In the name of kind Allah

Tesol Training Center

Level One
Grammar Section
Grammar: is a collection of rules that are used for proper reading, listening,
writing and speaking.

Parts of Speech: All the words, according to their functions, are divided into
9 parts that are called parts of speech.
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb

Words Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
Article
Part 1: Noun
Noun: is a word which refers to people, places, animals, and things.
Ex: 1. people: doctor, student, father, … 2. places: hospital, class, house, …
3. animals: cat, dog, horse, … 4. things: pen, book, table, …
Note: ideas, feelings, qualities and actions also can be counted as nouns.
Ex: justice / anger / beauty / writing
freedom / fear / honesty / reading

Kinds of noun: There are different divisions for nouns based on different
scales. The general types of nouns include:
1) Abstract Noun: Are those nouns that don’t have physical existence and we can’t
touch them. Ex: loyalty, honesty, love, …
2) Concrete Noun: Are those nouns that have physical existence and we can touch
them. Ex: book, pen, chair, …
3) Material Noun: A material noun refers to a substance or material from which
things are made. Ex: gold, wood, cotton, iron, …
4) Common Nouns: Common words for people, places and things are
called common nouns. They are used commonly (generally).
things: ruler, pen, eraser, … animals: cat, cow, fox, …
places: bank, hotel, school, … people: singer, pilot, writer, …
Proper Nouns: Are the names of particular people, places, and things are )5
:proper nouns. They always begin with a capital letter. Proper nouns include
… ,People’s names: Aladdin, Harry Potter, Gandhi
.Days of the week: Saturday, Sunday, Monday,…, Friday
.Months of the year: January, February, March, April,…, December
,Special days & celebrations: Mother’s Day, New Year’s Day, Christmas
Famous places, buildings and monuments: The Eiffel Tower, Niagara Fall
Nationalities, languages, countries and cities: Afghan, English, China, Kabul
Collective Nouns: Are those nouns which are used for groups of people, )6
… ,animals or things. Ex: team, family, army
7) Compound Noun: A compound noun is made up of two or more words that
together create a single noun with a specific meaning. The words can be combined
and written in 3 different ways:
1. as a single word with no space between. Ex: basket + ball = basketball
2. as two words separated by a space. Ex: high + school = high school
3. as two words separated by a hyphen. Ex: mother + in + law = mother-in-law
8) Gender Noun: A gender noun specifies whether a noun is male, female, neutral, or
non gender.
Ex: Male: actor, king, rooster, … Female: actress, queen, hen, …
Neutral: parent, teacher, friend, … Non gender: pen, table, class, …
9) Countable Nouns: Are those nouns which we can count them one by one.
Ex: student, chair, book, pen, marker, …
10) Uncountable Nouns: Are those nouns which we can not count them one by one.
Ex: water, sugar, salt, milk, …
11) Singular Nouns: Are those nouns which refer to one thing, person,
animal or place. Ex: a taxi, an orange, an idea, ...
Note: The article a or an is used to indicate a singular noun.
1) The article a is used before nouns that begin with a consonant such as b,d,f and etc.
Ex: a book, a cat, a boy, …
2) The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels (a, e, i, o, u).
Ex: an artist, an eye, an insect, …

12) Plural Nouns: Are those nouns which refer to more than one (two or more) things, persons,
animals or places.
Ex: computers, teachers, players, rivers, …
Plural nouns are divided into 2 types:
1) Regular: Follow specific rules (s, es, ies, ves) to make their plural forms.
2) Irregular: Do not follow the rules (s, es, ies, ves).
* Irregular plural nouns, themselves, are divided into 2 parts:
1. Change form: Their form (spelling) changes when changing from singular to plural
Rules of pluralization of nouns (used for regular plurals):
1) For most nouns  just add s
a book  three books / a teacher  two teachers / a car  cars

2) For the nouns ending in s , ss , ch , sh , x, z  Add es

bus  buses / branch  branches / brush  brushes / box  boxes
glass  glasses / watch  watches / dish  dishes / fox  foxes

3) For the nouns ending in O  2 ways

A) Most nouns ending O  take s
video  videos / zoo  zoos / hippo  hippos / kangaroo  kangaroos
B) Some nouns ending in O take  es.
tomato  tomatoes / hero  heroes / potato  potatoes / mango  mangoes

