EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM

UDC Descriptors:

SU(1   [[

13 February 2003

English version

Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures 3DUW   'HVLJQ RI VWUXFWXUHV ZLWK WHQVLRQ FRPSRQHQWV

Calcul des structures en acier

Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbauten

Partie 1.11 : Calcul des structures cbles ou lments tendus

Teil 1.11 :

20xx Copyright reserved to all CEN members

SU HO )L LP Q LQ DO DU GU \ DI W FR QI LG HQ WLD O
&(1
European Committee for Standardisation Comit Europen de Normalisation Europisches Komitee fr Normung &HQWUDO 6HFUHWDULDW UXH GH 6WDVVDUW  % %UXVVHOV

Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbauten mit Zuggliedern

Ref. No. EN 1993-1.11 : 20xx. E

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Final draft 13 February 2003 3DJH  5 6 7 8  9 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12  12 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 15  15 16 16 16 17 17  17 17 18 18 18 18 18

&RQWHQWV
 *HQHUDO 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4  Scope Normative references Terms and definitions Symbols

%DVLV RI 'HVLJQ 2.1 General 2.2 Requirements 2.3 Actions 2.3.1 Selfweight of tensile components 2.3.2 Wind actions 2.3.3 Ice loads 2.3.4 Thermal actions 2.3.5 Prestressing 2.3.6 Rope removal and replacement 2.3.7 Fatigue loads 2.4 Design situations and partial factors 2.4.1 Transient design situation during the construction phase 2.4.2 Persistent situations during service

0DWHULDO 3.1 Strength of steels and wires 3.2 Modulus of elasticity 3.2.1 Tension rod systems (Group A) 3.2.2 Ropes (Group B) 3.2.3 Bundles of parallel wires or strands (Group C) 3.3 Thermal expansion coefficient 3.4 Cutting to length of tension components Group B 3.5 Lengths and fabrication tolerances 3.6 Friction coefficients

'XUDELOLW\ IRU ZLUHV DQG URSHV  VWUDQGV 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 General Corrosion protection of each individual wire Corrosion protection of the rope / strand / cable interior Corrosion protection of the surface of single strands, cables or ropes and components Corrosion protection of bundles of parallel wires or bundles of parallel strands Corrosion protection measures directly at the structure

6WUXFWXUDO DQDO\VLV RI FDEOH VWUXFWXUHV 5.1 General 5.2 Transient design situations during the construction phase 5.3 Persistent design situation during service 5.4 Nonlinear effects from deformations 5.4.1 General 5.4.2 Catenary effects 5.4.3 Effects of deformations on the structure

Final draft 13 February 2003  8OWLPDWH OLPLW VWDWHV 6.1 Tension rod systems 6.2 Ropes and prestressing bars 6.3 Saddles 6.3.1 Geometrical conditions 6.3.2 Slipping of cables round saddles 6.3.3 Transverse pressure 6.3.4 Design of saddles 6.4 Clamps 6.4.1 Slipping of clamps 6.4.2 Transverse pressure 6.4.3 Design of clamps  6HUYLFHDELOLW\ OLPLW VWDWHV 7.1 Serviceability criteria 7.2 Recommendations for stress limits  9LEUDWLRQV RI FDEOHV 8.1 General 8.2 Measures to limit vibrations of cables 8.3 Estimation of risks  )DWLJXH 9.1 General 9.2 Fluctuating axial loads

3DJH  SU(1   [[  19 19 21 21 21 22 23 23 23 23 23  24 24  25 26 26  27 27

$QQH[ $ >LQIRUPDWLYH@ 3URGXFW UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WHQVLRQ FRPSRQHQWV A.1 Scope A.2 Basic requirements A.3 Materials A.4 Requirements for tests A.4.1 General A.4.2 Main tension elements A.4.3 Strands and complete cables A.4.4 Coefficient of friction A.4.5 Corrosion protection $QQH[ % >LQIRUPDWLYH@ 7UDQVSRUW VWRUDJH KDQGOLQJ $QQH[ & >LQIRUPDWLYH@ *ORVVDU\ C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4 Products Group A Products Group B Wire rope end connectors Product Group C

 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 30 30   32 33 34 35

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Final draft 13 February 2003

1DWLRQDO DQQH[ IRU (1 

This standard gives alternative procedures, values and recommendations for classes with notes indicating where national choices may have to be made. Therefore the National Standard implementing EN 1993-1-11 should have a National Annex containing all Nationally Determined Parameters to be used for the design of steel structures to be constructed in the relevant country. National choice is allowed in EN 1993-1-11 through:

2.3.6(1) 2.3.6(2) 2.4.1(1) 3.1(1) 4.4(2) 4.5(4) 6.2(2) 6.3.2(1) 6.3.4(1) 6.4.1(1) 7.2(2) A.4.5.1(1) A.4.5.2(1)

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

 *HQHUDO
 6FRSH
(1) This Part 11 of prEN1993-1 gives design rules for structures with tension components made of steel which due to their connections with the structure are adjustable and replaceable. 127( Due to the requirement of adjustability and replaceability such tension components are mostly prefabricated products delivered to site and installed into the structure as a whole. Tension components that are not adjustable or replaceable, e.g. air spun cables of suspension bridges, are outside the scope of this part though rules of this part may be applicable. (2) This part also gives rules for determining the technical requirements for prefabricated tension components for a structure and for assessing their safety, serviceability and durability. (3) This part deals with tension components as given in Table 1.1.

