DATA
COLLECTION
AND
SAMPLING IN
RESEARCH
DATA COLLECTION
• This is the crucial phase in the
research process, involving the
gathering of information necessary to
answer research question or test
hypotheses.
• Data collection can utilized both
Primary and Secondary data.
Primary Data
• Information collected firsthand by
the researcher for a specific
research purpose.
Example:
Survey, Interview, Experiments
and Direct Observation
Secondary Data
• Information that has already
been collected for others
purposes but is relevant to
the current research.
Data
Gathering
Procedures
Survey Method
1. Online Survey
2. Telephone Survey
3. Mail Survey
4. Personal Interview
Sampling Methods
Sampling
• Sampling is a technique that selects
a subset of respondents to represent
the characteristics of a population.
Sampling is done because surveying
a whole population is difficult, and
there are also other factors to
consider, such as time and budget
constraints.
Sample and Population
Sample Population
• Sample is the • Population is
specific group of the entire
individuals that group that you
you will collect want to draw
data from the conclusions
population about
Probability Sampling
• Probability sampling occurs when every
member of the population has a non-zero
chance of being selected as a respondent
in a study, allowing for an accurate
representation of the entire population.
• This type of sampling is complex and time-
consuming.
Types of Probability
Sampling
Simple Sampling
• All members of a population have
an equal chance to be selected.
• The respondents will be randomly
selected, and researchers may use
tools like a random number
generator to select respondents.
Stratified Random Sampling
• A population is divided into smaller
groups, and a sample is taken from
each subgroup to ensure they are
all represented. Each subgroup is
stratified by characteristics like
age, sex, and income.
Cluster Sampling
• A population is divided into
clusters, and then the clusters
are randomly selected to be
used as samples.
Systemic Sampling
• Members of a population are
selected at a regular interval.
Selecting every 5th person on a
list of a population is an
example of systematic
sampling.
Non-Probability Sampling
• Nonprobability sampling is more
subjective and is less likely to
represent a part of the population.
• Nonprobability sampling is also
faster and easier than probability
sampling.
Types of Non-Probability
Sampling
Convenience Sampling
• Respondents are determined by
convenience to the researcher.
Some factors that influence the
choice of respondents include
availability, accessibility a
geographical proximity.
Quota Sampling
• Relies on the non-random selection
of a predetermined number or
proportion of units called a quota.
• The population is divided into
mutually exclusive subgroups called
strata, and then recruit sample units
until the quota is reached.
Self-selection Sampling
• Respondents volunteer to be
part of the study and are not
actively recruited by the
researcher.
Snowball Sampling
• Research respondents are asked
by the researcher to assist them
by identifying potential subjects
of a study.
Purposive Sampling
• Research respondents are
intentionally selected based on
their characteristics and criteria
relevant to the objectives of the
study.