4) For the nouns ending in y  2 possibilities

A) consonant + y  change y to i , then add es
baby  babies / teddy teddies / housefly  houseflies / party  parties
B) vowel + y  just add s at the end.
key  keys runway  runways
trolley trolleys cowboy  cowboys chimney  chimneys
5) For the nouns ending in f, fe  4 possibilities:
A) Change f to v and add es
half  halves / shelf  shelves / leaf  leaves / thief  thieves
B) don’t change f , just add s
chief  chiefs / roof  roofs / cliff  cliffs
C) Change f to v and add es Or don’t change f , just add s (both are correct)
Scarf  scarfs or scarves dwarf  dwarfs or dwarves
Hoof  hoofs or hooves wharf  wharfs or wharves

D) For the nouns ending in fe  change fe to v and add es

knife  knives / life  lives / wife  wives / midwife  midwives

Irregular plural nouns:

1) Change form: Some nouns change spelling.
Ex: man  men mouse  mice woman  women
tooth  teeth child  children foot  feet
person  people goose geese
2) No change: Some nouns’ plural and singular forms are the same.
Ex: fish  fish (fishes) sheep  sheep (sheeps)
deer  deer (deers) salmon  salmon (salmons)
Notes:
1) fish  fish (same kind) Ex: I have one red fish. You have two red fish.
fish  fishes (different kinds)
Ex: In Pacific Ocean, there are a lot of different fishes.

2) mouse  mice (animal)

Ex: There is a mouse in the kitchen. This house has so many mice.
mouse  mouses (computer tool)
Ex: A: I need a mouse for my computer. B: I have two mouses. I can give you one.

3) Some nouns are always plural.

Ex: trousers pants pajamas scissors shorts tights
glasses goggles jeans pliers spectacles binoculars

4) Some nouns are usually plural.

Ex: shoes , gloves , socks , chopsticks , sandals , slippers , clogs , boots

5) You can use “ a pair of ” with these plural nouns.

Ex: a pair of trousers a pair of pants a pair of sandals a pair of gloves
a pair of glasses a pair of scissors a pair of chopsticks
The Possessive Form of Nouns (’s): Possessive form of a noun
(possessive s) shows ownership/ relationship. Ex: teacher’s laptop, Ahmad’s father
Singular ’s
Owner Regular ’
Plural
Irregular ’s

Notes:
1) Shared ownership: When more than one person own something, just put ’s after the
name of the last owner.
Ex: Katy, Andy, Mark and Mike’s house is very big. (the house that belongs to all of them.)
Joe and Sarah’s dad works at the shoe factory. (the dad belongs to both Joe and Sarah.)
2) Several ’s in a row: Using more than one ’s in a sentence one after the other is ok.
Ex: Paul’s teacher’s house has a swimming pool. (the house that belongs to Paul’s teacher)
This is John’s brother’s ball. (the ball belongs to John’s brother.)
3) Names ending in s naturally: When a name ends in s , you can make the
possessive form in either of two ways: 1. Add an (’s) 2. Add just (’)
Ex: James has a house.  1. This is James’s house / 2. This is James’ house.
Charles has a bike.  1. Which is Charles’s bike? / 2. Which is Charles’ bike

4) Separate ownership: when there are several things with several different owners,
add ’s at the end of each owner.
Ex: Ali has a car. Reza has another car. So  These are Ali’s and Reza’s cars.
VS
Ali and Reza both have one car. (Note 1) So  This is Ali and Reza’s car.
Part 2: Article
Article: is a word that shows if a noun is specific or unspecific.
There are 2 types of articles:
1) Definite article: is used to talk about a noun specifically / clearly.
2) Indefinite articles: are used to talk about a noun unspecifically /
generally/ unclearly.
articles Ex:
+ consonant (‫)د‬ the class, the pen
definite the
+ vowel ‫))دی‬ the apple, the eraser
a + consonant a class, a pen
indefinite
an + vowel an apple, an eraser

Usages of a / an:
1) General reference  I need a pen. / Bring me an eraser.
2) First mention  I saw a movie. The movie was nice.
I ate an apple. The apple was delicious.
Usages of the:
1) Specific reference 
2) Unique nouns 
3) Previously mentioned nouns 
4) To make superlatives 
5) Geographical names 
6) rivers, oceans, seas, mountain ranges, deserts 
7) Countries with plural name
8) Certain islands and group of islands
9) Specific landmarks or regions
Before the words: first, last, only, …
Part 3: Pronoun
Pronoun: is a word that takes the place of nouns and avoids from
repetition of noun in the sentences.

