CHAPTER 1: MATTER AND ITS
PROPERTIES
1.1 States of Matter
Learning Objectives
1. To learn about the composition of
matter
2. To learn the difference between
elements and compounds
3. To define the three states of matter
Nature of Matter
A. The Particulate Nature of Matter
Matter has mass
and occupies
space.
It is composed of
tiny particles
called atoms.
Elements and Compounds
Elements
Elementscontain only one type of atom –
elemental copper contains only copper
atoms and elemental gold contains only
gold atoms.
Element and Compound
Compounds
Compounds are
substances that
contain two or
more different
types of atoms.
Three States of Matter
Matter exists in three
states:
Solid: a rigid substance
with a definite shape
Liquid: has a definite
volume but takes the
shape of its container
Gas: takes the shape
and volume of its
container
Note: there are two more phases of matter-plasma and
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
Structure of Solid
• Solid, a state of
matter, has definite
shape and volume.
• Molecules are held
close to each other
by their attractions
of charge.
• They will bend
and/or vibrate, but
will stay in close
proximity.
Structure of Liquid
• Liquid, another state of
matter, has indefinite shape
and definite volume.
• Molecules will flow or glide
over one another, but stay
toward the bottom of the
container.
• Motion is a bit more random
than that of a solid.
Structure of Gas
Gas,state of matter,
has indefinite shape
and volume.
A gas flows and takes
the shape and fills the
entire volume of its
container.
The kinetic energy of
the molecule is
greater than the
attractive force
between them, thus
they are much farther
apart and move freely
of each other.
Properties of Solid, Liquid and Gas
Phase transition
A physical change
where the
substance
undergo changes
without changing
its chemical
composition.
Physical and Chemical
Properties of Matter
Learning Objectives
Describe difference between “physical”
and “chemical”
Identify physical and chemical changes
Properties of Matter
Properties are characteristics of matter
that describe or distinguish them from
one another.
Physical vs. Chemical
Extensive (extrinsic) vs. Intensive
(intrinsic)
Physical Properties
Characteristics of a
material that can be
observed without
carrying out a
chemical reaction on
it.
Perceived by the
senses and are
generally
measurable.
Chemical Properties
Described the
ability of matter to
be transformed
into other
materials different
from the original
composition and
structure
Physical & Chemical Properties
Physical Color, odor, taste, texture,
Properties shape, density, melting and
boiling points, solubility
Chemical Flammability, toxicity,
Properties reactivity to water and oxygen
like rusting, heat combustion,
pH, enthalphy of formation,
oxidation states, chemical
stability, types of chemical
bonds that matter can form
Intensive and Extensive Properties
Intensiveproperties are substances that
do not depend on the amount of the
substance.
(density, color,luster, malleability, conductivity, hardness,
melting point,freezing point, boiling point)
Extensive properties are properties that
do depend on the amount of substance
of the material.
( weight, volume, length, mass)
Seatwork
Identify each property as physical-
intensive, physical-extensive or chemical.
Palladium
Solid
Boiling point: 2927 degree celsius
Forms salts
Functions as catalyst
Density: 11.9 grams/cubic meter
Silvery white color
Classification of
Matter
Mixtures, Elements and
Compounds
Scientistsask themselves these
questions?
Isthe matter uniform throughout?
Can it be separated by physical
means?
Can it be separated by chemical
means?
Mixtures– two or more substances that are not
chemically combined with each other and can
be separated by physical means. The
substances in a mixture retain their individual
properties.
Solutions– a special kind of mixture where one
substance dissolves in another.
Elements – simplest form of pure substance.
They cannot be broken into anything else by
physical or chemical means.
Compounds – pure substances that are the
unions of two or more elements. They can be
broken into simpler substances by chemical
means.
Pure Substances
Composition is the same throughout and
does not vary from sample to sample.
CANNOT be broken down by physical
changes
Can be an element or
compound.
Element
Definition:substances in their
simplest forms
Cannot be broken down by a
physical or chemical change
Found on the periodic table
Made up of one type of atom
Examples of Elements:
Hydrogen
Carbon
Lithium
Gold
What are two other examples of elements not listed above?
