135 – 225

Railway stations
Junctions and intermediate stations where mail and 70 (with bathing facilities)
express trains stops
Intermediate stations where mail and express trains 45 (without bathing facilities)
do not stop
Terminal railway stations 45(with bathing facilities)

Airports – international and domestic 23(without bathing facilities)

Cinema halls and theatres 45

70
15(per seat)
DEMAND FOR PUBLIC USES
FIRE DEMAND & WATER REQUIRED TO
COMPENSATE LOSSES IN THEFTS AND WASTES
 For cities having populations exceeding 50,000

Kilo liter of water required = 100

 Kuichling’s formula

Q = 3182
 Freeman formula

Q = 1136 [ + 10]
 Buston’s formula

Q = 5,663
Cont…..

 National board of fire under writers formulas:

1. For a central congested high valued city:

A. When population is less than or equal to 2,00,000
• Q = 4,637 [1 – 0.01 ]
B. When population is more than 2 lakhs, a provision for 54,000 l/min. May be made with an
extra additional provision of 9,100 to 36,400 l/min. For a second fire.
1. For a residential city:
A. Small or low building = 2,200 l/min.
B. Larger or higher building = 4,500 l/min.
C. High value residences, apartments, tenements = 7,650 to 13,500 l/min.
D. Three storied buildings in densely built up sections = up to 27,000 l/min.
PER CAPITA DEMAND
 The annual average amount of daily water required by one person

Per capita demand =

Factors affecting Per capita demand:

 Size of the city

Population Per capita

demand(l/d/p)
< 20,000 110
20,000 – 50,000 110 – 150
50,000 – 2 lakhs 150 – 240
2 lakhs – 5 lakhs 240 – 275
5 lakhs – 10 lakhs 275 – 335
Over 10 lakhs 335** - 360
Cont…
 Climatic condition

 Types of gentry and habits of people

 Industrial and commercial activities

 Quality of water supply

 Pressure in the distribution system

 Development of sewerage facilities

 System of supply

 Cost of water

 Policy of metering and method of charging

Factoring affecting losses and wastes

 Water tight joint

 Pressure in the distribution system

 System of supply

 Metering

 Unauthorized connection
Variation in demand

 Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x Average daily

demand
= 1.8 x Q
 Peak demand = 1.5 x Average hourly consumption of the
maximum day
= 1.5 x
= 2.7 ()

= 2.7 x Annual average hourly demand

DESIGN PERIOD
 A water supply scheme includes huge and costly structures which cannot be replaced or increased in their capacities, easily and
conveniently.
 The design period should neither be too long nor should it be too short.

FACTORS GOVERNING THE DESIGN PERIOD

 Useful life of component structures and the chances of their becoming old and obsolete. Design period should not exceed those respective
values.
 Ease and difficult that is likely to be faced in expansions, if undertaken at future dates

 Amount and availability of additional investment likely to be incurred for additional provisions

 The rate of interest on the borrowing and the additional money invested

 Anticipated rate of population growth, including possible shifts in communities, industries and commercial establishments.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
1. If the annual average hourly demand of the city is 2000 m3/h, what is the maximum hourly consumption?
Assume daily peak factor as 1.8 and hourly peak factor as 1.5.

2. A state with present population of 20 million, has per person water availability as 2400 m 3/person /year. If the
population is predicted to increase by 2.5% next year, what would be the per person water availability next year
in m3/person /year, assuming water sources remains at constant level.

3. For a population of 1lakh having per capita demand of 150 LPCD. Determine the average daily water demand of
the city, in m3/d.

4. A city is having population of 2.5 lakhs and per capita water demand as 160 LPCD. Assuming daily peak factor
as 1.8 and hourly peak factor as 1.5. Determine average daily demand, maximum daily demand and peak hourly
water demand of the city.
POPULATION FORECASTING
 NEED OF FORECASTING THE POPULATION
 TYPES OF FORECASTING
o Arithmetical increase method
o Geometrical increase method
o Incremental increase method
o Decreasing rate method
o Simple graphical method
o Comparative graphical method
o Master plan method
o The apportionment method
o The logistic curve method
ARITHMETICAL INCREASE METHOD
Based on the assumption that the population increases at a constant rate
The rate of change of population with time is constant
Cont…
GEOMETRICAL INCREASE METHOD
 The per decade percentage increase or percentage growth rate is assumed to be constant, and the increase is
compounded over the existing population every decade.
 In arithmetic method, no compounding is done; in geometric method compounding is done every decade.
 The assumed constant value of percentage growth rate per decade (r) is analogous to the rate of interest per
annum.
Cont…..
INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD

 In this method, per decade growth rate is not assumed to be constant as in the arithmetic or geometric
progression methods; but is progressively increasing or decreasing, depending upon whether the average of
the incremental increase in the past data is positive or negative.
 The population for a future decade is worked out by adding the mean arithmetic increase to the last known
population as in arithmetic increase method and to this is added the average of the incremental increase,
once for the first decade, twice for the second decade, thrice for the third decade and so on. Thus, assumes
that the growth rate in the first decade is ( + ) and second is ( +2) and in n th decade ( +n).
Cont….
DECREASING RATE OF GROWTH METHOD

 Since the rate of increase in population goes on reducing, as the cities reach towards saturations, a method
which makes use of the decrease in the percentage increase.
 The average decrease in the percentage increase is worked out, and is then subtracted from the latest
percentage increase for each successive decade.

