TRANSFORMER

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a static device which is
used to transfer electrical energy from one ac
circuit to another ac circuit.
Input to a transformer and output from a
transformer both are alternating quantities
(AC).
Electrical energy is generated and
transmitted at an extremely high voltages.
The voltage is to be then reduced to a lower
value for its domestic and industrial use.
This is done by using a transformer.
The power transmission system using
transformers is shown in figure.
When the transformer changes the voltage
level, it changes the current level also.
 Basic Principle

The primary winding is connected to the

single – phase ac supply, an ac current starts
flowing through it.
The ac primary current produces an
alternating flux (Ф) in the core.
Most of this changing flux gets linked with
the secondary winding through the core.
The varying flux will induce voltage into the
secondary winding according to the faraday’s
laws of electromagnetic induction.
Voltage level change but frequency i.e. time
period remains same.
There is no electrical contact between the
two winding, an electrical energy gets
transferred from primary to the secondary.
A simple transformer consists of two
electrical conductors called the primary
winding and the secondary winding.
Energy is coupled between the windings by
the time varying magnetic flux that passes
through( links) both primary and secondary
windings.
Can the transformer operate on
DC?
Answer: NO
The transformer action does not take place
with a direct current of constant magnitude.
Because with a DC primary current, the flux
produced in the core is not alternating but it
is of constant value.
As there is no change in the flux linkage with
the secondary winding, the induced emf in
the secondary is zero.
If DC is applied to the primary then there is a
possibility of transformer core saturation.
If core saturates the primary will draw
excessively large current. Therefore
application of DC should be avoided.
 Transformer Types
The transformer are of different types
depending on the arrangement of the core
and the winding as follows.
Core Type
Shell Type
Berry Type
The magnetic core is a stack of thin silicon-
steel laminations about 0.35 mm thick for 50
Hz transformer. In order to reduce the eddy
current losses, these laminations are
insulated from one another by thin layers of
varnish.
Core Type Transformer
Shell Type Transformer
Sr. Core Type Transformer Shell Type Transformer
No
1. The core has only one The core has two windows.
window.
2. Winding encircles the Core encircles the windings.
core.
3. Cylindrical windings are Sandwich type windings are
used. used.
4. Easy to repair. It is not so easy to repair.
5. Better cooling since Cooling is not very
more surface is exposed effective.
to the atmosphere.
 Construction

There are different parts of transformer.

• Laminated core
• Windings
• Insulating materials
• Transformer oil
• Conservator tank
• Buchholz Relay
• Breather
• Cooling tubes
• Tap Changer
13
• Explosion vent
14
 Parts of Transformer

Laminated core
• The main function of a laminated
core is to separate primary and
secondary windings. The core is
laminated in order to reduce the
core losses in a transformer.
• The core is generally made up of
Cold Rolled Grain Oriented (CRGO)
steel material.
●●●
15
 Parts of Transformer

Windings
• Generally, copper windings are used
in the transformers. The main
function of windings is to produce
magnetic flux and induce mutual
EMFs.
• These windings carry high voltage
and current through them.

●●●
16
 Parts of Transformer

Insulating materials
• The main function of insulating
material is to provide insulation to
windings so that it does not come in
contact with the transformer core
or other conducting material.
• The windings are wrapped in
insulating paper or cloth.

●●●
17
 Parts of Transformer

Transformer oil
• The main function of the
transformer oil is to provide
insulation as well as act as a cooling
agent due to its chemical properties
and dielectric strength.
• It dissipates heat generated from
the core and windings to the
environment.
●●●
18
 Parts of Transformer

Conservator tank
• The main function of a conservator
tank is to provide extra space to
accommodate the transformer oil
during oil expansion inside the
transformer when the ambient
temperature rises.

●●●
19
 Parts of Transformer

Buchholz relay
• The main function of the Buchholz
relay is to protect the transformer
from different internal faults such
as inter-turn fault, short circuit
fault, etc.
• It detects the occurrence of a fault
and generates the alarm circuit.

