The word communication

is used in a variety of
ways. Communicate comes
from the Latin
communicare which means
“to make common.”
 Communication is the process of understanding
and sharing meaning.
 Communication is considered a process because
it is an activity, exchange, or set of behaviour,
not an unchanging static product. It is an
activity in which we participate.
 Communication requires understanding. People
involved in communication must understand
what they are saying and hearing.
 Levels of Communication
 Intrapersonal- ranges fro simple thinking,
meditating, contemplating, or talking to oneself.
 Interpersonal- process of exchanging message.
 Small Group Communication consists of three to
eight persons in order to solve a problem, to reach a
decision
 PublicCommunication where a speaker delivers
his message before his audience.
 MassCommunication is like public communication
but mediated with technology, television, radio and
 Context refers to the setting in which communication
takes place. The context helps establish meaning and
can influence what is said and how it is said.
 Itis a result of this fact that effective communication
depends on the mass of common shared knowledge
between various people.
 For one to understand a unit of communication on a
technical level, they need to understand the
process regarding the outcome of the
transmission with consideration upon whether it
was understood by the receiver. There are however
five different forms of existing context today (Louw and
Cilliers 2014).
 Thereare however five different forms of existing
context today (Louw and Cilliers 2014).
Physical Context The physical
context refers to the concrete
environment. It can be a sporting
event, place of worship, or restaurant.
Each atmosphere has its own set of
rules for how to communicate (i.e. you
would not talk in the same manner at
a basketball game as you would at a
 Cultural Context refers to the values, beliefs,
lifestyles, and behaviors of a group of people.
Such instances will influence whether something
is considered right or wrong by the people
involved.
 For example, an American may be put off by a
French speaker invading his/her space. This
difficultly arises from the very different American
and French cultures in terms of proxemics, for
Americans tend to be less comfortable when
they are not given personal space.
Social-psychological involves the norms of
the group in a particular situation, including
the intimacy level among speakers and the
formality of the exchange. Again, there are
certain rules set regarding how to
communicate, for a conversation held
between boyfriend and girlfriend would not
be handled in the same manner as a
conversation between boss and worker.
Temporal/historical Context is the
positioning of a message within a sequence
of conversational events. It governs the mood
of the conversation and how topics are to be
addressed and related thereafter. For
example, the conversation is carried
differently when someone admits they were
laid off from a job or when a couple
announces the birth of their first child.
 Psychological Context refers to the mood and
emotions of the audience, as well as the speaker to
a lesser extent. How the audience is feeling will
have an impact on how the speaker's messages
will be received, and how they should be delivered.
For example, the mood of a class at 8:00 in the
morning is different from their mood before lunch
break. Their mood to listen to the teacher early in
the morning is still good until it reaches 10:00
o’clock, by that time, their mood slowly changes as
lunch break nears.
Effective Communication
Prepare
Practice
Presence
 Barriers to Communication
Semantics
Poor Choice/ Use of Channels
Physical Distractions
Noise, Psychological
Effects of Emotions
Information, Data Overload
Poor Listening
 FUNCTIONS OF SPEECH
1. COMMUNICATION
Speech Communication
Connects One Person With Another
* You, as a speaker may leave a major share of yourself and
your thoughts and beliefs to the many people you are
communicating with.
2. Speech Communication
Develops High Mental Process
* Consulting your mind on what to say with the effort to make
it coherent and in line with what is being talked about; to
scrutinize the deepest recesses of your working brain in
search of what to say next.
 3. Speech Communication
Regulates Speech Itself
*You are gifted with the freedom to speak, but with this, is
your duty and obligation to be selective and be appropriate
with the speech communication situation you are in.

4. Speech Communication
Serves As an Important Factor in the Preservation on
One’s Heritage
*Speech communication marks your identity as a person who
belongs to a particular culture.
Essential Characteristics of Speech Commun
ication
 It is purposive.
 It involves interaction.
 It is transitory/not permanent.
 It occurs in specific settings.
 It
is influenced by the fields of experience
of the speaker.
 It
does not contain the usual cues of
writing.
 MODES OF
COMMUNICATIO
N
 MODES OF COMMUNICATION
Communication Mode refers to the channel
through which one expresses his/her
communicative intent. It is the medium
through which one conveys his/her thoughts.
Views and feelings can be communicated
through face-to-face interaction, video, audio
and text-based.
 MODES OF COMMUNICATION
1. The most common of all these modes is the face-
to-face interaction. It is an informal or casual
conversation between two or more people. The
engage in in social conversations to establish
relationships or maintain them. Through this, we
gain new friends and acquaintances.
 How to speak, what to speak, when to speak,
and to whom one is speaking are all important
considerations in building relationships.
 How then do you initiate conversations?