There are different kinds of pronouns:

1. Subject Pronouns  ‫ضمایر فاعلی‬
2. Object Pronouns  ‫ضمایر مفعولی‬
3. Reflexive Pronouns  ‫ضمایر انعکاسی‬
* (Intensive Pronouns)  ‫ضمایر تاکیدی‬
4. Possessive Pronouns  ‫ضمایر ملکی‬
5. Demonstrative Pronouns  ‫ضمایر اشاره یی‬
6. Interrogative Pronouns  ‫ضمایر سوالی‬
7. Indefinite Pronouns  ‫ضمایر نامشخص‬
8. Distributive Pronouns  ‫ضمایر توزیعی‬
Review:-
Subject: The doer of an action.
Sara teaches Hana. / Ali and Sami help me and Reza. / My dad washes the car.

Object: The receiver of an action.

Sara teaches Hana. / Ali and Sami help me and Reza. / My dad washes the car.

Subject Pronouns: The subject pronouns come instead subject. They are 7:
I, you, we, they, he, she, it.

1) I (‫ )من‬ I play with my ball. 2) you (‫ شما‬،‫ )تو‬ You talk to Ali.

3) we (‫ )ما‬ You and I study English. 4) they (‫ )آنها‬ Zara and Hana listen to Sara.
We study English. They listen to Sara.

5) he ()‫ او (مرد‬ Reza comes early. 6) she ()‫ او (زن‬ Mary laughs loudly.
He comes early. She laughs loudly.

7) it ()‫ حیوان‬، ‫ او (شیء‬ The cat sleeps there. It sleeps there.

Object Pronouns: The object pronouns come instead object. They are 7:
me, you, us, them, him, her, it.

1) me (‫ من را‬،‫ )به من‬ You help me. 2) you (‫ به شما‬،‫ )به تو‬ I help
you.

3) us ( ‫)به ما‬ 4) them (‫)به آنها‬

Ali and Reza help you and me. You and I thank Ali and Reza.
They help us. We thank them.

5) him (6 )‫ )به او (مرد‬her ()‫به او (زن‬

Ali calls Sara. Sara calls Ali.
He calls her. She calls him.

7) it ()‫ حیوان‬، ‫به او (شیء‬

The cat drinks water.
It drinks it.
First Person, Second Person and Third Person
First person  the person who is speaking ‫متکلم‬
Second person  the person who is spoken to ‫مخاطب‬
Third person  the person who is spoken about ‫غایب‬
 myself
yourself
Reflexive Pronouns
yourselves
(‫)ضمایر انعکاسی‬
--------------- himself
Intensive Pronouns/ herself
Emphatic Pronouns
itself
(‫)ضمایر تاکیدی‬
ourselves
themselves

Reflexive Pronouns: Are used to refer to the subject. They are used
when the subject and object are the same.
Ex:
The bird washes itself. She killed herself.
I teach myself. John looks at himself in the mirror.
Intensive Pronouns (Emphatic Pronouns):
Are used to emphasize on the subject as the doer of the action.
Ex: They cooked lunch themselves.
My brother built this computer himself.
We fixed the car ourselves.
The children cleaned their room all by themselves.
The cat hunted the bird by itself.
Note 1: intensive pronouns can come immediately after the subject to emphasize
more on subject. There must be a comma between them.
Ex: You must do it yourself. = You , yourself must do it.
Note 2: the word “by” can be used with intensive pronouns to emphasize more.
Ex: I killed the mouse myself. < I killed the mouse by myself.
Possessive Pronouns: Are used to show ownership or relationship.
They are 7: mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its.
Ex: This book is mine.
Have you lost yours?
This pen is mine and that one is his.
Sarah has lost her cat. Is this cat hers?
I can see our car, but where is yours?
We’ve had our lunch, but they haven’t had theirs.
This class is ours.
Demonstrative Pronouns: Are used to point out things or people.
They are 4: this, that, these, those.
Ex:
1) This (‫ )این‬ near , singular  This is a pen.
2) That (‫ )آن‬ far, singular  That is a pen.
3) These (‫ )این ها‬ plural, near  These are pens.
4) Those(‫ )آن ها‬ plural, far  Those are pens.
Interrogative Pronouns: Are used to ask questions. They are 5:
things  What is in your hand?
1) What (‫)چی‬ for activities  What are you doing?
animals  What is that animal in the cage?

2) Whose (‫ )از کی‬ from people / owner  Whose is this pen?

3) Which (‫)کدام‬ for choices  Which do you drink? Tea or coffee?

(subject)  Who broke the window?

