MICROSCOPY

AND
DISCOVERY OF
THE CELL© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the
learners should be able to:
1. trace the development of the
microscope, and
2. enumerate the tenets of the
cell theory.
 THE EARLY
MICROSCOPY
© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.
In 1590s, Hans Janssen and Zacharias
Janssen, two Dutch eye glass makers:
• Discovered that the
combination of two
lenses in a particular
arrangement was the
secret to a better
visualization and
magnification of
objects.
• One lens was positioned
at the eyepiece.
• Second lens was put
near the sample.
• 2 feet long and
extremely heavy.
17TH-CENTURY
MICROSCOPES
© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.
ROBERT HOOKE English Scientist
o Used the compound microscope to
observe cork.
o Hooke observed that cork is composed
of small, hollow compartments.
o The parts prompted Hooke to think of
small rooms (cells) in a monastery, so
he gave them the same name: CELLS.
o Investigated cork through
experimenting with the compound
microscope and came up with the name
cells!
Key Note: Hooke discovered the cell
in 1665, which started formulating
CORK
MONASTERY

© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.

 HOOKE’S
INVESTIGATION/EXPERIMENT
Hooke’s Observations Hooke’s Microscope

© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
Dutch Tradesman
o Study new approaches for creating
lenses to observe cloth.
o Leeuwenhoek’s microscope was more
powerful than Hooke’s compound
microscope.
o From investigating and experimenting
with his microscope, Leeuwenhoek
(1676) became one of the first
scientists to refer to living cells when
he observed an abundant number of
single-celled organisms, which he
called animalcules (plant & animal),
swimming in a drop of pond water!
© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.
 LEEUWENHOEK’S
INVESTIGATIONS/EXPERIMENT
Leeuwenhoek’s
Leeuwenhoek’s Observations Microscope

© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.

•He figured how to grind glass
together and decided to
experiment. Leeuwenhoek made
his own 270x magnification
compound microscope!
•Today, microscopes
magnifications range from 200x-
10,000,000x magnification.
 ROBERT BROWN
• In 1831 he was able to
compare diverse kinds of
plant specimens under
the microscope.
• Indicated that there is a
common thing about
them- they are all
composed of cells, and
inside the cell is a dark
dense spot which he
termed as the NUCLEUS.
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
German Scientist
oFascinated with plant cells,
Schleiden (1838) used the
compound microscope and
studied plant cells.
oFrom investigating and
experimenting with plants,
projected plant parts are
made of cells!
oDiscussed what he observed
with his dear friend, German
scientist Theodor Schwann.
© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.
THEODOR SCHWANN
German Scientist
oStudied plant & animal
cells, and was intrigued by
the similarities between the
two.
oFrom investigating and
experimenting with plant
& animal cells, Schwann
( 1839) was able to
determine that all
© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
oIn 1858, based on
his investigations
and experiments,
he stated “omnis
cellula e cellula”
which means that
all cells come from
cells.
© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.
 CELL
THEORY
© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.
 CELL THEORY
There are 3 major parts of the cell
theory:

1. All organisms are made of cells.

2. All existing cells are produced by
other living cells.
3. The cell is the most basic unit of life.

© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.

 MICROBIOLOGY
Robert Koch
• German
Physician and
Microbiologist
• Discover two
infectious
bacteria,
tubercle and
 ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES
© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.
© Copyright 2015 – All rights reserved.
• Around 1930, a
Hungarian
physicist named
Leo Szilard
designed the
electron
microscope.
• However, Szilard
did not build the
microscope.
• In 1931, Ernst Ruska and Max
Knoll built the first electron
microscope that could
magnify at 400x.
• In 1933, Ruska built another
electron microscope that was
more powerful than any other
compound microscope at that
time.
• These powerful electron
microscopes allowed
scientists to study pieces and
processes inside cells that
they could not see before.
• Uses beams of
accelerated electrons
as a source of
illumination.
• Uses electrostatic and
electromagnetic lenses
in forming the image
by controlling the
electron beam to focus
it at a specific plane
with reference to the
specimen.
MICROSCOPE
 MICROSCOPE
•Microscopes are instruments that
are used in science laboratories
to visualize very minute objects
such as cells, and
microorganisms, giving a
contrasting image that is
magnified.
 STRUCTURAL
PARTS OF A
MICROSCOPE AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS
 THERE ARE THREE STRUCTURAL
PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE

