21EES101T-ELECTRICAL

AND
ELECTRONICSENGINEERIN UNIT 1
Unit-1 -Electric Circuits
Gin DC circuit, Kirchhoff’s Current law,
Introduction to basic terminologies
Kirchhoff’s Voltage law, Mesh Current Analysis, Nodal Voltage Analysis,
Thevenin’s Theorem, Maximum power transfer Theorem, Superposition
Theorem.
Basic terminologies of AC -RMS and Average value of half wave and Full
wave alternating quantity, Fundamentals of single-phase AC circuits-
Analysis of R-L, R-C, R-L-C series circuits-Fundamentals of three phase
AC system, Three-Phase Winding Connections, Relationship of Line and
Phase Voltages, and Currents in a Delta and Star-connected System
Practice on Theorems, Halfwave, Full wave bridge rectifier circuits.

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 Introduction to basic terminologies in DC circuit
Electric circuits are broadly classified as direct current (dc) circuits
and alternating
current (ac) circuits. In both dc and ac circuits several two-
terminal elements are interconnected. Table shows the elements
used in dc circuits and ac circuits.

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tive and Passive two terminal elements
Active Components
An active component is an electronic component which
supplies energy to a circuit. Active elements have the ability
to electrically control electron flow (i.e. the flow of charge). All
electronic circuits must contain at least one active component.
Examples
Voltage sources, Current sources, Generators , transistors,
Diodes
Passive Components
A passive component is an electronic component which can
only receive energy, which it can either dissipate, absorb or
store it in an electric field or a magnetic field
Examples
Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors, Transformers.

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 A simple DC circuit is given in below figure to get aware of DC
circuit components and its parameters.

Electric Voltage: The potential difference between two points or

voltage in an electric circuit is the amount of energy required to move
a unit charge between two points. Unit: Volts
Electric Current
It is the flow of electrons or electric charge. Unit: Ampere
Difference Between Conventional and Electron Current
Flow:

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 Resistance:
The resistance of a conducting material opposes the flow of
electrons. It is measured in ohms ( Ω )
Electric Power (P)
The power is termed as the work done in a given amount of time.
Unit : Watts
P = VI or I2R or V2/R

Electrical Energy
The rate at which electrical power consumed is generally referred as
electrical energy. Unit: watt-seconds or watt-hr
E=Px t
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Kirchoff ’s Current Law (KCL)
Statement: The algebraic sum of currents meeting at
a junction or node in an electrical circuit is zero. [OR]
Statement: The sum of the currents flowing towards
any junction in an electric circuit is equal to the sum of
the currents flowing away from that junction.

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 Kirchoff ’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Statement: In any closed circuit or mesh or loop, the
algebraic sum of all the voltages taken around is zero.
[OR]
Statement: In any closed circuit or mesh or loop,
sum of voltage drops equal sum of voltage rise.

Kirchoff’s laws can be explained with the help of the

circuit shown in Fig below

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While applying KVL, algebraic sums are involved. So, it is
necessary to assign proper signs to the voltage rises and voltage
drops. The following sign convention may be used.

•Consider the above circuit. It has two Mesh. [Mesh 1-

ABCFA, Mesh 2-CDEFC]
•Assume current direction for each Mesh. (Assume
clockwise for all mesh so that analysis will be easy).
•Assume I1 > I2.

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•+, - for voltage sources are known . Enter +, - for all
resistor. In each resistor, current entering point is + and
leaving point is - . [Since I1 > I2, In R2, current flows from
up to down. ]
•Apply KVL for Mesh 1 [BAFCB]. Always move in
anticlockwise direction. (So that analysis will be easy).
•In the above Fig, for Mesh 1, Start from B-A-F-C-and end
in B. While moving, if + comes first its potential rise. If -
comes first its potential drop. [Put the sign which is
coming first].
+V1 – (I1-I2)R2 – I1R1=0 ……….Equation -1

•For Mesh 2, Start at C-F-E-D-and end in C

+(I1-I2)R2 – V2 – I3R3=0 ……….Equation -2

•V1, V2, R1, R2, R3 are known quantity. So if we solve

equation
9 1& 2, we get I1 & I2
Apply KVL and find the current in each resistor

Sol :
•Assume current direction for each Mesh. (Assume
clockwise for all mesh so that analysis will be easy).
•Assume I1 > I2.