7DEOH  *URXSV RI WHQVLRQ FRPSRQHQWV

Group Main tensile element A rod (bar) circular wire circular and Z-wires B circular wire and stranded wire circular wire C circular wire seven wire (prestressing) strand Component tension rod (bar) system, prestressing bar spiral strand rope full-locked coil rope strand rope parallel wire strand (PWS) bundle of parallel wires (air spun) bundle of parallel strands

127(  Group A products comprising tension rod systems and bars in general have a single solid round cross section connected to end terminations by threads. They are mainly used as

bracings for roofs, walls, girders stays for roof elements, pylons inline tensioning for steel-wooden truss and steel structures, space frames

127(  Group B products comprising spiral strand, ropes, full locked coil ropes and strand ropes are composed of wires which are anchored in sockets or other end terminations. Spiral strand ropes are mainly used as

stay cables carrying cables and edge cables hangers or suspenders stabilizing cables hand-rail cables

for aerials, smoke stacks, masts and bridges for light weight structures for suspension bridges for cable nets and wood and steel trusses for banisters, balconies, bridge rails and guardrails

They are fabricated mainly in the diameter range of 5 mm to ~160 mm. Full locked coil ropes are mainly used as

stay cables, suspension cables and hangers for bridge construction suspension cables and stabilizing cables edge cables stay cables in cable trusses for cable nets for pylons, masts, aerials

They are fabricated in the diameter range of 20 to ~180 mm.

3DJH  SU(1   [[ Structural wire ropes are mainly used as

Final draft 13 February 2003

stay cables hangers edge cables rail cables

for masts, aerials for suspension bridges for fabric membranes for banister, balcony, bridge and guide rails.

damper / spacer tie cables between stay cables

127(  For Group B see EN 12385-2. 127(  Group C products comprising bundles of parallel wires and bundles of parallel strands need individual or collective anchoring and individual or collective protection. Bundles of parallel wires are mainly used as stay cables, main cables for suspension bridges and external tendons. Bundles of parallel strands are mainly used as stay cables or external tendons for concrete, composite and steel bridges. (4)

The types of termination dealt with in this part for Group B and C products are metal and resin socketing, see EN 13411-4 socketing with cement grout ferrules and ferrule securing, see EN 13411-3 swaged sockets and swaged fitting U-bolt wire rope grips, see EN 13411-5 anchoring for bundles with wedges, cold formed button heads for wires and nuts for bars. 127( For terminology see 1.3 and Annex C.

 1RUPDWLYH UHIHUHQFHV

(1) This European Standard incorporates by dated and undated reference provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments). 127( The Eurocodes were published as European Prestandards. The following European Standards which are published or in preparation are cited in normative clauses: EN 10138 Prestressing steels Part 1 General requirements Part 2 Wire Part 3 Strand Part 4 Bars EN 10244 Steel wire and wire products Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire Part 1 General requirements Part 2 Zinc and zinc alloy coatings Part 3 Aluminium coatings EN 10264 Steel wire and wire products Steel wire for ropes Part 1 General requirements Part 2 Cold drawn non alloyed steel wire for ropes for general applications

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Part 3 Cold drawn and cold profiled non alloyed steel wire for high tensile applications Part 4 Stainless steel wires EN 12385 Steel wire ropes safety Part 1 General requirements Part 2 Definitions, designation and classification Part 3 Information for use and maintenance Part 4 Stranded ropes for general lifting applications Part 10 Spiral ropes for general structural applications EN 13411 Terminations for steel wire ropes safety Part 3 Ferrules and ferrule-securing Part 4 Metal and resin socketing Part 5 U-bolt wire rope grips

 7HUPV DQG GHILQLWLRQV

(1) For the purpose of this European Standard the following definitions apply.

 VWUDQG an element of rope normally consisting of an assembly of wires of appropriate shape and dimensions laid helically in the same or opposite direction in one or more layers around a centre  VWUDQGHG URSH an assembly of several strands laid helically in one or more layers around a core (single layer rope) or centre (rotation-resistant or parallel-closed rope)  VSLUDO URSH an assembly of at least two layers of wires laid helically over a centre, usually around a wire  VSLUDO VWUDQG URSH spiral rope comprising only round wires  IXOOORFNHG FRLO URSH spiral rope having an outer layer of full lock (Z-shaped) wires  ILOO IDFWRU I the ratio of the sum of the nominal metallic cross sectional areas of all the wires in a rope (A) and the circumscribed area (Au) of the rope based on its nominal diameter (d)  VSLQQLQJ ORVV IDFWRU N reduction factor for rope construction included in the breaking force factor K

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Final draft 13 February 2003

 EUHDNLQJ IRUFH IDFWRU . an empirical factor used in the determination of minimum breaking force of a rope and obtained from the product of fill factor (f) for the rope class or construction, spinning loss factor (k) for the rope class or construction and the constant / 4

K=

f k 4

127( K-factors for the more common rope classes and constructions are given in the appropriate part of EN 12385.  PLQLPXP EUHDNLQJ IRUFH )  specified value in kN, below which the measured breaking force (Fmin) is not allowed to fall in a prescribed breaking force test and normally obtained by calculation from the product of the square of the nominal diameter (d) [mm], the rope grade (Rr) [N/mm] and the breaking force factor (K)
PLQ