●●●
20
 Parts of Transformer

Breather
• The main function of a breather is
to prevent moisture to enter the
transformer during the breathing
cycle of a transformer.
• It contains the silica gel that
absorbs the moisture from the air
and hence prevents transformer oil
to contaminate and thereby saves
the internal parts. ●●●
21
 Parts of Transformer

Cooling tubes
• The main function of the cooling
tubes is to transfer heat from the
transformer core and coils to the
environment.
• The heated transformer oil
circulates through the cooling tubes
where the heat radiates out by
natural airflow and hence cooling
the transformer oil. ●●●
22
 Parts of Transformer

Tap Changer
• The main function of the tap
changer is to regulate the
transformer output voltage by
altering the number of turns in one
winding and thereby changing the
turn ratio of the transformer.

●●●
23
 Parts of Transformer

Explosion vent
• The main function of the explosion
vent is to provide protection against
excessive pressure build-up in the
transformer during heavy internal
faults.
• It allows releasing hot boiling
transformer oil in order to avoid the
explosion of the transformer.

24
 Ideal Transformer
Assumptions:
1. The winding resistances are negligible (R
= 0)
2. All fluxes are confinedto the core and
link both windings (leakage flux = 0)
3. Permeability of the core is infinite (I1= 0)
4. No eddy current and hysteresis losses

slid
 Ideal Transformer (cont)
When an A.C. voltage v1 applied to the primary
winding:
dΦ
v1  e1  N        (1)
1 d
t the secondary winding,
The core flux also links
then:
v2   N2        (2)
d
e2 dΦ
t
From equations (1) and
(2):
v1
 
N1 a
v2 N2
slid
 when
Ideal Transformer (cont)
a load is connected to the
secondary winding, i2 will
flow and will provide an mmf N2i2 for the core.
• i1 would immediately flow to establish another mmf N1i1
to oppose N2i2 since no mmf is required to establish a
flux in the ideal core
N i N i  0
Then 1 1 2 2

: N1i1  N2i2

i1 N2
 
1
i2 N1
a slid
 Ideal Transformer (cont)
If the supply voltage is sinusoidal, then in rms
values:
V1
 
VN2 N2 a
1

I1 I2 1
I2 N1 a

V 1 I1 
V 2 I2
input VA  output
VA
slid
Emf Equation of a Transformer (1/2)

 = m sin2ft
instantaneous value of induced emf / turn
=  d/dt volts
=  2fm cos2ft volts
= 2fm sin(2ft  /2) volts

slid
Emf Equation of a Transformer (2/2)

rms value of induced emf /

turn
= 0.707 x 2fm volts
= 4.44 x fm volts
Henc E1 = 4.44N1fm
e
volts
E 2 E=1 4.44N
= N12fm

volts
E2
N2
slid
 Example
A 200kVA, 6600/400V, 50 Hz single-phase
step-down
transformer has 80 turns on the secondary.
Calculate:
(a) the approximate values of the primary and
secondary currents; (b) the approximate number
of primary turns; and (c) the maximum value of
the flux.

Ans: 30.3A, 500A; 1320;

0.0225Wb
slid
 Practical Transformer
 the windings have resistances
 not all windings link the same flux
 permeability of the core material is not
infinite, and core losses occur when the
core material is subjected to time-
varying flux

slid
 Transformer Losses
 Copper losses ( I2R losses ) in primary
and
secondary windings
PC = I12 R1 + I22 R2
 Iron losses ( Core losses )
a) Hysteresis loss
Ph = KhBmaxx f V watts where
Kh= a constant
f = frequency V = Volume
Bmax = maximum flux density
x = coefficient varies from 1.6 -
2.0 with different grades of
iron.
slid
Transformer Losses
 Iron losses ( Core losses )
(b) Eddy Current loss
Pe = KeBmax2 f2 t2 V watts where
Ke= a constant
f = frequency
V = Volume
Bmax = maximum flux
density t = thickness of
lamination.
Total iron losses, Pi = Ph +
Pe

slid
 Transformer Efficiency
Output
Efficiency 
power
Input
Output
 power
power power 
Output
losses
Output VA power
η
 OnputVA factor
 power factor  core loss  I2R
losses

slid
 Applications
Step – up and Step – down Voltage
Measurement of current in single and three
phase system
Measurement of voltage in single and three
phase system
Measurement of power
Measurement of Energy
Thank
You