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 •Enter +, - for all resistor. In each resistor, current
entering point is + and leaving point is - .
•Apply KVL for Mesh 1 [BAFCB]
+10 – 2(I1-I2) – 5I1=0 ……….Equation -1
+2(I1-I2) – 50 – 10I2=0 ……….Equation -2
From Equ 1
– 2I1+2I2 – 5I1= -10
7I1-2I2 = 10 ……….Equation -3
From Equ 2
2I1-2I2 – 10I2 = 50
– 2I1 + 12I2 = – 50 ……….Equation -4
Solving Equation using Calculator Casio fx 991 MS,
we get
I1= 0.25 A ; I2= -4.125 A [- ve I2 indicates our
assumption direction (clockwise) is wrong. So
11 change its direction]
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 MESH CURRENT ANALYSIS OR MESH ANALYSIS
For the same problem, apply mech analysis and find the current
in each resistor

Sol :
•Assume current direction for each Mesh. (Assume
clockwise for all mesh so that analysis will be easy). .

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 We know that RI=V (Ohms law). This we are going to
write in matrix form.
Size of ‘R’ matrix: No. of mesh x No. of mesh
Size of ‘I’ matrix: No. of mesh x 1
Size of ‘V’ matrix: No. of mesh x 1

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 Diagonal elements- Always positive
Off-Diagonal elements- Positive if both currents are in same direction,

negative if currents are in opposite direction.

Note: If you assume all mesh currents in clockwise, your Off-Diagonal
elements will be always negative.
Voltage Matrix: If assumed mesh current and actual current [which flows
from +ve to - ve] are same, V is + ve. If not, V is -ve

7I1- 2I2 = 10 ……….Equation -1

15 – 2I1 + 12I2 = – 50 ……….Equation -2

 Solving Equation using Calculator Casio fx 991 MS, we get
I1= 0.25 A ; I2= -4.125 A [- ve I2 indicates our assumption direction
(clockwise) is wrong. So change its direction]
I1= 0.25 A (clockwise) ; I2= 4.125 A (anticlockwise)

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Superposition Theorem

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 Thevenin’s Theorem

VTH = Open circuit voltage across ab

(After removing load)
RTH = Equivalent resistance across ab
(After removing load. Kill the source also)

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 Find the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor using Thevenin’s Theorem

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Maximum Power Transfe
Theorem

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 Nodal Analysis or Node Voltage
method or KCL Method
the current flowing through all resistors using Nodal Analysis

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 Nodal Analysis or Node Voltage
method or KCL Method

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 Nodal Analysis or Node Voltage
method or KCL Method

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 RMS and average value of half wave rectified sine wave
RMS value

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 RMS and average value of half wave rectified sine wave
Average value

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 RMS and average value of full wave rectified sine wave

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 1. For a three phase star connected system with a line voltage of
400 V, calculate the value of phase voltage.
A. 400 V
B. 692.8 V
C. 331.33 V
D. 230.94 V
ANSWER: D
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 2. Phase voltages of the windings of a 3-wire star-connected
machine are 2 kV. Line voltages of the machine is
a.1732.05 V
b.1154.70 V
c.2309.4 V
d.3464.10 V
ANSWER: (d)

3. For a three phase delta connected system with a line voltage of

400 V and line current is 100 A, calculate the value of phase voltage
and phase current.
A. 400 V, 173.2 A
B. 400 V, 57.7 A
C. 230.9 V, 100 A
D. 230.9 V, 57.7 A
ANSWER:B

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