4) Who (‫ )کی‬ for people

(object)  Who do you criticize?

5) Whom(‫ )کی‬ for people (object)  Whom do you criticize?

Note 1: When the object is unclear, you can use either who or whom as the
interrogative pronoun.
Ex: Who do you invite? OR Whom do you invite?

Note 2: When the object is unclear, the question word is whom, and there is a
preposition at the end of the question, you can move the preposition to the
beginning of the sentence with no change in meaning.
Ex: Ex:
Who do you talk to? Who does she look at?
Whom do you talk to? Whom does she look at?
To whom do you talk? At whom does she look?
Indefinite Pronouns: Are used to refer to a word indirectly and
unknownly. Most indefinite pronouns express the idea of quantity.
Ex:
I saw somebody in the dark.
Someone called me yesterday.
Most people like money.
I don’t tell your secret to anybody.
I reminded all students to study.
Some say that money is everything.
No one has the right to hurt others.
Part 4: Adjective
Adjective: is a word which describes a noun or pronoun.
Adjective give us more information about people, places, and things.

Kinds of Adjectives:
1) Descriptive Adjectives:
2) Quantitative Adjectives:
3) Demonstrative adjective: this, that, these, those.
4) Possessive adjective: mine, yours, his, …
5) Interrogative adjective: which, whose, what.
6) Distributive adjective: each, every, other, …
7) Numeral Adjectives:
Adjective: is a word which describes a noun or pronoun.
Adjective give us more information about people, places, and things.

Kinds of Adjectives:
A) Descriptive Adjectives: They describe:
1) quality: beautiful, bad, nice, …
2) size: big, small, short, …
3) age: old, new, young, …
4) shape: square, oval, round, …
5) color: red, black, blue, …
6) origin: Afghan, American, Herati, …
7) material: plastic, glass, iron, …
Also
1) Proper adjective: Muslim, Afghan, Chinese, …
2) Interrogative adjective: which, whose, what.
3) Demonstrative adjective: this, that, these, those.
4) Distributive adjective: each, every, other, …
5) Possessive adjective: mine, yours, his, …
The order of Adjective: When several adjectives are used to describe a single
noun or pronoun, the order below must be followed.

Note: Adjectives of quality sometimes come before adjectives of size.

Beautiful long hair or elegant short hair

I saw a beautiful tall American girl. (True)

I saw a tall beautiful American girl. (True)
I saw an American tall beautiful girl. (False)
The order of Adjective: When several adjectives are used to describe a single noun
or pronoun, the order below must be followed.
The usual order is: size, quality, color, origin, substance. (SQCOS)

Small green plastic box (Size color substance)

Stylish red Italian car (quality color origin)

 Note: Adjectives of quality sometimes come before adjectives of size.

Beautiful long hair or elegant short hair

I saw a beautiful tall American girl. (True)

I saw a tall beautiful American girl. (True)
I saw an American tall beautiful girl. (False)
Part 5: Adverb
Adverb: is a word which is used to describe a verb
an adjective
another adverb
Ex: She speaks.  She speaks loudly.
He is smart.  He is very smart.
We speak loudly.  We speak very loudly.

Adverbs can be only one word (adverb) or more than one word (adverb phrase).
Ex: Please speak clearly. / Please speak in a clear voice.

Kinds of Adverb:
1) Adverbs of Manner ‫قید حالت‬
2) Adverbs of Time ‫قید زمان‬
3) Adverbs of Place ‫قید مکان‬
4) Adverbs of Frequency ‫قید تکرار‬
5) Adverbs of Duration ‫قید مدت‬
6) Adverbs of Emphasis ‫قید تاکید‬
Adverbs of Time: Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe when an
action happens.
Ex:
I’m going to my new school tomorrow.
The train has already left.
We moved into our new house last week.
My big brother goes to college in the autumn.
Our favorite TV program starts at 6 o’clock.
It rained heavily last night.
Adverbs of Manner: Describe how an action happens.
Ex: The girl answered all the questions correctly.
He was driving carelessly.
The plane landed safely. Katy plays the piano skillfully.
Sam is behaving like a baby. Please speak in a clear voice.
She writes in a very professional way.
 Adverbs of Place
Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe where an action happens.

