8th Grade Anatomy
•By:
The Skeletal System
• Mr. Gabriel López Hernández
•St. Johns School
•Secondary Division – HS
• The skeletal system’s primary
Suppor
function is to form a solid
framework that supports and
protects the body’s organs and
anchors the skeletal muscles. The
t and bones of the axial skeleton act as a
hard shell to protect the internal
organs—such as the brain and the
Protect
heart—from damage caused by
external forces. The bones of the
appendicular skeleton provide
support and flexibility at the joints
ion and anchor the muscles that move
the limbs.
• The bones of the skeletal system
act as attachment points for the
skeletal muscles of the body.
Almost every skeletal muscle works
by pulling two or more bones either
closer together or further apart.
Moveme Joints act as pivot points for the
movement of the bones. The
regions of each bone where
nt muscles attach to the bone grow
larger and stronger to support the
additional force of the muscle. In
addition, the overall mass and
thickness of a bone increase when
it is under a lot of stress from lifting
weights or supporting body weight.
• The skeleton begins to form early in fetal
development as a flexible skeleton made
of hyaline cartilage and dense irregular
fibrous connective tissue. These tissues
Growth
act as a soft, growing framework and
placeholder for the bony skeleton that will
replace them. As development
and
progresses, blood vessels begin to grow
into the soft fetal skeleton, bringing stem
cells and nutrients for bone growth.
Developm Osseous tissue slowly replaces the
cartilage and fibrous tissue in a process
called calcification. The calcified areas
ent spread out from their blood vessels
replacing the old tissues until they reach
the border of another bony area. At birth,
the skeleton of a newborn has more than
300 bones; as a person ages, these bones
grow together and fuse into larger bones,
leaving adults with only 206 bones.
• The skeletal system in an adult body
is made up of 206 individual bones.
Skeletal
These bones are arranged into two
major divisions: the axial skeleton and
the appendicular skeleton. The axial
skeleton runs along the body’s
System midline axis and is made up of 80
bones in the following regions:
• Skull
Anatom • Hyoid (serve as an attachment structure
for the tongue and for muscles in the floor
of the oral cavity.)
y
• Auditory ossicles (smallest bone in the
body)
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Vertebral column
Skeletal • The appendicular skeleton is made
up of 126 bones in the following
System regions:
• Upper limbs
• Lower limbs
Anatom • Pelvic girdle
• Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
y
• The skull is composed of 22 bones
that are fused together except for
the mandible. These 21 fused
bones are separate in children to
allow the skull and brain to grow,
but fuse to give added strength and
protection as an adult. The
Skull
mandible remains as a movable jaw
bone and forms the only movable
joint in the skull with the temporal
bone.
• Twenty-six vertebrae form the
vertebral column of the human body
They are named by region:
• Cervical (neck) - 7 vertebrae
• Thoracic (chest) - 12 vertebrae
Vertebr • Lumbar (lower back) - 5 vertebra
• Sacrum - 1 vertebra
• Coccyx (tailbone) - 1 vertebra
ae • With the exception of the singular
sacrum and coccyx, each vertebra is
named for the first letter of its regio
and its position along the superior-
inferior axis. For example, the most
superior thoracic vertebra is called
T1 and the most inferior is called
T12.
Ribs and
Sternum
• The sternum, or breastbone, is a
thin, knife-shaped bone located
along the midline of the anterior
side of the thoracic region of the
skeleton. The sternum connects
to the ribs by thin bands of
cartilage called the costal
cartilage.
• There are 12 pairs of ribs that
together with the sternum form the
Ribs ribcage of the thoracic region. The
first seven ribs are known as “true
ribs” because they connect the
and
thoracic vertebrae directly to the
sternum through their own band of
costal cartilage. Ribs 8, 9, and 10 all
connect to the sternum through
Sternu
cartilage that is connected to the
cartilage of the seventh rib, so we
consider these to be “false ribs.”
Ribs 11 and 12 are also false ribs,
m but are also considered to be
“floating ribs” because they do not
have any cartilage attachment to
the sternum at all.
All of the bones of the body can be broken
down into five types: long, short, flat,
irregular, and sesamoid.
Types
• Long. Long bones are longer than they are
wide and are the major bones of the
limbs. Long bones grow more than the
other classes of bone throughout
of
childhood and so are responsible for the
bulk of our height as adults. A hollow
medullary cavity is found in the center of
long bones and serves as a storage area
for bone marrow. Examples of long bones
Bones
include the femur, tibia, fibula,
metatarsals, and phalanges.
• Short. Short bones are about as long as
they are wide and are often cubed or
round in shape. The carpal bones of the
wrist and the tarsal bones of the foot are
examples of short bones.
• Flat. Flat bones vary greatly in size and
shape, but have the common feature of being
very thin in one direction. Because they are
thin, flat bones do not have a medullary
cavity like the long bones. The frontal,
Types
parietal, and occipital bones of the cranium—
along with the ribs and hip bones—are all
examples of flat bones.
• Irregular. Irregular bones have a shape that
does not fit the pattern of the long, short, or
of
flat bones. The vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
of the spine—as well as the sphenoid,
ethmoid, and zygomatic bones of the skull—
are all irregular bones.
• Sesamoid. The sesamoid bones are formed
Bones
after birth inside of tendons that run across
joints. Sesamoid bones grow to protect the
tendon from stresses and strains at the joint
and can help to give a mechanical advantage
to muscles pulling on the tendon. The patella
and the pisiform bones of the carpals are the
only sesamoid bones that are counted as part
of the 206 bones of the body. Other sesamoid
bones can form in the joints of the hands and
feet, but are not present in all people.
• An articulation, or joint, is a point of
contact between bones, between a bone
and cartilage, or between a bone and a
tooth. Synovial joints are the most
common type of articulation and feature
a small gap between the bones. This
gap allows a free range of motion and
Articulati space for synovial fluid to lubricate the
joint. Fibrous joints exist where bones
are very tightly joined and offer little to
ons no movement between the bones.
Fibrous joints also hold teeth in their
bony sockets. Finally, cartilaginous joints
are formed where bone meets cartilage
or where there is a layer of cartilage
between two bones. These joints provide
a small amount of flexibility in the joint
due to the gel-like consistency of
cartilage.
References:
• [Link]
• [Link]
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• [Link]
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