What do all elements have in common?
Compound
Definition:
substance formed by the
chemical combination of two or more
elements
can be broken into simpler substances
by a chemical change
+ = Compound
Law of Definite Proportions
A compound is always composed of the
same elements in the same proportions.
In other words, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is always
composed of 1 atom of C and 2 atoms of O.
If there are different amounts of carbon or oxygen,
it is no longer carbon dioxide.
More Examples of Compounds
Mixture
Definition:
two or more pure
substances (elements or
compounds) that are mixed
together but NOT joined
chemically
NOT a pure substance
Examples: The air we breath,
gasoline for cars, the sidewalk on
which we walk
Homogeneous Mixtures
Uniform in composition and appearance
Same proportion of components
throughout
Consists of two or more substances in the
same phase
Also called solutions
Heterogeneous Mixtures
variable
appearance and
composition
Pure Mixtures
Substance
ELEMENT COMPOUND
S S
HETEROGENOUS
MIXTURES
HOMOGENOUS
MIXTURES
Elements are the Compounds are All components of Homogeneous
simplest pure pure substances the mixture are mixtures
substances. that are made of visible because Components
Examples: more than one they do not mix cannot be
• O-Oxygen element bound together distinguished
• H- Hydrogen together. Particles not from each other,
• Na- Sodium Examples: distributed evenly appear as one
• C- Carbon • H2O and CO2 substance
• Fe- Iron EX: sand and Particles
• Pb- Lead A molecule is water distributed evenly
The smallest formed when two vegetable throughout
particle of an or more atoms soup
element that has chemically oil and water EX: air, salt
the properties of combine. water, 10 karat
that element is gold
an atom.
*SOLUTIONS
2 types of mixtures
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
mixtures mixtures
All components Components cannot
be distinguished from
of the mixture each other, appear as
are visible one substance
because they do Particles distributed
not mix together evenly throughout
Particles not
EX: air, salt water, 10
distributed karat gold
evenly
EX: trail mix,
vegetable soup,
Extras:
Homogeneous mixtures are also called
solutions.
Separate particles are not visible because one
dissolves in the other = dissolution
In salt water,
saltis the solute, gets dissolved Smaller
water is the solvent, dissolves quantity
other substance
Larger quantity
2 types of mixtures
Q. Why do some substances dissolve and
others do not?
A. In a solute, each particle is attracted to
each other to form a grain of it. When the
solute is placed in a water, new attractive
forces are present. If the attractive forces
between the water and the solute are
stronger than those holding the solute
together, then the solute will break down
and get dissolved in the water.
SOLUBILITY
Because different amounts
of solute can be dissolved in
a solvent, we look at a
solution’s SOLUBILITY.
Definition:The maximum
amount of solute that can
be dissolved in a given
amount of solvent at a
specific temperature.
Usually
expressed as the
number of grams of solute
per 100mL of solvent.
SOLUBILITY
Every chemical substance which
dissolves in water has a fixed
solubility.
Ifit does not dissolve, solubility =
zero.
Many of these solublities
have been measured and
special charts are produced
displaying solubility of
many substances at once.
Solution terminology:
o Saturated:
Maximum amount of solute
dissolved in solvent
o Unsaturated:
Less than maximum amount of
solute dissolved in solvent
o Supersaturated:
More than maximum amount of
solute dissolved in solvent
o Dilute:
to make less concentrated
Separation of Mixtures
1. Sedimentation: occurs 3. Filtration: separates
naturally when solid parts of a heterogeneous
substances that are mixture by pouring it though
heavier than their solvent a filter, the larger particles
(residue) will be held in the
deposit at the bottom of
filter while the smaller ones
the mixture.
(filtrate) will pass through.
EX: Water treatment
EX: Brita
2. Decantation: a
4. Distillation: used to
heterogeneous mixture
separate components of a
that has distinct layers
homogeneous mixture based
can be separated by on their different boiling
slowly pouring one of the points. Solution is heated
layers into another and substance with lower
container. boiling points evaporates and
EX: Separating cream from passes through a tube where
it cools and turns back to
ELEMENT OF SURPRISE
