COMPUTER

SCIENCE CONCEPTS

BY: NITIN L
DATE: 25/08/2025
 CONTE
NTS
• What is a Computer? The Building Blocks
• How Computers "Think": The Language of Binary
• Software Tools
• Giving Instructions: What is Programming?
• Python Programming Language
• The Global Network: How the Internet Works
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
WHAT IS A COMPUTER? THE BUILDING
BLOCKS
UNDERSTANDING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
 HARDWARE V/S
SOFTWARE
Hardware Software
• Definition: This is the set of
• Definition: These are the
instructions, programs, and
physical parts of a computer
data that tells the hardware what
system—everything you can
to do and how to do it. You can't
actually touch.
touch software.
• Examples: The screen,
• Examples: Your web browser
keyboard, mouse, the chips
(Chrome, Safari), your operating
inside, the wires, and the case
system (Windows, Android), video
itself.
games, and apps like TikTok or
• Key Idea: Hardware gives the Microsoft Word.
computer its physical form and • Key Idea: Software brings the
capabilities.
hardware to life.
 THE "BRAIN" OF THE
COMPUTER
THE CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)
• What it is: The main brain of the
computer. It's a small but incredibly
powerful chip.

• What it does: It performs billions of

calculations per second to run everything.
Every time you click, type, or play a game,
the CPU is processing those commands.

• Analogy: The CPU is like the chef in a

kitchen. It takes the recipe (the software's
instructions) and executes every step to
create the final dish (what you see on the
screen). A faster CPU means a faster chef.
THE COMPUTER'S MEMORY
SYSTEM
RAM it
• What (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
is: The computer's short-term
memory. It's a super-fast workspace for
tasks that are currently active.

• Analogy: RAM is like your desk or

workbench. When you decide to work on a
project (like opening an app), you pull the
necessary tools and papers (data) from your
file cabinet and put them on your desk (RAM)
to access them quickly.

• Important Fact: RAM is volatile, meaning it

gets wiped clean every time the computer
turns off. This is why you need to save your
work!
 STORAGE DEVICES FOR
COM[UTERS
HARD DRIVE OR SSD

• What it is: The computer's long-term

memory.

• What it does: It permanently saves all

your files: the operating system, your
photos, documents, games, and
applications.

• Analogy: Storage is like a library or a

filing cabinet. It holds everything
safely, even when the power is off. The
information stays there until you decide
SECONDARY STORAGE
DEVICES
A TEAM EFFORT:
OPENING AN APP
• You Click the Icon (Input): You tell the
computer you want to open a program.

• The CPU Gets the Command: The "brain"

understands your request.

• Data is Fetched from Storage: The CPU

finds the program's files in the "library"
(Storage).

• Program is Loaded into RAM: The

program's data is copied to the "workspace"
(RAM) so the CPU can access it instantly.

• The Magic Happens! The CPU now runs

the program's instructions from RAM, and
you see it appear on your screen.
HOW COMPUTERS "THINK": THE
LANGUAGE OF BINARY
FROM SIMPLE SWITCHES TO YOUR FAVORITE GAME
 THE SIMPLEST LANGUAGE: ON AND
• OFF
Core Concept: A computer is made of
billions of tiny electronic switches called
transistors. A transistor, like a light switch,
can only be in one of two states at any time.

• When a switch is ON, electricity is flowing.

We represent this with the number 1.

• When a switch is OFF, no electricity is

flowing. We represent this with the number
0.

• The Binary System: This simple two-state

system is the foundation of all computing. It's
called binary because "bi" means two. Every
single thing a computer does is broken down
into a sequence of 1s and 0s.
 BITS AND BYTES: THE ABC’S OF
BINARY
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF DIGITAL DATA

• Component 2: A Byte
• Component 1: A Bit • A byte is a group of 8 bits strung together.
• A "bit" is short for "Binary Digit". • For example: 01000001 is one byte.
• It is the smallest possible unit of • Why 8? This grouping became the standard
data in computing. because with 8 bits, you can create 256
• A single bit can be either a 1 or a different combinations—enough to
0. represent all the letters, numbers, and
common symbols on a keyboard.
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
DECIMAL NUMBERS USING 0’S AND 1’S
 FROM
• The Big Idea: Computers use a BINARY
standard reference chart toTO TEXT
translate
binary codes into characters. The most
famous one is called ASCII (American
Standard Code for Information
Interchange).

• How it Works: In the ASCII system,

every character is assigned a unique 8-
bit (1 byte) code.

