A Brief Description on

Synchronous Generator
Tanvir Hasnain
ID: ASH2117024M
Adnan Nabib
ID: MUH2117002M
Badhan Dey
ID: ASH2117017M
Samdina Azad Simran
ID: BKH2117010F
Najiur Rahman
ID: MUH2117026M
Imrana Meem
ID: BFH2117022F

Presented By : Group A
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Table of Contents

Equivalent
Introduction
circuit

Factors
Phasor affecting
Diagram voltage
regulation

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 INTRODUCTION
 Definition: The synchronous generator or alternator is an
electrical machine that converts the mechanical power from a
prime mover into an AC electrical power at a particular voltage
and frequency.

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 Equivalent Circuit
The voltage EA is the internal
generated voltage produced in one
phase of a synchronous generator.
However, this voltage EA is not usually
the voltage that appears at the
generator’s terminals.
There are a number of factors that cause the
difference between Eᴀ and Vø
I. The distortion of the air-gap magnetic field by
the current flowing in the stator, called the
armature reaction.
2. The self-inductance of the armature coils.
3. The resistance of the armature coils.

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Producing of internal generated voltage EΑ

 A DC current is applied to the rotor winding, which

then produces a rotor magnetic field. The rotor is
then turned by a prime mover (e.g. Steam, water
etc.) producing a rotating magnetic field. This
rotating magnetic field induces a 3-phase set of
voltages within the stator windings of the generator.

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 (a) A rotating magnetic field produces
the Internal generated voltage Eᴀ

(b) The resulting voltage produces a

lagging current flow when connected
to a lagging load.

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(c) The stator current produces its
own magnetic field Bₛ which produces
its own voltage Eₛₑₜ in the stator
windings of the machine.

(d) The field Bₛ adds to Bᵣ distorting it

into Bₙₑₜ The voltage Eₛₜₐₜ adds to Eᴀ.
producing Vø at the output of the
phase.
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(a) There is no load connected to the
stator. The rotor magnetic field Bŕ
produces an internal generated
voltage EA whose peak coincides with
direction of Br. With no load, there is
no armature current and EA will be
equal to the phase voltage VΦ
(b) When a lagging load is connected,
the peak current will occur at an angle
behind the peak voltage.
(c) The current flowing in the stator
windings produces a magnetic field of
its own. This stator magnetic field Bs
and its direction are given by the
right-hand rule. The stator field
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produces a voltage of its own called
With two voltages present in the stator windings, the
total voltage in a phase is just the sum of the
internal generated voltage Eᴀ. and the armature
reaction voltage Eᴀ,:

The net magnetic field Bₙₑₜ , is just the sum of the

rotor and stator magnetic fields:

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Let’s look at the circuit shown in
Figure , The Kirchhoff's voltage law
equation for this circuit is ,

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In addition to the effects of armature reaction, the stator coils
have a self inductance and a resistance. If the stator self-
inductance is called Lᴀ (and its corresponding reactance is
called XA) while the stator resistance is called Rᴀ , then the
total difference between Eᴀ and Vø is given by ,

The armature reaction effects and the self-inductance in the

machine are both represented by reactance, and it is
customary to e them into a single reactance, called the
synchronous reactance of the machine:

Therefore, the final equation describing Vø is ,

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The full equivalent circuit of a three-phase synchronous
generator. 12
II is now possible to sketch the equivalent circuit
of a three-phase synchronous generator.

If they are Y-connected, then the terminal

voltage Vᴛ is related to the phase voltage by ,

If they are Delta connected, then,

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The generator equivalent circuit is connected in (a) Y 14
and (b) Delta
THE PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

 Since phasors have both a magnitude and an angle, the

relationship between them must be expressed by a two-
dimensional plot. When the voltages within a phase (EΑ,VΦ ,
jXsIA, and RAIA) and the current IA in the phase are plotted in
such a fashion as to show the relationships among them,
the resulting plot is called a phasor diagram.
Vø = EA – jXsIA– RAIA
 Phasor diagram can be drawn for three conditions:
 1)unity power factor(Ideal resistive load)
 2)lagging power factor (Inductive load)
 3)leading power factor (capacitive load)
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 For the drawing, it is mandatory to assume a
reference . Here we will take VΦ as the
reference .So , the equation will be
Ea=VΦ + j IAXs + IaRA
 1)UNITY POWER FACTOR
 -VΦ and IA both are in phase as it is the property of unity power
factor.
 -IARA is the resistance drop and it will be in phase with IA as
resistance drop is always in phase with current.
 -IAXs will be 90°with IARA

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2)LAGGING POWER
FACTOR

 By the property of
lagging pf,IA lags VΦ
 IARA will be in phase with
IA
 jIAXs will be 90° leading IA

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3)LEADING POWER
FACTOR

 By the property, IA leads

VQ
 IARA is in phase with IA
 jIAXs will be 90°leading
IA

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 Now , if we compare the leading and lagging
diagram, we can see for the same VQ
EA(lead)<EA(lag)

 We know, EA = KΦw For the leading and lagging, w

will be constant, so if EA is less for leading loads,it
means the flux is less , so If is also less. If(lead)<
lf(lag)

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 THE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR OPERATING ALONE

 In this section, we will study the behavior of

synchronous generators operating alone.it means
whatever the load demands that will be fulfilled by
the synchronous generator along.