Fmin =

d2 R r K 1000

 URSH JUDGH 5  a level of requirement of breaking force which is designated by a number (e.g. 1770 [N/mm], 1960 [N/mm])
U

127( This does not imply that the actual tensile strength grades of the wires in the rope are necessarily of this grade.  XQLW ZHLJKW Z value of selfweight of rope (w) [kN/(m mm)] related to the metallic cross section (Am) [mm] and the unit length [m] taking account of the weight densities of steel and the corrosion protection system  FDEOH main tension component in a structure (e.g. a stay cable bridge) which may consist of a rope, strand or bundles of parallel wires or strands

 6\PEROV
(1) For the purpose of this standard the following symbols apply.

'UDIW QRWH Will be added later.

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

 %DVLV RI 'HVLJQ
 *HQHUDO
(1) The design of structures with tensile components shall be in accordance with the general rules given in EN 1990. (2) The supplementary provisions for tensile components given in this chapter should be applied.

(3) As durability is a main concern for the design of tension components the following distinction according to exposure classes may be applied:

7DEOH  ([SRVXUH FODVVHV

fatigue action no significant fatigue action mainly axial fatigue action axial and lateral fatigue actions (wind and wind & rain) corrosion action not exposed to exposed to external external climate climate (rain) class 1 class 2 class 3 class 4 class 5

(4) It is assumed that the connections of tensile components to the structure are such that the components are replaceable and adjustable.

 5HTXLUHPHQWV
(1) The following limit states should be considered in choosing tensile components: Fracture of the component by reaching the design tension resistance taking account of durability, see section 6. 127( The design tension resistance is determined from testing including durability provisions. 2. SLS: Limitation of stress levels and strain levels in the component for controlling the durability behaviour, see section 7. 127( Because of the dominant durability aspect serviceability checks may be relevant and may cover ULS-verifications. 3. Fatigue: Limitation of stress ranges from axial load fluctuations as well as oscillations from wind or wind-rain, see sections 8 and 9. 127( Due to the model uncertainties concerning the excitement mechanisms and the fatigue resistance of cables the fatigue check also presupposes a SLS-check, see section 7. (2) Depending on the type and system of the structure, and the effects of possible detension of a tensile component below a minimum stress (e.g. uncontrolled stability or fatigue or damages to structural or non structural parts), the tensile components are mostly preloaded by deformations imposed to the structure (prestressing). As a consequence the permanent actions are composed of actions from gravity loads G and prestress P, WKDW VKDOO EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D VLQJOH SHUPDQHQW DFWLRQ *3 WR ZKLFK WKH UHOHYDQW SDUWLDO IDFWRUV Gi should be applied, see section 5.

1. ULS:

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Final draft 13 February 2003

127( For other materials and ways of construction other rules for combination of G and P may apply. (3) Any attachments to prefabricated tensile components as saddles or clamps shall be designed for ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states using the hypothetical occurrence of breaking strength or proof strength of cables as actions, see section 6. For fatigue see EN 1993-1-9 127( Fatigue action on the ropes is controlled by the minimum radius in the saddle or anchorage area.

 $FWLRQV
 6HOIZHLJKW RI WHQVLOH FRPSRQHQWV

(1) The characteristic value of selfweight of tensile components and their attachments shall be determined from the cross-sectional make up and the density of the materials unless data are given in the relevant part of EN 12385. (2) For spiral strands, locked coil strands or structural wire ropes the following approximate expression for the nominal selfweight gk may be used: gk = w Am (2.1) where Am is the metallic cross-section in mm w [kN/(m mm)] is the unit weight that takes the weight densities of steel and of the corrosion protection system into account, see Table 2.2

(3)

Am may be determined from

Am =

d2 f 4

(2.2)

where d is the external diameter of rope or strand, including sheathing for corrosion protection if used f is the fill-factor, see Table 2.2

7DEOH  8QLW ZHLJKW Z DQG ILOOIDFWRUV I

Core wires + 1 layer zwires 1 Spiral strand ropes Full locked coil 2 ropes Strand wire ropes 3 with CWR 0,81 Fill factor f Number of wire layers around Core Core core wire wires + 2 wires + >2 layer zlayer z1 2 3-6 >6 wires wires 0,77 0,76 0,75 0,73 0,84 0,88 0,56 unit weight w 10-4

kN 2 m mm
0,83 0,83 0,93

(4)

For parallel wire ropes or parallel strand ropes the metallic cross section may be determined from Am = n a m (2.3)

where n is the number of identical wires or strands of which the rope is constituted am is the cross section of a wire (derived from its diameter) or a (prestressing) strand (derived from the appropriate standard)

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

(5) For group C tension components the self weight should be determined from the steel weight of individual wires or strands and the weight of the corrosion protection (HDPE, wax etc.)  (1)

:LQG DFWLRQV The wind effects taken into account shall include:

the static effects of wind drag on the cables, see EN 1991-1-4, including deflections and possible resulting bending effects near the ends of the cable, aerodynamic and other excitation leading to possible oscillation of the cables, see section 8. ,FH ORDGV For ice loading see Annex B to EN 1993-3-1. 7KHUPDO DFWLRQV

