Hello, 4 th

Quarter!

Hello,
Class
Most Essential Learning
Competency
Distinguish
technical
terms used in
research
EN10V-IVa-30
After going through this module, you are
expected to:
1. Get familiar with
technical terms used in
research;
2. Differentiating
qualitative method from
quantitative method in
research; and
3. Identify the elements
TECHNICAL TERMS

RESEARC
H
USED IN

QUARTER 4:
LESSON 2
What is research?
Research can be
defined as “a
systematic and
scientific procedure of
data collection,
compilation, analysis,
interpretation, and
implication about any
What is research?
Research is an
ORGANIZED and
SYSTEMATIC way
of FINDING
ANSWERS to
 ORGANIZED
There is a structure or
method that needs to
be followed in doing
research. It is a
planned procedure,
 SYSTEMATIC
There is a definite set
of procedures and
steps that you will
follow. The process is
always done in order
FINDING ANSWERS
Finding answers is
the end of all
research. Research
is successful when
 QUESTIONS
Questions are
central to the
research. If there
is no question,
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF

RESEARC
H
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF
METHODS
Qualitative
Research
Quantitative
Research
 Qualitative
This Research
method focuses on
understanding the meaning,
interpretation, and experiences
of individuals or groups. It uses
non-numerical data like
interviews, observations, and
texts to explore complex
 Qualitative
It hasResearch
been noted that
“information is considered
qualitative in nature if it
cannot be analyzed by
means of mathematical
techniques.” (Picknell,
 EXAMPLE TOPICS
Exploring the lived experiences of immigrants
adapting to a new culture. (Interviews and
observations)
Investigating the impact of social media on body
image among young adults.

Exploring the cultural practices and beliefs of a

specific community.
 Quantitative
Research
This method focuses on
measuring and quantifying
data to identify patterns
and relationships. It draws
conclusions using numerical
data, statistical analysis,
 Quantitative
Research
Quantitative research
describes, infers, and
resolves problems using
numbers. Emphasis is placed
on the collection of numerical
data, the summary of those
 EXAMPLE TOPICS
Measuring the effectiveness of medical marijuana
for treating anxiety. (Experiment)
Determining the relationship between hours of
sleep and academic performance in college
students. (Survey and statistical analysis)
Comparing the effectiveness of two different
teaching methods in a classroom. (Experiment)
Distinguish technical terms used in
research.

Technical
Terms in
 Research Paper
A research paper is like a detective
story for a specific topic. It is a piece
of academic writing providing an in-
depth exploration of a subject, where
you gather evidence, analyze
information, and present your
findings in a clear and organized
 Abstract
An abstract in research is like a
mini-trailer for your research paper.
It is a concise summary of your
research, giving readers a quick
overview of what your paper is
about, the main findings, and the
significance of your work.
 Abstract
Importance
Gap
Objective
Method
Key
Findings
Implications
 Introduction
The introduction in a research
paper is like the opening act of a
play. It sets the stage for your
research, introducing the topic,
providing background information,
and outlining the main argument or
thesis statement.
 Introduction
Establishes the scope,
context, and
significance of the
research to be
 Literature Review
A literature review in research is like a
survey of the landscape for your
topic. It is a comprehensive summary
of existing research on your chosen
subject, helping you understand
what’s already been done, identify
gaps in the knowledge, and establish
Literature Review
 Hypothesis
A statement written by the researcher
that states the relationship among or
between variables.
A logical supposition, a reasonable
guess, and an educated conjecture. It
provides a tentative explanation of a
phenomenon under investigation.
 Sample Hypothesis
For example, a researcher might be
interested in the relationship between
study habits and test anxiety. The
researcher would propose a
hypothesis about how these two
variables are related, such as "Test
anxiety decreases as a result of
Sample Hypothesis
Sample Hypothesis
 Methodology
A systematic approach to the
conduct of a process. It
includes steps of procedure,
application of techniques,
systems of analysis, and the
modes of inquiry employed by
 Methodology
The methodology section in a
research paper is like the blueprint
for your research project. It is where
you explain the specific methods and
procedures you used to collect and
analyze data, ensuring that your
research is transparent, replicable,
Methodology
 Research Design
Explain the overall approach
you used to conduct your
research, such as
experimental, descriptive,
correlational, or qualitative.
 Data Collection
Methods
Explain how you collected data,
including the specific tools,
instruments, or procedures used.
This could include surveys,
interviews, observations,
experiments, document analysis,
 Data Analysis
Methods
Describe how you analyzed the
data you collected, including the
statistical techniques or qualitative
analysis methods used. This could
include statistical tests, coding
schemes, thematic analysis, or
other approaches.
 Ethical
Considerations
Discuss any ethical issues
related to your research,
such as informed consent,
confidentiality, and data
privacy.
 Population
The target group under
investigation. The population is
the entire set under
consideration.
Samples are drawn from
populations
 Population
In research, the population is
like the entire group of people
or things you're interested in
studying. It's the big picture,
the whole target audience for
your research.
Here are some key points about population in
It's not always research:people: The
population can be anything you're
studying, like animals, plants,
documents, events, or even specific
objects. For example, if you're
researching the effectiveness of a
new fertilizer, your population might
Here are some key points about population in