• The letter 'A' is represented by the

byte : 01000001
• The letter 'B' is represented by the
byte : 01000010
• The letter 'C' is represented by the byte :
01000011
• Even the space bar has a code :
WHAT ABOUT IMAGES AND
COLORS? • Core Concept: Digital images are made of
PAINTING WITH NUMBERS thousands or millions of tiny dots called pixels.
• The computer stores a binary code for each
individual pixel.
• This code tells the screen exactly what color
that pixel should be.
• Colors are often created using the RGB (Red,
Green, Blue) model. The computer stores a
byte for the amount of red, a byte for green,
and a byte for blue.
• For example, a bright red pixel might be
represented by three bytes:
• 11111111 (Maximum Red)
• 00000000 (Minimum Green)
• 00101001 (Average Blue)

• Key Takeaway: A beautiful, high-resolution

photo is just a massive grid of pixels, with the
computer remembering the specific binary code
 SOFTWARE TOOLS

• Microsoft Word

• Microsoft PowerPoint

• Microsoft Excel
GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: WHAT IS
PROGRAMMING?
HOW WE TELL COMPUTERS WHAT TO DO
 THE PLAN BEFORE THE CODE:
ALGORITHMS
• An algorithm is a step-by-step list of instructions
for solving a problem or completing a task.
• It’s the "recipe" you create before you start
cooking (or coding). Computers are not smart;
they only do exactly what you tell them to. Your
plan must be perfect.
• Real-World Analogy: Making a Sandwich
• Take two slices of bread.
• Get the cheese from the fridge.
• Place the cheese on one slice of bread.
• Put the other slice of bread on top.
• Key Idea: If you miss a step or put them in the
wrong order, you won't get a sandwich. An
algorithm for a computer needs to be just as
 TALKING TO COMPUTERS:
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
• The Problem: We think in complex ideas, but
computersHUMAN
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN only understand simple ON/OFF binary
AND MACHINE
code.
• The Solution: Programming Languages
• A programming language is a special,
structured language that we use to write our
algorithms. It acts as a translator between human
language and the computer's binary language.
• Analogy: Imagine you are giving instructions to a
robot dog. You don't speak in 0s and 1s; you use
simple commands it's been built to understand,
like "SIT," "FETCH," or "BARK." A programming
language provides these commands for a
computer.
• Examples of Languages:
• Python: Famous for being easy to read and
learn.
• JavaScript: The language that makes websites
interactive.
 YOUR FIRST PROGRAM: "HELLO,
WORLD!"
WRITING YOUR FIRST LINE OF CODE
• The Tradition: "Hello, World!" is the first program almost every
programmer writes. It's a simple program whose only job is to display
the text "Hello, World!" on the screen.
• Example in Python:

• Let's Break It Down:

• print : This is a command or a function. We are telling the computer to perform its
"print" action, which means "display on the screen.“
• ("Hello, World!"): This is the data we are giving to the command. The text inside the
quotation marks is exactly what we want the computer to show.
• Key Takeaway: With just one simple, readable line of code, we have successfully given
the computer a command and it has executed our instruction. This is programming!
 CODE, PROGRAMS, AND SOFTWARE
FROM A SINGLE LINE TO A FULL APPLICATION
• Let's clarify some terms:
• Code: The individual lines of instructions you
write in a programming language.
• Program (or Script): A complete set of code
designed to perform a specific task (our "Hello,
World!" program is a tiny example).
• Software (or Application): A large, complex
collection of many programs working together.
An application like Spotify or a game like
Minecraft is software made of millions of lines of
code.

• Analogy: Writing a Book

• A single line of code is like a single sentence.
• A program is like a paragraph or a chapter.
• The entire software is the finished book.
PYTHON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
AN INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 WHAT IS
• A high-level, general-purpose
PYTHON?
programming language created
in 1991.

• Its main philosophy is code

readability and simplicity. It
reads almost like English!

• High-Level: Handles complex

tasks automatically, so you can
focus on your goals.

• Interpreted: Runs code line-by-

line, which makes it easy to find
 WHY IS PYTHON SO POPULAR?
• Easy to Learn: Clean, simple
syntax makes it a perfect first
language for beginners.

• Huge Library Ecosystem: Has

thousands of free code packages
(libraries) for any task.
• Data Science: NumPy, Pandas
• Web Development: Django, Flask
• Game Development: Pygame
• Artificial Intelligence: TensorFlow

• Massive Community: If you have a

question, millions of other
 BASIC CONCEPTS: VARIABLES

•A variable is a container
for storing data.

•You give it a name and

assign it a value using the
equals sign (=).

•Python automatically knows

the data type.
 BASIC CONCEPTS: OPERATIONS
• You can perform math and combine text just like
you'd expect.
 YOUR FIRST INTERACTIVE PROGRAM!

• This program asks for your name and then greets you.
• It uses input() to get user information and print() to display it.