 (1) 

(1) The thermal actions to be taken into account shall include the effects of differential temperatures between the cables and the rest of the structure. (2) For a cable in a structure exposed to weather conditions the actions from differential temperature according to EN 1991-1-5 should be used.  3UHVWUHVVLQJ

(1) The preloads in cables shall be determined such, that when all the permanent actions are applied, the structure adopts the required geometric profile and stress distribution. (2) To ensure this objective, facilities for prestressing and for adjustment of the cables shall be provided and the characteristic value of the preload shall be taken as required to achieve the objective of (1) at the limit state under consideration. (3) If adjustment of the cables is not provided allowance shall be made, in calculating the design values of the total effects of the permanent actions and preload for the range of error that may occur in the prestressing together with any errors that may arise in the precamber of the structure. 127( From a sensivity check tolerances may be derived.  5RSH UHPRYDO DQG UHSODFHPHQW

(1) The replacement of any one rope should be taken into account in the design in a transient design situation. 127( The National Annex may define the transient loading conditions and partial factors for replacement. (2) A sudden removal of any one rope should be taken into account in the design in an accidental design situation. 127(  The National Annex may define where such an accidental design situation applies and also give the protection aims and loading conditions. 127(  In the absence of a more exact analysis the dynamic effect of a sudden removal may conservatively be allowed by using the design effect Ed = k Ed2 - Ed1 where k = 1,5 to 2,0 Ed1 represents the design effects with all cables intact; (2.4)

3DJH  SU(1   [[ Ed2 represents the design effects with the relevant cable removed.  (1) )DWLJXH ORDGV For fatigue loads see EN 1991.

Final draft 13 February 2003

 'HVLJQ VLWXDWLRQV DQG SDUWLDO IDFWRUV

 7UDQVLHQW GHVLJQ VLWXDWLRQ GXULQJ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ SKDVH

(1) For the construction phase the partial factor for permanent loads (G+P) may be adapted to the particular design situation and limit state model. 127( 7KH 1DWLRQDO $QQH[ PD\ GHILQH SDUWLDO IDFWRUV YDOXHV G are
G G

for the construction phase. Recommended

= 1,10 for a short time period (only a few hours) for the instalment of first strand in strand by strand installations = 1,20 for the instalment of other strands = 1,00 for favourable effects.

G G

 (1)

3HUVLVWHQW VLWXDWLRQV GXULQJ VHUYLFH )RU WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI 8/6 6/6 DQG IDWLJXH SDUWLDO IDFWRUV
M

may be dependant on

the severeness of the test conditions for qualification tests the measures to suppress bending effects with model uncertainties. 127( ,QGLFDWLRQV IRU
M

values are given in section 6.

 0DWHULDO
 6WUHQJWK RI VWHHOV DQG ZLUHV
(1) The characteristic values fy and fu for steels and f0,2 or f0,1 and fu for wires shall be taken from the relevant technical specifications. 127(  For steels see EN1993-1-1 and EN1993-1-4. 127(  For wires see EN 10264, Part 1 to Part 4. 127(  For ropes see EN 12385, Part 4 and Part 10. 127(  For terminations see EN 13411-3. 127(  For strands see EN 10138-3. 127(  The National Annex may give a maximum value fu for durability reasons. The following values are recommended:

steel wires

round wires: nominal tensile grade: 1770 N/mm Z-wires: nominal tensile grade: 1570 N/mm

stainless steel wires: round wires: nominal tensile grade: 1450 N/mm

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

 0RGXOXV RI HODVWLFLW\

 7HQVLRQ URG V\VWHPV *URXS $

(1) The modulus of elasticity for tension rod systems may be taken as E = 210000 N/mm ; for tension rod systems made of stainless steels see EN 1993-1-4.  5RSHV *URXS %

(1) The modulus of elasticity for locked coil strands, bundles of strands, bars and wires should be derived from tests. 127(  The modulus of elasticity can depend on the stress level and whether the cable is subject to first loading or repeated loading. 127(  The modulus of elasticity for locked coil strands, strands or bundles of strands, bars and wires is multiplied with the metallic cross section Am to obtain the tension stiffness of the cable. (2) The modulus of elasticity used for structural analysis for persistent design situations during service should be obtained for each cable type and diameter by measuring the secant modulus after a sufficient number (at least 5) load cycles between Finf and Fsup to get stable values. Herein Finf is the minimum cable force under characteristic permanent and variable actions. Fsup is the maximum cable force under characteristic permanent and variable actions. (3) For short test samples (sample length  [ OD\ OHQJWK D VPDOOHU FUHHS WKDQ IRU ORQJ FDEOHV VKRXOG EH expected. 127(  In the absence of more accurate values this effect may be taken into account in cutting to length by applying an additional shortening of 0,15 mm/m. 127(  Notional values of moduli of elasticity for first estimations when test results are not available are given in Table 3.1. For further information see EN 10138.

7DEOH  1RWLRQDO YDOXHV IRU WKH PRGXOXV RI HODVWLFLW\ (4 LQ WKH UDQJH RI YDULDEOH ORDGV 4
High strength tension component 1 2 3 4 5 6 Spiral strand ropes Full locked coil ropes Strand wire ropes with CWR Strand wire ropes with CF Bundle of parallel wires Bundle of parallel strands EQ [kN/mm] stainless steel wires steel wires 150 10 130 10 160 10 100 10 90 10 80 10 205 5 195 5

127(  Notional values for the modulus of elasticity E for the design of full locked coil ropes for bridges are given in Figure 3.1. These estimations apply to cyclic loading and unloading between 30 % and 40 % of the calculative breaking strength Fuk.