It's usually too big to

research:

study directly: It's often

impossible or impractical to
study every single person
or thing in the population.
Here are some key points about population in
research:
You study a sample:
Instead, you usually study a
smaller group called a
sample, which is chosen to
represent the larger
 For Example:
Population: All junior high school students of
ERCIHS.
Sample: All Grade 10 students of ERCIHS. The
way you make your sample selection is aligned
with stratified sampling.
Simple Random Sample: In a simple random
sample, every single student in the population
has an equal chance of being selected for the
sample.
For Example:
 Variable
A quality of interest or
concepts that can be
manipulated,
observed, or studied.
 Variable
Variables are any quality of
a person, group subject,
event, condition, or
situation that varies or
takes on different values.
 Variable
A variable in research is like a changeable
factor that you're interested in studying. It
is something that can take on different
values or categories, and it is the heart of
your research question. Think of it like the
ingredients in a recipe – you can change
the amount of each ingredient to create
different variations of the dish.
Variable
 Types of Variable
Independent Variable: This is the
factor you're manipulating or
changing to see its effect on
something else. Imagine you're
studying the effect of different types
of fertilizer on plant growth. The type
of fertilizer would be your
 Types of Variable
Dependent variable: This is the
factor you're measuring or
observing to see how it's
affected by the independent
variable. In our fertilizer
example, the height of the plants
Variable
Research Instrument
A research instrument is the tool
you use to gather data in your
research. It is the specific
method or device you employ to
collect information about your
variables and answer your
Research Instrument
Think of it as the equipment you
need to carry out an experiment or
collect data. Imagine a scientist
studying bird migration. Their
research instrument might be a bird
banding device to track individual
birds or a camera to record their
Research Instrument
Research Instrument
Research Instrument
Here are some common types
of research instruments:
1. Surveys: Questionnaires
designed to collect data about
people's opinions, behaviors, or
experiences.
Research Instrument
2. Interviews:
Structured conversations with
individuals to gather in-depth
information about their
perspectives, experiences, or
beliefs.
Research Instrument
3. Observations:
Systematic recording of
behaviors, events, or
phenomena in a natural
setting.
Research Instrument
4. Tests:
Standardized assessments
designed to measure
knowledge, skills, or
abilities.
Research Instrument
5. Experiments:
Controlled procedures designed
to test a hypothesis by
manipulating an independent
variable and observing its
effect on a dependent variable.
Research Instrument
6. Focus groups:
Group discussions facilitated
by a moderator to gather
insights and perspectives
from a group of participants.
Research Instrument
 Data
Data in research is the evidence
you collect to answer your research
question. It is the raw information
you gather using your research
instruments, and it forms the
foundation for your analysis and
 Results/Findings
Results/Findings in research are the
answers you get after analyzing
your data. They are the key insights
and discoveries you uncover from
your research, revealing the
patterns, relationships, and trends
that emerged from your study.
 Results/Findings
Think of it like solving a puzzle.
After carefully examining the pieces
and fitting them together, you
finally see the complete picture.
Your results are the completed
picture, revealing the story hidden
within your data.
Descriptive Results
These simply describe the
data you collected, often
using tables, graphs, or
charts to summarize the
information.
Qualitative Findings
These often involve
identifying themes,
patterns, or insights from
qualitative data, such as
interview transcripts or
 Discussion
The discussion section in a research paper
is like the grand finale of your research
