PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

SHS DEPT., OUR LADY OF FATIMA

UNIVERSITY

Understanding
Data Collection

PREPARED BY:
John Louise Marcaida, LPT, MPES (c)
Instructor, College of Arts and
Sciences
V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Introduction
Data gathering in qualitative studies
takes a lot of time and effort due to the
subjectivity of the data being collected.
These are expresses feelings, thoughts,
point of view, and opinions of the
subjects over a particular subject matter.
Data may also come in non-verbal form
that could be difficult to interpret which
requires skills from the researcher.

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V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

• Data are considered as the “blood of the

research process”.
• Research data is any information that
has been collected, observed, generated
or created to validate original research
findings. Although usually digital,
research data also includes non-digital
formats such as laboratory notebooks
and diaries.
• Study data refers to the raw or
unprocessed information collected
during a clinical trial/experiment etc.
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V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

POPULATION VS. SAMPLE WHAT’S THE

DIFFERENCE?

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V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Population
The population is the entire group that you want to
draw conclusions about. It also encompasses the
entire aggregation of the case where the
researcher is interested.

Sample
The sample is the specific group of individuals that
you will collect data from. It is also known as the
portion or subset of the entire population

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V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Sampling Procedure/Technique
• Sampling is the process of selecting sample or portion of
the population.
• Sampling is a process or technique of choosing a sub-
group from a population to participate in the study; it is
the process of selecting a number of individuals for a
study in such a way that the individuals selected
represent the large group from which they were selected
(Ogula, 2005).
• One of the distinct characteristic of a sample that must be
considered is Representativeness. This refers how well the
sample represent the population.
• There are 2 types of sampling: Probability and Non-
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Probability Sampling.
V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Probability Sampling

• There is random selection of sample.

• Each element in the population has the sense of
equal chance of being selected as a sample.
• There is a greater representation in each unit of
the population.
• The findings can be generalized in a population.
• Non bias sampling technique.

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V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Simple Random Sampling

• Simple random is a sampling where
the respondents are randomly
selected from a list of the population
and every single individual has an
equal chance of selection. To do the
simple random sampling the
researcher writes the names of the
respondents on strips of paper and
placed them in a bowl. then he will
draw a certain number of strips
required
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V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Stratified Random Sampling

• Stratified random sampling is a
method of sampling that involves
the division of a population into
smaller sub-groups known as
strata. It is constructed by
classifying the population into
sub-populations (or strata), based
on some well-known
characteristics of the population,
such as age, sex, or
socioeconomic status. 9
V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Systematic Kth Sampling

• Systematic sampling (kth
sampling) is frequently used
variant of simple random
sampling. When performing
systematic sampling, every kth
element from the list is
selected from a randomly
selected starting point.

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V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Cluster Sampling
• Cluster sampling also involves
dividing the population into
subgroups, but each subgroup
should have similar
characteristics to the whole
sample. Instead of sampling
individuals from each subgroup,
you randomly select entire
subgroups.

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V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Non-Probability Sampling

• There is a form of bias in the selection as

sample.
• There is no assurance that each element in the
population has the same equal chance of being
selected as sample.
• There is no assurance that each unit in the
population is properly represented.
• The findings are limited to the sample.

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V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Purposive Sampling
• Purposive sampling is also
commonly called judgmental
sampling, is one that is
selected based on the
knowledge of a population and
the purpose of the study. The
subjects are selected because
of some characteristics.

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V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Convenience Sampling
• Convenience Sampling also
known as grab, opportunity,
accidental or haphazard
sampling. With this method, the
researcher uses subjects that
are easy to reach. As the name
describes, the researcher
chooses subjects because of
convenience.

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V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Quota Sampling
• Quota sampling is a type of non-
probability sampling in which the
researcher selects people according
to some fixed quota. Quota is a
screening criteria/characteristic of
the sample.
• Quota sampling relies on the non-
random selection of a
predetermined number or
proportion of units. This is called a
quota. 15
V Understanding data and how to collect them systematically

Snowball Sampling
• Snowball/Referral sampling is a
non-probability sampling where
research participants recruit
other participants for a test or
study. It is used where potential
participants are hard to find.
• The number of people you have
access to “snowballs” as you get
in contact with more people.