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 As the field current, flux, and field resistance all are
constant, so the internal generated voltage EA will
also constant.
EA= Køw
 As the internal generated voltage is constant, if we
vary the load and find the effect of the variation in
the load we will draw different loads phasors
diagram and discuss them.
 To study variation effect of the load we connect
three different loads inductive, capacitive and
resistive. Then see their results by phasor diagrams.

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Synchronous Generator working with Inductive
load

For the lagging load

EA’=EA
jIA'Xs>jIAXs
Vø'<Vø

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Synchronous Generator working with Resistive
Load

 For resistive load

EA’=EA
 IA'Xs>jIAXs
 Vø'<Vø

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Generator working with Capacitive
load

 For capacitive load For resistive load

 EA’=EA
 JIA'Xs>jIAXs
 Vø'>Vø

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 General conclusions from this discussion of
synchronous generator behavior are
 I. If lagging loads (+ Q or inductive reactive power
loads) are added to a generator, VΦ and the terminal
voltage Vt decrease significantly.
 2. If unity-power-factor loads (no reactive power) are
added to a generator, there is a slight decrease in
VΦ and the terminal voltage.
 3. If leading loads (-Q or capacitive reactive power
loads) are added to a generator, VΦ and the terminal
voltage will rise.
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 voltage regulation

 The voltage regulation of an alternator or

synchronous generator is defined as the rise in the
terminal voltage when the load is decreased from
full-load rated value to zero, while the speed and
field current of the alternator remain constant .
 In other words, the voltage regulation of the
alternator can be defined as the change in terminal
voltage from no-load to full load rated value divided
by the full-load rated voltage1.

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 Voltage regulation
The formula for per unit voltage
regulation is:

And for percentage voltage regulation:

The smaller the value of the voltage regulation of a synchronous generator or

alternator, the better is the performance of the alternator. For an ideal alternator, the
value of the voltage regulation is zero.
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 Factors affecting voltage regulation

 Let’s discuss factors affecting voltage

regulation .There are various type of factors which
affect on voltage regulation:

1. Power factor of the load

2. Armature resistance
3. Armature reaction
4. Speed of rotation

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 Power factor of the load
 The power factor of the load connected to
an alternator significantly affects its voltage
regulation.
· Unity Power Factor: At unity power factor, it
has a small positive voltage regulation .
· Lagging Power Factor: If the alternator
operates at a lagging power factor, it
experiences a large positive voltage
regulation .
· Leading Power Factor: On the other hand, at
leading power factors, the voltage regulation
is negative. For a certain leading power
factor, the full-load voltage regulation can
even be zero1.
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30
Unity power factor Lagging power factor

Leading power factor

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 Armature resistance

 The armature resistance of an alternator plays a significant

role in its voltage regulation.
1. Voltage Drop: When the generator operates at a lagging
power factor, the voltage drop takes place in both armature
resistance and armature reactance. The more the voltage
drop, the larger the positive regulation.
2. Heat Generation: The armature resistance also causes
heat generation in the alternator. This heat can also lead to
a decrease in the terminal voltage.
3. Power Loss: The power loss due to armature resistance
(I^2*R loss) also affects the terminal voltage of the
alternator. 32
 Armature reaction

 This armature magnetic field has two effects:

1. It demagnetizes or weakens the main flux.
2. It cross-magnetizes or distorts it. The effect of armature reaction on
voltage regulation depends on the power factor i.e., the phase
relationship between the terminal voltage and armature current. For
lagging and unity power factor conditions, the effect of armature
reaction i.e., the effect of armature flux on main flux will be
demagnetizing and cross-magnetizing effects respectively.
3. This makes the terminal voltage drop hence regulation will be always
positive.
4. In case of capacitive loads (leading p.f.), the effect of armature
reaction will be a magnetizing effect i.e., armature flux adds up with
main flux. This causes an increase in terminal voltage as the load
current increases and the regulation becomes negative.
 So, in summary, armature reaction can affect voltage regulation by
causing changes in terminal voltage due to variations in load current. 33
The speed of rotation of an alternator significantly
affects the voltage regulation. Speed of rotation
1. Voltage Induction: In a synchronous generator, a
DC current is applied to the rotor winding, producing
a rotor magnetic field. The rotor is then turned by
external means, producing a rotating magnetic field,
which induces a 3-phase voltage within the stator
winding.
2. Frequency of Rotation: The frequency of
rotation is directly proportional to the induced
voltage. Therefore, increasing the frequency of
rotation does increase the induced voltage
current.

3. Output Voltage:. As the speed of the engine

increases, the voltage produced also increases

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THANK YOU

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