1. Head – This is
also known as the
body.
• It carries the
optical parts in the
upper part of the
microscope
 THERE ARE THREE STRUCTURAL
PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE
2. Base – It acts
as microscopes
support.
• It also carries
microscopic
illuminators
 THERE ARE THREE STRUCTURAL
PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE
3. Arms – This is
the part connecting
the base and to the
head and the
eyepiece tube to
the base of the
microscope.
 OPTICAL PARTS OF
A MICROSCOPE AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS
 1. EYEPIECE
• also known as the ocular.
• This is the part used to
look through the
microscope.
• Its found at the top of the
microscope.
• Its standard magnification
is 10x with an optional
eyepiece having
magnifications from 5X
to 30X.
 EYEPIECE TUBE
• it’s the eyepiece holder.
• It carries the eyepiece just
above the objective lens.
• In some microscopes such as
the binoculars, the
eyepiece tube is flexible
and can be rotated for
maximum visualization, for
variance in distance.
• For monocular
microscopes, they are
none flexible.
 NOSE PIECE
• also known as the
revolving turret.
• It holds the objective
lenses.
• It is movable hence it
can revolve the objective
lenses depending on the
magnification power of
the lens.
PARTS OF A
MICROSCO
PE
 STAGE
• This is the section in which the
specimen is placed for
viewing.
• They have stage clips that hold
the specimen slides in place.
• The most common stage is the
mechanical stage, which allows
the control of the slides by
moving the slides using the
mechanical knobs on the stage
instead of moving them manually.
 THE RACK STOP
• It controls how far the
stages should go preventing
the objective lens from
getting too close to the
specimen slide which may
damage the specimen.
• It is responsible for
preventing the specimen
slide from coming too far
up and hitting the objective
lens.
 THE ADJUSTMENT
KNOBS
• These are knobs that are used to focus
the microscope. There are two types
of adjustment knobs i.e
• fine adjustment knobs and
• coarse adjustment knobs.
 FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
• It is the smaller
knob, which is used
for sharp and fine
focusing of the
object.
• For accurate and
sharp focusing, this
knob can be used.
 COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
• It is a large knob
that is used for
moving the body
tube down and up
for bringing the
object to be
examined under
exact focus.
 OBJECTIVE LENSES
• These are the major lenses used
for specimen visualization. They
have a magnification power of
40x-100X. There are about 1- 4
objective lenses placed on one
microscope, in that some are rare
facing and others face forward.
Each lens has its own
magnification power.
• Oil immersion objective – 100X
• High power objective – 45X
• Low power objective – 10X
MICROSCOPIC ILLUMINATOR
• This is the microscopes
light source, located at
the base.
• It is used instead of a
mirror.
• It captures light from
an external source of
a low voltage of about
100v.
 DIAPHRAGM
• primary role is to control the
amount of light that reaches
the specimen.
• It’s an adjustable apparatus,
hence controlling the light
intensity and the size of the
beam of light that gets to the
specimen.
• For high-quality microscopes, the
diaphragm comes attached
with an Abbe condenser and
combined they are able to
control the light focus and
light intensity that reaches the
 CONDENSER
• These are lenses that are used to collect and focus
light from the illuminator into the specimen.
• They are found under the stage next to the
diaphragm of the microscope.
• They play a major role in ensuring clear sharp images
are produced with a high magnification of 400X
and above.
• The higher the magnification of the condenser, the more
the image clarity. More sophisticated microscopes come
with an Abbe condenser that has a high
magnification of about 1000X.
 ABBE CONDENSER
• this is a condenser specially
designed for high-quality
microscopes, which makes
the condenser to be
movable and allows very
high magnification of
above 400X.
• High-quality microscopes
normally have a high
numerical aperture than
objective lenses.
 CONDENSER FOCUS KNOB

• this is a knob that

moves the
condenser up or
down thus
controlling the
focus of light on
the specimen.
 APERTURE
• This is a hole on
the microscope
stage, through
which the
transmitted light
from the source
reaches the stage.
MAINTENAN
CE OF
MICROSCOP
ES
USING THE MICROSCOPE:
1. Ensure that the microscope is one fist
away from the edge of the table.
2. Make sure that you have sufficient
source of light, or the switch is on.
3. When adjusting the focus, lower the
objective lens down as far as it will go.
However, you should never allow the lens
to touch the slide you are looking at.
4. Never touch the bulb.
AFTER USING THE
MICROSCOPE:
1. Turn off the illuminator and wait
for it to cool for several minutes
before putting it away.
2. When turning off (and on) the
microscope, use the switch not
the power socket.
CARRYING THE MICROSCOPE:
1. Always lift the microscope with two
hands: one hand on the arm, the
other hand supporting the base.
2. Do not pick it up by the stage, as
this can cause misalignment.
3. When transporting it use a
microscope bag.
4. Handle it with utmost care.
CLEANING THE
MICROSCOPE:
1. Dust should be cleaned off
with pressurized air or with
soft brush.
2. Use only lens paper and lens
cleaner .
STORING THE MICROSCOPE:
1. Cover when not in use.
2. Store in a clean, dry place.
3. In humid or moist environments, it
is advisable to store the
microscope in a waterproof
container.
4. Do not store in direct sunlight.