ME1002: BASIC THERMAL
ENGINEERING
Dr. Sumit Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela
Cengel and Boles, "Thermodynamics".
Introduction:
Course content
System, surroundings, equilibrium, Heat and work transfer, quasi-static process, Zeroth law of
thermodynamics.
First Law of Thermodynamics: Internal energy, enthalpy, 1st law applied to non-flow and steady flow processes.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius and Kelvin-Plank statements, Carnot cycle, corollaries, entropy.
Vapour Power Cycles: Rankine cycle, Comparison of Rankine and Carnot vapor cycles
Air standard cycle: Otto, Diesel and Dual cycles, Fundamentals of SI, and CI engines.
Refrigeration cycle: Refrigerator, heat pump, Reversed Carnot Cycle, vapor compression cycle
Introduction to fluid mechanics
Heat transfer:
Conduction: Fourier law, Problem formulation, Boundary conditions, 1-D temperature solution, fins, lumped
system analysis.
Convection: Forced and natural convection through flat plate and duct. Heat transfer coefficient correlations for
laminar and turbulent convection.
Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann law, emissive power, emissivity and reflectivity.
Electronics cooling: Cooling Load of Electronic Equipment, Thermal Environment, Electronics Cooling in Different
Applications, Conduction Cooling, Air Cooling: Natural Convection and Radiation, Air Cooling: Forced
Convection, Liquid Cooling, Immersion Cooling, heat pipe.
2
Books and References
• Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K. Nag
• Thermodynamics-An Engineering Approach by Cengel
• Engineering Thermodynamics
• F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, A. S. Levine,
Introduction to Heat Transfer, Wiley
Marks
End Sem. : 50
Mid Sem.: 30
TA: 20
(Quiz: 5, Assignment: 5, Project: 10)
01/06/2025 Dr. Sumit Kumar, Asst. Professor, NIT Rourkela 4
Introduction and Basic Concepts
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics can be defines as the science of energy.
Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause changes.
The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek word :
Therme Thermody
Dynamics
(heat) namics
Applications of thermodynamics:
Systems
A system is defined as a quantity of matter
or a region in space chosen for study.
The mass or region outside the system is
called the surroundings.
The real or imaginary surface that separates
the system from its surrounding is called
the boundary.
Types of systems:
Closed
System
Open
Video downloaded from YouTube.
Cengel and Boles, "Thermodynamics".
Thermal Power Plant
"Power Plant Egineering by Nag"
Video downloaded from YouTube.
Properties of a system
Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Example: Pressure,
Temperature, volume etc.
Types of property:
Intensive (independent of
mass)
Property
Extensive (dependent on
mass)
Criterion to differentiate intensive and extensive properties:
Cengel and Boles, "Thermodynamics".
State
State refers to the condition of a system as described by its properties.
State postulate: The state of a simple compressible system is completely
specified by two independent intensive properties.
Cengel and Boles, "Thermodynamics".
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with
equilibrium states.
Thermodynamics equilibrium
Equilibrium: a state of balance Thermal (T is same)
A system is not in Mechanical (P is same)
thermodynamics equilibrium
Phase (Phase is same)
unless the conditions of all the
relevant types of equilibrium are Chemical (Chemical
composition is same)
satisfied.
Process and Cycles
When any of the properties of a system
change, the state changes and the system
is said to have undergone a process.
A process is transformation from one state
to another.
The series of states through which a
system passes during a process is called
the path of the process.
1 1
Cycle: Initial and final state are identical
2 2
A A
B B
Cengel and Boles, "Thermodynamics".
Example 1 Example 2
Quasi-equilibrium process
When a process proceeds in
such a manner that the system
remains infinitesimally closed
to an equilibrium state at all
times, it is called a quasi-static
or quasi-equilibrium process.
A quasi-equilibrium process is
an idealized process
A non-quasi equilibrium
process is denoted by dash line
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
The zeroth law of
thermodynamics states that if
two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body,
they are also in thermal
equilibrium.
