Chemistry 10

Chapter 5
The Periodic Law
 Objective
• SWBAT –
• Explain the relationship between the types of sublevels and
the length of each period of the periodic table.
• Locate and name the four blocks of the periodic table.
Explain the reasons.

• Describe the locations in the periodic table and the general

properties of the alkali metals, the alkaline- earth metals, the
halogens, and the noble gases.
 Periodic Table
• The Periodic Law states that the physical and chemical properties
of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
 Periods and Blocks of the Periodic Table
• Elements are organized horizontally in rows, or periods.

• The length of each period is determined by the number

of electrons that can occupy the sublevels being filled in
that period.
 The Groups in the Modern Periodic Table
Groups- families (vertical columns)
– Each group is numbered 1-8 followed by the letter A or B
– Representative Elements- designated with an A (1A-8A)
– Transition Elements- designated with a B (3B-2B)
– 18 total groups
– elements of any one group have similar physical and chemical
properties
 Electron Configuration & the Periodic Table
noble gases- the group 18 elements which are not reactive (inert)
Halogens - the group 17 elements which are the most active non-
metals.
s-block elements- are groups #1 & #2 in which a single “s” orbital is
being filled in the energy level equal to the period number.

alkali metals- are the group #1 metals that are so reactive that
they do not exist as pure elements in nature

alkaline-earth metals- are the group #2 metals that also are very
reactive and do not exist alone in nature
 Element Wanted Poster
All matter is made of elements. We could not exist
without them. This project will give you the
opportunity to learn about one element in depth.
 ITEMS TO BE INCLUDED
1. WANTED FOR: These are particular "crimes" or uses of your element. Why is it
important?
2. ALIAS OR AKA'S (Also Known As): Other names used for your element. Include its
chemical symbol, historical names, common names, slang terms, etc
3. DESCRIPTION: Color, weight (atomic mass), distinguishing characteristics (atomic
number and structure, metal or non-metal, other physical properties), density, melting point,
luster (shiny or dull), hardness, etc.
4. ADDITIONAL IDENITFICATION MARKS: # of protons, electrons, and neutrons listed
5. MODUS OPERANDI: (Mode of Operation): How your element behaves and reacts
(chemical properties). Reactive or nonreactive, poisonous, flammable, corrosive, explosive,
etc.
6. FIRST ARRESTING OFFICER: The name and information about the person who
discovered your element, if available.
7. ARREST REPORT ON FIRST ARREST: a) Date arrested: When was it discovered? b)
Particulars: How was it discovered?
8. PRIORS: What has it been used for in the past?
9. LAST KNOWN WHEREABOUTS: Location where your element is found; its abundance
on Earth
10. KNOWN ASSOCIATES: List other elements with which your element is often associated
or combined with in ores and compounds.
11. WARNING: Is it armed and dangerous, or good natured and well behaved?
 Hydrogen
• The hydrogen square sits atop Family 1A. Hydrogen
is in a class of its own.
• It’s a gas at room temperature.
• It has one proton and one electron in its one and only
energy level.
• Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up its valence
shell.
 Alkali Metals
• The alkali family is found in the
first column of the periodic
table.
• They are shiny, Atoms of the
alkali metals have a single
electron in their outermost
level, in other words, 1 valence
electron.
• have the consistency of clay,
and are easily cut with a knife.
 Alkaline-earth Metals
The Group 2 metals are harder, denser and stronger than
the alkali metals. They also have higher melting points.
Although they are less reactive than the alkali metals, they
are also too reactive to be found in nature as free elements.

They have two

valence
electrons
 Electron Configuration & the Periodic Table

• p-block elements- are groups #13-#18 in

which 3 “p” orbitals are being filled in the
energy level equal to the period number.

– halogens- are the group 17 elements

– noble gases- are the group 18 elements that are

non-reactive (inert)
 Boron Family
• The Boron Family is named
after the first element in the
family.
• Atoms in this family have 3
valence electrons.
• This family includes a
metalloid (boron), and the
rest are metals.
• This family includes the
most abundant metal in the
earth’s crust (aluminum).
 Carbon Family
• Atoms of this family have 4
valence electrons.
• This family includes a non-
metal (carbon), metalloids,
and metals.
• The element carbon is
called the “basis of life.”
There is an entire branch of
chemistry devoted to
carbon compounds called
organic chemistry.
 Nitrogen Family
• The nitrogen family is named
after the element that makes up
78% of our atmosphere.
• This family includes non-metals,
metalloids, and metals.
• Atoms in the nitrogen family
have 5 valence electrons. They
tend to share electrons when they
bond.
• Other elements in this family are
phosphorus, arsenic, antimony,
and bismuth.
 Oxygen Family
• Atoms of this family have 6
valence electrons.
• Most elements in this family
share electrons when forming
compounds.
• Oxygen is the most abundant
element in the earth’s crust. It
is extremely active and
combines with almost all
elements.
 Halogen Family
• Halogens have 7 valence
electrons, which explains why
they are the most active non-
metals. They are never found
free in nature.
• Halogen atoms only need to
gain 1 electron to fill their
outermost energy level.
• They react with alkali metals
to form salts.
 Noble Gases
• Noble Gases are colorless gases that are
extremely un-reactive.
• One important property of the noble gases
is their inactivity. They are inactive
because their outermost energy level is
full.
• Because they do not readily combine with
other elements to form compounds, the
noble gases are called inert.
• The family of noble gases includes helium,
neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.
• All the noble gases are found in small
amounts in the earth's atmosphere.
 Electron Configuration & the Periodic Table
• d-block elements (transition metals)- group #3-#12
elements in which 5 “d” orbitals are being filled in
the energy level equal to the period # minus 1.
• They are metals that have typical
metallic properties .
• These are the metals you are
probably most familiar: copper,
tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and
silver.
• They are good conductors of heat
and electricity.
 Transition Metals
• Transition elements have properties similar to one
another and to other metals, but their properties do not
fit in with those of any other family.

• Many transition metals combine chemically with

oxygen to form compounds called oxides.
 Electron Configuration & the Periodic Table

f-block elements- are the two rows at the bottom of the

periodic table that represent 7 “f” orbitals being filled in the
energy level that is equal to the period number minus 2

lanthanides (rare earth elements)- elements 58-71 at the bottom of

the periodic table that are very similar in properties and represent
the 4th energy level “f” orbital block elements from period 6.

actinides- elements #90-103 that are all radioactive and represent

the 5th energy level “f” orbital block elements from period 7.
elements 93(neptunium) through 103 (lawrencium) are all man-
made and do not occur naturally
 Rare Earth Elements
• The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the
lanthanide and actinide series.
• One element of the lanthanide series and most of the
elements in the actinide series are called trans-
uranium, which means synthetic or man-made.
 Practice problems page 146
1-What is the period, group, & block of the element
[Ar]3d84s2 ?
period 4
group 10
d block
2-What is the electron configuration of the element in group
12 of the fifth period?
[Kr]4d105s2
 Summary
• Explain the relationship between electrons in
sublevels and the length of each period of the
periodic table.
• Locate and name the four blocks of the periodic
table. Explain the reasons .
• Describe the locations in the periodic table and the
general properties of the alkali metals, the alkaline-
earth metals, the halogens, and the noble gases.