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Final draft 13 February 2003

G+P G+P + Q
Q EQ

limiting value mean value

G+P stress under characteristic permanent actions maximum stress under characteristic variable actions modulus of elasticity for persistent design situations during service

EG+P modulus of elasticity for an appropriate analysis for transient design situations during construction phase up to permanent load G+P EA modulus of elasticity for cutting to length

)LJXUH  1RWLRQDO YDOXHV RI PRGXOXV RI HODVWLFLW\ ( IRU WKH GHVLJQ RI IXOO ORFNHG FRLO URSHV IRU EULGJHV
127(  As non prestretched cables of group B exhibit both elastic and permanent deformations in the first loading it is recommended to prestretch such cables before or after installation by cyclic loading by up to 0,45uk. For cutting to length cables should be prestreched, with a precision depending on adjustment possiblities. 127(  For Figure 3.1 the following assumptions apply:

the lay length is above 10 the diameter the minimum value of stress is 100 N/mm

The minimum value of stress is the lower bound of the elastic range.  %XQGOHV RI SDUDOOHO ZLUHV RU VWUDQGV *URXS &

(1) The modulus of elasticity for bundles of parallel wires and strands may be taken from EN 10138 or Table 3.1.

 7KHUPDO H[SDQVLRQ FRHIILFLHQW

(1) The thermal expansion coefficient shall be taken as
T T

= 12 10-6 K-1 = 16 10-6 K-1

for steel wires for stainless steel wires

(3.1)

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

 &XWWLQJ WR OHQJWK RI WHQVLRQ FRPSRQHQWV *URXS %

(1) (2)

Strands may be marked to length only for cutting at a prescribed cutting load. For an exact cutting to length the following data should be considered: measured values of the elongation between A and G+P after cyclic loading according to 3.2.2(2) difference between design temperature (normally 10) and ambient temperature when cutting to length if the length is measured by temperature invariant measurement devices like fixed marks, invar measure tapes etc. long term cable creep under loads additional elongation of cable after installation of cable clamps setting of the pouring cone after cooling of molten metal and after initial load is applied. 127( The cable creep and cone setting will take place after a certain time and loading in the structure, so that higher loads may be needed during erection as the cable creep has not finished yet.

 /HQJWKV DQG IDEULFDWLRQ WROHUDQFHV

(1) The total length and all measuring points for the attachment of saddles and clamps should be marked under defined preload. 127( Additional control markings allows for a later check of exact length after parts have been installed. (2) The fabrication tolerances shall be considered after prestretching and cyclic loading and unloading.

(3) When structures are sensitive to deviations from nominal geometrical values (e.g. by creep), adjusting devices should be provided.

 )ULFWLRQ FRHIILFLHQWV

(1) For the friction between full locked coil cables and steel attachments (clamps, saddles, fittings) the IULFWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW VKRXOG EH GHWHUPLQHG IURP WHVWV ,Q WKH DEVHQFH RI WHVWV = 0,1 may be used. (2) For other types of cables the friction coefficient should be determined from tests, see Annex A.

 'XUDELOLW\ IRU ZLUHV DQG URSHV  VWUDQGV

 *HQHUDO
(1) Because of the crucial importance of corrosion protection for the safety of ropes with exposure classes 2, 4 and 5 according to Table 2.1 the corrosion protection barrier of a cable should be composed of the following measures: 1. Corrosion protection of each individual wire 2. Corrosion protection of the rope interior with inner filler to avoid the ingress of moisture. 3. Corrosion protection of rope surface (2) The tension components of group C according to Table 1.1 should have two independent corrosion protection barriers with an interface or inner filler between the barriers. (3) At clamps and anchorages additional corrosion measures should be applied at the structure to prevent water penetration.

3DJH  SU(1   [[ (4) Also basic rules for transport, storage and handling should be observed. 127( See Annex B.

Final draft 13 February 2003

 &RUURVLRQ SURWHFWLRQ RI HDFK LQGLYLGXDO ZLUH

(1) All steel wires of group B and C should be coated with zinc or zinc alloy.

(2) For group B zinc or zinc alloy coating for round wires should be in accordance with EN 10264-2, class A. Shaped wires should comply with EN 10264-3, class A. 127( Z-shaped wires generally are heavy galvanized with a coating thickness up to 300g/m to allow for thickness reduction on sharp corners. (3) Zinc-aluminised wires (Zn95Al5) provide much improved corrosion protection than heavy galvanizing with the same coating thickness. Round and Z-shaped wires can be coated with a Zn95Al5 basis weight. (3) For group C wires should comply with EN 10138.

 &RUURVLRQ SURWHFWLRQ RI WKH URSH  VWUDQG  FDEOH LQWHULRU

(1) All interior voids of the cables should be filled with an active or passive inner filling that should not be displaced by water, heat or vibration. 127(  Active fillers are suspensions of zinc in polyurethane-oil. 127(  Passive inner fillers can be permanent elastic-plastic wax or aluminium flake in hydrocarbon resin. 127(  Inner filling applied during stranding of cable can extrude when cable is loaded (bleeding). 127(  When selecting the appropriate inner filling any possible incompatibility with other corrosion protection components applied to the cable later, should be checked.