MODES OF COMMUNICATION
2. Another mode of communication is video. Web
cameras are used so that two or more people who
cannot interact face-to-face can communicate. If
there are no technical glitches encountered, this
could be a very effective mode of communication
separated by distance.
 Other electronic applications that allow video
calls are Viber, WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger,
MS Teams, Google Meet, Zoom and others.
 Why is this mode of communication considered to
be the most convenient communication?
MODES OF COMMUNICATION
3. The third mode is audio. It means transmitted
sounds. In this mode, only the voice of the speaker is
heard. It can be through telephone or an answering
machine when the other party is not able to answer
a call. An obvious downside of this mode is not being
able to see the body language or cues of the person
you are talking.
 What difficulty may be encountered in audio
communication?
 MODES OF COMMUNICATION
4. The fourth and the last mode is text-based
communication such as email, facsimile, text
messaging, and instant messaging. Facebook,
Twitter, Instagram likewise offer text-based
interaction. While text-based communication mode,
does not originally provide video or audio benefits, it
has a wider reach and can disseminate information
to a bigger audience quickly.
 What would be the possible conflict using the
text-based communication?
YOUR
VOICE
 PITCH
It is concern on
how high or low
a voice may be.
 Instruction:
1. Speak the first words
of the following passage
in a low voice. Gradually
raise the pitch of your
voice as your
excitement increases.
 Activity
There is no way. I couldn’t
face myself if I did what you
suggest. It’s impossible,
utterly impossible. You
can’t expect it of me – you
cant. I won’t do it. I’ll never
do it. Never! Never! Never!
 Instruction:
2. Rise to high
pitch to show
excitement and
tension.
 Activity

There he is, over there!

He’s circling lower. He
must be in difficulty!
Look. Look! The
engine’s on fire.
 JUNCTURE
A brief suspension
of the voice, or
hesitation, while
speaking. It is also
known as pause.
 Instruction:
1. Train yourself to
become the master of
pause, a kind of
eloquent silence, read
the sentences with the
proper pausing.
 Activity
Presently, I heard a
slight a groan, and I
know it was the groan
of mortal terror. It was
not a groan of pain or
of grief – oh, no! -
What do you notice?

Did you What is

eat? your
food?
What do you notice?

Are you How old

the are you?
eldest?
What do you notice?

Is she Who is
your your
mother? mother?
 INTONATION
It is the rise and fall
in pitch of voice in
speech. There are
two kinds of
intonation:
Rising Intonation
This pattern is
used for asking
YES or NO
questions.
 EXAMPLES
1. Did you eat?
2. Are you okay?
3. Is he your brother?
4. Will you join the contest?
5. You will attend the
seminar, right?
Falling Intonation

This pattern is used

for questions which
can’t be answered
by YES or NO.
 EXAMPLES
1. What is your name?
2. Who is she?
3. What is your favorite subject?
4. When will you submit your
project?
5. Where is the celebration of
your party?
 Rate
The speed of
speaking.
 Instruction:
1. Adjust your
rate of speaking
as you read this
selection.
 Activity
Half a league, half a
league,
Half a league onward,
All in the valley of death
Rode the six hundred.
 Volume
Force or loudness
of tone.
 Instruction:
1. Adjust your
rate of speaking
as you read this
selection.
“You have to do it.”
“They are here.”
a.) In normal conversation
with a friend.
b.) In a classroom filled
with 40 students.
c.) In the auditorium with
all graduating students.
 Projection
The manner in
which the body is
carried.
 Phonetics: The Sounds of
Language
When you know English, you know
the sounds represented by the
letters b, s, and u. What words
would be able to combine to form a
word/the words?

This chapter will discuss these

speech sounds, how they produced
and how they may be classified.
 IPA
 Bilabials-we articulate by bringing
both lips together.
 Labiodentals-we articulate these
sounds by touching the bottom lip to
the upper teeth.
 Interdentals-
it is inserting the tip of
the tongue between teeth.
 Alveolar
 /t,dn/ the tongue is raised and touches the ridge or slightly
in front of it.
 /s,z/ the sides of the front of the tongue are raised , but the
tip is lowered so that air escapes over it.
 /l/ the tongue is raised while the rest of the tongue
remains down, permitting the air to escape over its sides.
 IPA
 Palatals-the constriction occurs
by raising the front part of the
tongue to the palate.
 Velars-the sounds produce by
raising the back of the tongue to
the soft palate.
 Glottals the sound is from the flow
of air through the open glottis.