journey. It is where you take all the pieces
you've gathered – your research question,
your methods, your results, and your
findings – and weave them together into a
compelling story that answers your
research question and contributes to the
 Example Discussion
Research Topic: The Impact of Social
Media Use on Teenagers' Self-Esteem
Research Question: Does excessive use
of social media negatively impact
teenagers' self-esteem?
Methods: A survey was conducted
among 100 high school students,
measuring their social media use
frequency and self-esteem levels using
 Example Discussion
Results: The results showed a
significant negative correlation
between social media use
frequency and self-esteem scores.
Students who reported spending
more time on social media tended
to have lower self-esteem scores.
 Example Discussion
Discussion Section Example:
The findings of this study suggest a potential link
between excessive social media use and lower
self-esteem among teenagers. This aligns with
previous research that has indicated a connection
between social media use and negative self-
comparisons, cyberbullying, and feelings of
inadequacy. [Interpreting findings in the context
of existing literature]
 Example Discussion
Our results highlight the importance of
responsible social media use among
teenagers. While social media can offer
benefits for connecting with friends and
staying informed, excessive use can
contribute to negative self-perceptions
and mental health issues. [Discussing
implications of findings]
 Example Discussion
It is important to acknowledge the
limitations of this study. The sample size
was relatively small, and the study was
conducted in a single high school,
limiting the generalizability of the
findings. Further research is needed to
confirm these results in larger and more
diverse populations. [Identifying
 Example Discussion
Future research could explore the specific
mechanisms by which social media use
impacts self-esteem. For example, future
studies could investigate the role of social
comparison, cyberbullying, and exposure
to idealized images on social media in
shaping teenagers' self-perceptions.
[Suggesting future research directions]
Example Discussion
 Conclusion
The conclusion in a research paper is
the final curtain call of your research
journey. It is a concise summary of
your research, restating your main
findings, highlighting their
significance, and leaving readers
with a lasting impression of your
Here's what a conclusion typically
does:
1. Restate your research
question and main findings:
Briefly summarize the main
question your research
addressed and the key
insights or discoveries you
Here's what a conclusion typically
does:
2. Highlight the significance of
your findings: Explain why your
findings matter, emphasizing
their contribution to the field of
study, their practical
implications, or their potential
Here's what a conclusion typically
does:
3. Connect your findings to the
broader context: Briefly discuss
how your findings fit into the
larger body of knowledge on the
topic, highlighting any new
insights, challenges, or
Here's what a conclusion typically
does:
4. Provide a final thought or
recommendation: Leave readers
with a lasting impression by
offering a final thought, a
recommendation for future
research, or a call to action
Here's what a conclusion typically
does:
 Reference
References in research are the
footnotes or endnotes in a book.
They are a list of all the sources
you used in your research paper,
providing credit to the original
authors and allowing readers to
find and verify the information you
 Appendix
An appendix in a research paper is like a
bonus section that provides additional
information that is too detailed or
lengthy to include in the main body of
the paper. It is a place to store
supporting materials, raw data, or other
supplemental information that might be
helpful for readers who want to delve
 Appendix
Imagine you're reading a book about
a historical event. An appendix might
include primary source documents,
maps, or photographs that provide a
more in-depth understanding of the
topic. The appendix in a research
paper serves a similar purpose.
Appendix