 &RUURVLRQ SURWHFWLRQ RI WKH VXUIDFH RI VLQJOH VWUDQGV FDEOHV RU URSHV DQG FRPSRQHQWV
(1) After the installation of the cables and the erection of the structure in general an additional corrosion protection on ropes and cables need to be applied to compensate for damaging of the initial corrosion protection and for the expense of zinc. 127( This protection may consist of polyethylene sheathing or zinc loaded paint. For polyethylene, the minimum thickness is equal to the strand outer diameter divided by 15 and shall not by less than 3 mm. The following minimum layer thicknesses may be applied to paints:

 SULPH FRDWV 3RO\XUHWKDQH ZLWK ]LQF GXVW  P HDFK  ILQLVKLQJ FRDWV 3RO\XUHWKDQH ZLWK LURQ PLFD  P HDFK

(2) The choice of cables with stainless steel wires and stainless steel terminations without additional corrosion protection should comply with the relevant corrosion resistance class. 127(  The National Annex may specify the corrosion resistance classes for stainless steel. 127(  The zinc-aluminium eutectoid of Zn95Al5-coated wires provides an up to 3 times better resistance compared with heavy zinc coated wires under equal conditions. 'UDIW QRWH To be coordinated with EN 1993-1-4 / EN ISO 12944-2.

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

 &RUURVLRQ SURWHFWLRQ RI EXQGOHV RI SDUDOOHO ZLUHV RU EXQGOHV RI SDUDOOHO VWUDQGV

(1) Cables formed as parallel wire strands should normally be sheathed using steel or polyethylene tube complying to relevant standards with the space between the inside of the sheath and the cable then filled with a suitable corrosion protection compound or cement grout. (2) Alternatively polyethylene sheathing extruded directly or epoxy coating over the individual strands or cables may be used. (3) The sheaths used for sheathed strand should be made completely impermeable at the connections to the anchorages. The joints shall be designed so that they do not break, when the sheath is subjected to tension. (4)

Void fillers should be continuous hydrophobic material with no detrimental interaction with the main tensile elements. 127(  Continuous hydrophobic materials are soft fillers as grease, wax or soft resin or hard fillers as cement if their suitability is proved by tests. The choice of materials may be given in the National Annex.

circulation of dry air or nitrogen. 127(  Corrosion protection of main cables of suspension bridges requires a special approach. After compacting the main cable into a cross-sectional area as small as possible the cable gets a close wrapping with tensioned galvanized soft wire laid in a suitable paste sufficient to fill completely the voids between the outer cable wires and the wrapping wire. After removal of the surplus paste from outside of the wrapping wire the zinc coated surface is cleaned and subsequently painted. Special treatment is required for suspension bridge cable achorages where the wrapping wire is removed. Dehuminification of the air around the wires is a common method of protection.

 &RUURVLRQ SURWHFWLRQ PHDVXUHV GLUHFWO\ DW WKH VWUXFWXUH

(1) Provision should be taken to prevent rain water running down the cable from entering at clamps, saddles and anchorings. (2) Therefore the transitions cable/component shall be sealed carefully with permanent elastic material. Also gaps between clamps should be sealed as well.

 6WUXFWXUDO DQDO\VLV RI FDEOH VWUXFWXUHV

 *HQHUDO
(1) The analysis should be made for the relevant design situations

1. for the transient construction phase 2. for the persistent service conditions after completion of the construction for the limit states considered.

 7UDQVLHQW GHVLJQ VLWXDWLRQV GXULQJ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ SKDVH

(1) The confectioning of cables, the geometry of the structure, and the construction process with prestressing shall be planned such, that the conditions for prestress and selfweight satisfy the following conditions:

attainment of the required geometric form

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Final draft 13 February 2003

attainment of a permanent stress situation that satisfied the serviceability and ultimate limit state conditions for all design situations.

(2) For complying with control measures (e.g. measurements of shape, gradients, deformations frequencies or forces) all calculations should be carried out with characteristic values of permanent loads, imposed deformations and any imposed action step by step to achieve the final required permanent stage. (3) When nonlinear action effects from deformations are significant during construction these effects shall be taken into account, see 5.4. (4) Where ultimate limit states during prestressing are controlled by differential effects of the action G and P (e.g. for concrete parts), the partial factor P = 1,00 should be applied to P.

 3HUVLVWHQW GHVLJQ VLWXDWLRQ GXULQJ VHUYLFH

(1) For any persistent design situation during the service phase the permanent actions G from gravity and preloads or prestressing P shall be combined in a single permanent action G + P corresponding to the permanent shape of the structure. (2) For the verification of serviceability limit states the action G + P shall be included in the relevant combination of action; for the verification of the ultimate limit states EQU or STR (see EN 1990) the SHUPDQHQW DFWLRQV *  3 VKDOO EH PXOWLSOLHG ZLWK WKH SDUWLDO IDFWRU G sup, when the effects of permanent action and of variable actions are unfavourable. In case the permanent actions G + P are favourable they VKRXOG EH PXOWLSOLHG ZLWK WKH SDUWLDO IDFWRU G inf. (3) When nonlinear action effects from deformations are significant during service these effects shall be taken into account, see 5.4.