It was named zeroth law since
it preceded the first and the
second law of
thermodynamics
Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis
Forms of Energy
Energy can exist in numerous forms such as
thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential,
electric, magnetic, chemical and nuclear and
their sum constitutes the total energy (E) of a
system.
Total energy of a system divided into two
groups:
Macroscopic forms of energy
Total energy of a system
Microscopic forms of energy
Thermal energy is defined as the internal The sum of all the microscopic forms of
energy stored in the system maintained at a energy is called the internal energy of a
certain temperature. system.
Energy Transfer by Heat
Heat: Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred
between two system (or a system and its surroundings) by virtue
of temperature difference.
Heat is energy in transition.
Adiabatic process: A process during which there is no heat
transfer is called an adiabatic process.
Modes of heat transfer:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Energy Transfer by Work
Work is the energy transfer associated with
a force acting through a distance.
The thermodynamic definition of work:
Work is done by a system on its
surrounding if the sole effect on everything
external to the system could have been the
raising of a weight.
The work done per unit time is called
power.
Sign Convention for Heat and Work Interactions
Sign convention for work:
W>0: work done by the system
W<0: work done on the system
Sign convention for heat:
Q>0: heat transfer to a system
Q<0: heat transfer from a system
Similarities between heat and work
Heat and work are boundary phenomena
System possess energy, but not heat or work
Both are associated with a process, not a state
Both are path function
Inexact and Exact Differential
The differential of work or heat is said to be
inexact because the following integral cannot be
evaluated without specifying the details of
process.
Path functions have inexact differentials
designated by the symbols “δ”.
The differential property is said to be exact
because the change in a property between two
particular states depends in no way on the
details of the process linking the two states.
Properties are point function, and they have
exact differentials designated by symbols
“d”.
The First Law of Thermodynamics
(Conservation of Energy Principle)
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither
created nor destroyed during a process it can only change forms.
“For all adiabatic processes between two specified states of a closed
system, the net work done is the same regardless of the nature of the
closed system and details of the process”.
This statement is based on the experiment of Joule.
It cannot be drawn from any other known physical principle.
It is recognized as a fundamental principle. This principle is called
the first law of thermodynamics or first law.
Energy Balance
Energy balance:
(Total energy entering the system)-(Total energy leaving the system)=(Change
in the total energy of the system)
Energy change of a system:
Energy can be transferred to or from a system in three forms:
Heat
Work
Mass flow
Energy balance in rate form:
Energy balance in differential form:
For a closed system undergoing a cycle: or
Energy Analysis of Closed System
Modeling expansion or compression work
The expansion or compression work is often
called moving boundary work or boundary
work or pdV work or displacement work.
If the piston is allowed to move a distance
dx in a quasi-equilibrium manner, the
differential work done during this process is
The total boundary work during the entire
process as the piston moves is
Polytropic process
A polytropic process is a quasiequilibrium process
described by
The total boundary work during the entire process is
For an ideal gas
For n=1 (Isothermal process)
Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes
Conservation of mass
The amount of mass flowing through the a cross-section per unit time
is called the mass flow rate.
The differential mass flow rate:
The mass flow rate:
The average velocity (Vavg):
For incompressible fluid :
Volume flow rate:
Conservation of mass principle:
The general conservation of mass:
Mass balance for steady-flow processes:
Energy analysis of steady-flow systems
During a steady-flow process, no intensive or extensive
properties within the control volume change with time.
Steady-flow energy equation:
Some steady-flow engineering devices
A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the
expense of pressure.
A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by
slowing it down.
A turbine is a device in which power is developed as a result of a
gas or liquid passing through a set of blades attached to shaft free
to rotate.
A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used to
mobilize a gas.
A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very high
pressures.
Pumps work very much like compressors except that they handle
liquids instead of gases.
Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that
cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid.
Heat exchangers are devices where two moving fluid streams
exchange heat without mixing.