Examples:
It’s very sunny and cold outside.
The boys are playing upstairs.
That’s our ball there.
I couldn’t find my book anywhere.
They live in a house nearby.
The dog is in the garden.
Flowers like these grow in the park.
They live on the northern side of the island.
 Adverbs of Frequency
Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe how often an action happen.
Examples:
Katy practices the piano regularly.
The children always go to school on the bus.
I’ll never make that mistake again.
Have you ever been to Japan?
We’ve been to Disneyland twice.
The shops are often very busy.
Dad polishes his shoes twice a week.
 Adverbs of Duration
Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe how long an action
happens.
Examples:
The library is temporarily closed.
We’re staying in a hotel overnight.
The teacher left the class briefly.
The snow lasted for three days.
Mon was away a very long time.
Stand still for a moment while I comb your hair.
I haven’t seen my cousin for two years.
 Adverbs of Emphasis
Adverbs that are used to describe adjectives or other adverbs and add
emphasis are called adverbs of emphasis.
Examples:
Anna can run really fast.
That’s a very good drawing.
My rice is too hot.
The film was just terrible.
Your excuses are completely unbelievable.
These old tools are totally useless.
She sings quite beautifully.
Many adverbs end in ly.
Examples:
She writes neatly.
The traffic was moving slowly.
We waited patiently to see the doctor.
They waved goodbye sadly.
David sings beautifully.
The children walked quickly in the classroom.
Part 6: To Be Verbs
 Part 7:
Simple Present Tense
Part 8: Preposition
 Part 9:
Present Progressive
Tense
Present Progressive Tense: Shows an action that is happening
right now at the moment of speaking.
helping verbs  to be verbs (am, is, are)
helping verb negative h.v (full) negative h.v (short) subject

am am not  I’m not / I amn’t I

is is not ’s not / isn’t he, she, it

are are not ’re not / aren’t you, we, they

main verb: ing form of the verb (present participle)

structures: Ex: Ex:
(+) Sub + am/ is/ are + v. ing + obj/com. We are studying. She is talking.
(-) Sub + am/ is/ are + not + v. ing + obj/com. We are not studying. She is not talking.

(?) Am/ Is/ Are + sub + v. ing + obj/com? Are we studying? Is she talking?
Usages of present progressive tense
1) Ongoing action at the moment  I am talking and you are listening.
2) Describing photos / scenes  They are playing football. Ali is smiling.
3) Temporary situations  Only this week, we are coming 30 minutes earlier.
4) Future plans  She is working tomorrow, therefore she is not coming with us.
5) Changing / developing situations  The kids are growing up day by day.
6) Sometimes used with adverbs of frequency to show repeated actions that cause annoyance  My
brother is always leaving his clothes on the floor.

Rules of adding ing

1) For most verbs (including s, ss, sh, ch, x, o, z, con + y, vowel + y, …)  just add ing.
Ex: study  studying / stay  staying / walk  walking / watch  watching
2) For the verbs ending in e  remove the e and add ing.
Ex: write  writing / live  living / come  coming / leave  leaving
3) For the verbs ending in ee  just add ing. Ex: see  seeing / agree  agreeing
4) For 1 syllable verbs ending in 1 vowel + 1 consonant  double the cons and add ing.
Ex: run  running / put  putting / hug  hugging / sit  sitting
5) For the verbs ending in ie  change ie to y and add ing.
Ex: lie  lying / die  dying / tie  tying / untie  untying
6) For 2 syllable verbs that end in 1 vowel + 1 consonant:
a) If the first syllable is stressed  just add ing.
Ex: listen  listening / open  opening / offer  offering
b) If the second syllable is stressed  double the consonant and add ing.
Ex: begin  beginning / prefer  preferring / control  controlling
7) For the verbs ending in c  add k after c and add ing.
Ex: picnic  picnicking / panic  panicking / mimic  mimicking

Note: stative verbs (verbs that show state of feeling) don’t have progressive
form(don’t take ing).
Ex: love  loving / know  knowing / want  wanting / …
 Part 10:
Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense: Shows an action that started and ended in
particular time in the past.
helping verb: is used to help to make (-) and (?) form.
helping verb negative h.v (full) negative h.v (short) subject

did did not didn’t I, you, we, they,

he, she, it
main verb: (+)  2nd form of the verb (past form)
(-) (?)  1st form of the verb (base form)
structures: Ex: Ex:
(+) Sub + 2nd .v + obj/com.
(-) Sub + did not + 1st.v + obj/com.
(?) Did + sub + 1st.v + obj/com?
(-?F) Did + sub + not + 1st.v + obj/com?
(-?Inf)* Did + not + sub + 1st.v + obj/com?
Note:* short form is often used  Didn’t
Tesol Training center

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you