 1RQOLQHDU HIIHFWV IURP GHIRUPDWLRQV

 *HQHUDO

(1) For structures with tension components the effects of deformations from catenary effects and shortening and lengthening of the components including creep shall be taken into account.  &DWHQDU\ HIIHFWV

(1) Catenary effects may be taken into account by applying to each cable or segment of cable the effective modulus

Et =

E w 2 l2 E 1+ 12 3

(5.1)

E is the modulus of elasticity of the cable w is the unit weight according to Table 2.2 is the horizontal span of the cable is the stress in the cable. For situations according to 5.3 it is G+P .  (IIHFWV RI GHIRUPDWLRQV RQ WKH VWUXFWXUH

(1) For the application of 2nd order analysis deformations due to variable loads should refer to the initial geometrical form of the structure required for the permanent loading corresponding to G + P for a given temperature T0. (2) For the 2nd order calculations for serviceability limit states and for sublinear behaviour in ultimate limit states the characteristic load combination may be applied to determine the action effects.

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

(3) For 2nd order calculations for overlinear behaviour of structures in ultimate limit states the required permanent geometrical form of the structure at the reference temperature T0 may be associated with the stress VLWXDWLRQ IURP G (G + P) and design values of variable actions Q Q k1 + Q 2 Q k 2 may be applied together with appropriate assumptions for imperfections of the structure.

 8OWLPDWH OLPLW VWDWHV

 7HQVLRQ URG V\VWHPV
(1) Tension rod systems should be designed for ULS according to EN 1993-1-1 or EN 1993-1-4 depending on the steel used.

 5RSHV DQG SUHVWUHVVLQJ EDUV

(1) For the ultimate limit state it shall be verified that

FEd 1 FRd
where FEd is the design value of the axial rope force FRd is the design value of tension resistance.

(6.1)

(2) The design value of the tension resistance FRd shall be determined from the characteristic value of the breaking strength Fuk and the characteristic value of ther proof strength Fk.

F F FRd = min uk ; k 1,5 R R

where Fuk Fk is the characteristic value of the breaking strength,

(6.2)

is the characteristic value of the 0,2% proof strength F0,2k or of the 0,1% proof strength F0,1k determined according to the requirement of the standard relevant for the tension component, e.g. by testing for ropes or by calculation for bars, is the partial factor.

127(  Fuk corresponds to the characteristic value of the ultimate tensile strength. 127(  Table 6.1 gives information on the proof strength Fk relevant for the tension component.

7DEOH  *URXSV RI WHQVLRQ FRPSRQHQWV DQG UHOHYDQW SURRI VWUHQJWK

Group relevant standard proof strength Fk A EN 10138-1 F0,1k *) B EN 10264 F0,2k C EN 10138-1 F0,1k *) For prestressing bars see EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-4 127(  Fk is not directly related to ULS. By the check against Fk it is verified that the rope will remain elastic even when the actions attain their design value. For ropes (e.g. full locked coil ropes) where Fk

Fuk this check is not relevant. 1,50

127(  By tests on delivery it is demonstrated that the experimental values Fuke and Fke satisfy the requirement

3DJH  SU(1   [[ Fuke > Fuk , Fke > Fk , see EN 12385, Part 1.

Final draft 13 February 2003

127(  7KH SDUWLDO IDFWRU R may be determined in the National Annex. It may be dependent on whether or not measures are applied at the rope ends to reduce bending moments from cable rotations, see 7.1 7KH YDOXHV IRU R in Table 6.2 are recommended.

7DEOH  5HFRPPHQGHG 5 YDOXHV

Detailing measures to suppress bending stresses ahead of anchorage Yes No
R

0,90 1,00

(3) For prestressing bars and group C tension components the characteristic value of the calculative breaking strength should be determined from Fuk = Am fuk where Am is the metallic cross-section, see 2.3.1 fuk is the characteristic value of the tensile strength of rods, wires or (prestressing) strands of which the tension component is constituted according to the relevant standard (4) For group B tension components Fuk should be calculated as Fuk = Fmin ke where Fmin is determined according to EN 12385-2 as (6.4) (6.3)

Fmin =

K d2 R r 1000

[KN]

(6.5)

where K is the minimum breaking force factor taking account of the spinning loss, d is the nominal diameter of the rope Rr is the rope grade ke is given in Table 6.3 for some types of end terminations 127( K, d, Rr are specified for all ropes in the EN 12385-2.

7DEOH  /RVV IDFWRUV NH

Type of termination Loss factor ke Metal filled socket 1,0 Resin filled socket 1,0 Ferrule-secured eye 0,9 Swaged socket 0,9 U-bolt grip 0,8 *) *) For U-bolt grip a reduction of preload is possible.