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
SHS DEPT., OUR LADY OF FATIMA
UNIVERSITY

Finding Answers
on Data Collection

PREPARED BY:
John Louise Marcaida, LPT, MPES (c)
Instructor, College of Arts and
Sciences
VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Introduction
The type of inquiry in qualitative
research is the eagerness of the
researcher in learning to explore the
experiences, feelings and thoughts of an
individual towards a specific inquiry or
problem. The curiosity of the researcher
is the main motivation in searching for
answers to his inquiries with the
following data collections methods:
observation, interview and survey
questionnaire. 18
VI Finding answers through Data Collection

TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION METHODS

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VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Observation
• Observation is a type of data
gathering technique wherein the
researcher, communicates, interacts
and watch the subjects of the Study.
This enables the researcher to record
activities of a person in his day to day
life, whereby the data are all gathered
in a naturalistic manner.
• According to Meng 2012, because of
the element of subjectivity, this
makes observation inferior among the
other techniques. 20
VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Participation Observation or
Unstructured Observation
A participant observer participates in the group
under study wherein you observe and record the
information in an unstructured manner. This
means, data are collected in an open and free
manner with no predetermined variables. The
researcher's active involvement enables him to
gather first-hand information about the subjects'
behaviour, culture and their day to day
experiences. In this type of observation it is
important for the researcher to record all the
information so as to keep a track and not to miss
any relevant points. 21
VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Non Participation Observation or

Structured Observation
A participant observer participates in the
group under study wherein you observe and
record the information in an unstructured
manner. This means, data are collected in
an open and free manner with no
predetermined variables. The researcher's
active involvement enables him to gather
first-hand information about the subjects'
behaviour, culture and their day to day
experiences. In this type of observation it is
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important for the researcher
VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Interview
• Interview is a type of data gathering
technique wherein the researcher
verbally asks the subjects on what they
think and feel about a certain topic.
This type is commonly used in
qualitative research wherein the mode
of inquiry is in naturalistic manner.
• Creswell (2012) states that a
qualitative interview occurs when a
researcher asks one or more
participants in general, open-ended
questions, and records their answers. 23
VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Structured Interview

This type verbally administers a list of

predetermined open-ended questions,
wherein the respondents must choose
among the given set of answers
prepared by the researcher. This
limits the answer of the respondents
based on what they think and feel
about the topic.

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VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Unstructured Interview
In this type of interview, the respondents
are asked to answer the questions based
how they feel and think about a certain
topic. There are no predetermined
questions nor suggested answers. The
data is solely dependent on the answers
given by the respondents. For this type of
interview to be successful, one must be
skillful in this craft to be able to obtain to
relevant data needed to answer the
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research problem.
VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Semi-structured Interview

This type of interview combines the

characteristics of the above 2
mentioned type of interview. This
consists of predetermined questions
and at the same time this allows the
respondent to freely answer the
questions based on how they think
and feel about the research topic.

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VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Approaches to Interview

Individual Interview

A one on one interview between the participant

and the researcher. This type is often used upon
the request of the respondent because he does not
want the other interviewees to hear his answers
and that a reliable data can be obtained if she will
be interviewed apart from the rest of the
respondents. This type is time-consuming since the
researcher must interview all the respondents of
the study one by one. 27
VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Approaches to Interview

Group Interview
Unlike the individual interview which requires the
researcher to do a one on one interview, this type
involve interviewing the group of respondent at the
same time. They are gathered together wherein they
take turns in answering questions asked by the
researcher. This type is also called as focus group
interview or focus group discussion. One disadvantage
of group interview is that the answers of the other
group members can easily be influenced that causes
bias. 28
VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Approaches to Interview

Mediated Interview
Mediated Interview or online interview is a type of
interview that uses the computer as their medium in data
gathering. It is either via social media (Facebook, Skype
etc. ). One advantage of mediated interview is being able
to reach numerous respondents at a given time thus
eliminating unnecessary costs and time-consuming factors
in a typical interview. On the other hand, the downside of
this type of interview is that the researcher is not able to
get a grasp of the nonverbal factors that sometimes give
the most meaningful answers to a research inquiry.
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VI Finding answers through Data Collection

How to conduct an Interview

1. Getting to know each other

2. Give the respondents an idea on
what the research is all about
3. Start the interview process
4. Conduct the Interview proper
5. Ending the Interview
6. Reflecting thoughts after the
interview
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VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a tool that contains a
list of predetermined questions. This is
prepared to elicit data from the
respondents about the researcher's
inquiry. One of purpose of the
questionnaire is to provide several
options from which the respondents will
choose. It is very much important for a
questionnaire to be valid and reliable
since this will be the source of data for
the study.
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VI Finding answers through Data Collection

Why use a questionnaire?

1. This is to explore beyond what our
five senses could do.
2. To guide the researcher during the
interview process.
3. To make it easier for the researcher
to document, collate, analyse and
interpret the data gathered.
4. To help the researcher in
determining who are the appropriate
respondents for the study of interest.
5. To assist the researcher in
conducting a face-to-face interview.
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
SHS DEPT., OUR LADY OF FATIMA
UNIVERSITY

Thank you
for listening
PREPARED BY:
John Louise Marcaida, LPT, MPES (c)
Instructor, College of Arts and
Sciences