SIMPLE GRAPHICAL METHOD

 A graph is plotted from the available data, between time
and population. The curve is then smoothly extended up to
the desired year.

 The extension of the curve is done by the intelligence of the

designer.
 COMPARATIVE GRAPHICAL METHOD

 The cities having conditions and characteristics similar to the

city whose future population is to be estimated are selected.

 It is assumed that the city under consideration will develop, as

the selected similar cities have developed in the past.

 It has a logical background and if statistics of development of

similar cities are available, quite precise and reliable results
can obtained.
COMPARATIVE GRAPHICAL METHOD

 Big and metropolitan cities are generally not allowed to develop in haphazard and natural ways but are allowed to
develop only in planned ways.

 The master plan prepared for a city is generally such, as to divide the city in various zones, and thus to separate the
residence, commerce and industry from each other. The master plan will give us as to when and where the given
number of houses, industries and commercial establishments would be developed.
 TYPES OF FIRE HYDRANTS
 POST FIRE HYDRANT
 FLASH FIRE HYDRANT
 PIPE MATERIALS
 CAST IRON PIPES
RESISTANT TO CORROSION
LAST LONG AS 100 YEARS
MANUFACTURED IN LENGTH UP TO 3.5 M TO 6 M
CI PIPES AVAILABLE IN INDIA AS PER IS 1536 – 1976 ARE

SL. No. Category of pipe Test pressure in kN/ Working pressure in kN/

1 Class LA 3500 1200

2 Class A 3500 1800
3 Class B 3500 2000
  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CI PIPES

Advantages Disadvantages

Moderate in cost Water carrying capacity decrease with time, as the frictional
factor increases.

Easy to join Cannot be used for high pressure.

Strong and durable Very heavy and uneconomical

Corrosion resistant Likely to break during transportation or while making

connections.
Long life up to 100 years or more

Service connection can be made easily

  STEEL PIPES
STRONG IN TENSION
GETS RUSTED QUICKLY – REDUCES THEIR LIFE AS WELL AS CARRYING
CAPACITIES
LAST LONG FOR ABOUT 40 YEARS
CANNOT WITHSTAND HIGH NEGATIVE PRESSURES
CORROSION OCCURS IF IRON ENTERS THE METAL PIPES
  REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE PIPES
 PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE CAN BE MANUFACTURED IN SMALL SIZES

 RCC PIPES ARE GENERALLY MADE OF 1:2:2 CEMENT CONCRETE WITH MAXIMUM SIZE OF
AGGREGATES OF 6 MM.
 THICKNESS MAY VARY FROM 2.5 CM TO 6.5 CM FOR PIPES OF DIAMETER VARYING FROM 0.1 M
TO 1.2M.
 RCC PIPES AVAILABLE IN INDIA AS PER IS 458 – 1988 ARE
Category Diameter available Test pressure in kN/

Class 80 – 1200 mm 200

Class 80 – 600 mm 400

Class 80 – 400 mm 600

 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RCC PIPES

Advantages Disadvantages

Resist compressive loads Likely to corrode by ground water

Corrosion resistant for normal portable water Difficult to repair

Strong and durable for about 75 years and so Cannot withstand high pressure

Easy to construct As they are heavy and bulk, difficult to transport

  HUME STEEL PIPE

AS SAME AS STEEL PIPE

COATED WITH CEMENT MOTOR BY CENTRIFUGAL PROCESS.
 VITRIFIED CLAY PIPES
GENERALLY NOT USED AS PRESSURE PIPES FOR CARRYING WATER
USED TO CARRY SEWAGE AND DRAINAGE WATER
MADE IN LENGTH OF ABOUT 0.6 TO 1.2 M
  ASBESTOS PIPES
Asbestos, silica and cement are converted under pressure to a dense
homogeneous material possessing high strength, this is called asbestos
cement.
Available in different sizes from 10 to 90 cm in diameter, about 4 m length.
 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Asbestos Pipe

Advantages Disadvantages
They are light, hence easy to transport Costly
No skilled labour required to They are not strength and they are
assemble brittle and soft
Resistant to corrosion
Suitable for small size distribution
pipes
 PHYSIO CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
 Hydrological cycle
 SOURCE OF WATER

 Surface water
• Natural ponds and lakes

• Streams and rivers

• Impounding reservoirs

 Sub – surface water

• Infiltration galleries

• Infiltration wells

• Springs
Factors governing the selection of a source of water

 Quantity of available water

 Quality of available water

 Distance of the source of supply

 General topography of the intervening area

 Elevation of the source of water

 SAMPLING

 Sampling is a collection of small portion of samples from the source to obtain analytical results
in the laboratory.
Types Of Sampling
 Grab sampling
 Composite sampling
 Integrated sampling
 WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS

Physical characteristics
 Turbidity
 Colour
 Taste and Odours
 Temperature
 Specific conductivity
Chemical characteristics
 Total solids
• Total suspended solids

• Total dissolved solids

Total Solids = Total Suspended solids + Total Dissolved solids

 pH

pH = -
 Hardness
• Temporary hardness

• Permanent hardness
o Total hardness

o Magnesium hardness

o Calcium hardness
Cont…

 Chloride content
 Nitrogen content
• Free ammonia

• Nitrite

• Nitrate

 Metal and other chemical substances

 Dissolved gases
 Biochemical Oxygen demand(BOD)
Biological characteristics
 Bacteria
• Aerobic bacteria

• Anareobic bacteria

• Facultative bacteria

 Algae
 Fungi
 Water borne disease and their control