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

 6DGGOHV
 *HRPHWULFDO FRQGLWLRQV

(1) In order to reduce the characteristic breaking resistance of strand or rope by no more than 3%, the saddle should be proportioned as shown in Figure 6.1. Where the following conditions are satisfied stresses due to curvature of wires may be neglected in the design.

a)
)L2 $ 0.03 L 2 )L2

L2

)L 2

b) d

T 1

T1

r2
T2

r1 $ 30 d saddle 2
  /

T2

e 1

r2$ 20 mm

FDEOH VDGGOH OHQJWK RI VWUDQG EHWZHHQ WKH WZR WKHRUHWLFDO SRLQWV RI WDQJHQF\ 7 XQGHU XQIDYRXUDEOH FKDUDFWHULVWLF ORDGV LQFOXGLQJ FDWHQDU\ HIIHFWV / DGGLWLRQDO OHQJWK RI ZUDS

)LJXUH  5DGLL RI VDGGOH DQG GHILQLWLRQ RI EHGGLQJ

(2) The radius of the saddle should be r1 G RU U1 , whichever is greater, where is the diameter of wire. (3) The radius may be reduced to r1 G ZKHQ WKH EHGGLQJ RI WKH URSH RQ DW OHDVW  performed by soft metal or spray zinc coating with a minimum thickness of 1 mm. (4) Smaller radii may be used for spiral ropes where justified by tests. 127( The position of the points T1 and T2 should be determined for the relevant load cases taking the movement of bearings and cables (catenary) into account.  (1) 6OLSSLQJ RI FDEOHV URXQG VDGGOHV To ensure that slip does not occur it shall be verified that for the highest value of the ratio RI WKH GLDPHWHU LV

F max Ed1 FEd 2

(6.6)

where FEd1 and FEd2 are the design values of the greater and smaller force in the cable on either side of the saddle the following equation is satisfied:
F max Ed1 e M ,fr FEd 2

(6.7)

where

is the coefficient of friction between cable and saddle

3DJH  SU(1   [[ is the angle in radians, of the cable passing over the saddle
M,fr

Final draft 13 February 2003

is the partial factor for friction.

Mfr

127( 7KH SDUWLDO IDFWRU recommended. (2)

PD\ EH JLYHQ LQ WKH 1DWLRQDO $QQH[ 7KH YDOXH

Mfr

= 1,65 is

If (1) is not satisfied, an additional radial force Fr should be provided by clamps such that

FEd1

k Fr Mfr

FEd 2
where k

M ,fr

(6.8)

is normally taken as 1,0 but may be taken as 2, if full friction can be guaranteed at both the saddle grooves and the clamp itself and Fr should not exceed the resistance of the cable to clamping forces, see 6.3.3

M,fr is the partial factor for friction resistance (3) In determining Fr from preloaded bolts the following effects should be considered:

a) long term creep b) reduction of diameter if tension is increased c) compaction/bedding down of cable or ovalisation d) reduction of preload in clamp bolts by external loads e) differential temperature.  (1) 7UDQVYHUVH SUHVVXUH The transverse pressure q due to the radial clamping force Fr should be limited to

q Ed 1 q Rd
where q Ed =

(6.9)

Fr with 0,6d d / d , see Figure 6.1b) / d L2

q Rk limit value of transverse pressure determined from tests M ,bed

q Rd =
M,bed

is the partial factor.

127( For calculating q the pressure from FEd1 need not be considered as it is limited by the rules in 6.3.1. (2) In the absence of tests values for qR the limit values of transverse pressure qRk are given in Table 6.4. 127(  The limit values qRk LQ FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK strength of the cable by no more than 3%.
M

= 1,00 would lead to a reduction of the breaking

7DEOH  /LPLW YDOXHV T5N

Type of cable Full locked coil rope Spiral strand rope Limit pressure qRk [N/mm] Steel clamps and saddles Cushioned clamps and saddles 40 100 25 60

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

127(  Cushioned clamps have a layer of soft metal or spray zinc coating with a minimum thickness of 1 mm.  'HVLJQ RI VDGGOHV

(1) Cable saddles should be designed for a cable force of k times the characteristic breaking strength Fuk of the cables. 127( The factor k may be specified in the National Annex. The value k = 1,05 is recommended.

 &ODPSV
 6OLSSLQJ RI FODPSV

(1) Where clamps shall transmit longitudinal forces to a cable and the parts are not mechanically keyed together, slipping shall be prevented by verifying

FEd | |

(F

Ed

+ Fr

M ,fr

(6.10)

where FEd | | is the component of external design load parallel to the cable

FEd is the component of the external design load perpendicular to the cable
Fr is the clamping force considered that may be reduced by items in 6.3.2(3) is the coefficient of friction
M,fr

is the partial factor for friction

M,fr

127( 7KH SDUWLDO IDFWRU M,fr = 1,65 is recommended.  (1) 6.3.3.  'HVLJQ RI FODPSV 7UDQVYHUVH SUHVVXUH

may be determined in the National Annex. The partial factor

For FEd or FEd + Fr (whichever is greater) the transverse pressure should be limited according to

(1) Clamps and their fittings, anchoring secondary elements (e.g. hangers) on a main cable (e.g. a suspension cable) shall be designed as for end terminations for the secondary element for a hypothetical force equivalent to the proof force Fk of the secondary element clamped, see Figure 6.2.

3DJH  SU(1   [[

1 2

Final draft 13 February 2003

FEd|| FEd

 SUHORDGHG EROWV  SUHORDG )U IURP SUHORDGHG EROWV

)LJXUH  &ODPS

127( Fk is not directly related to ULS. By the use of Fk capacity design is applied.

 6HUYLFHDELOLW\ OLPLW VWDWHV

 6HUYLFHDELOLW\ FULWHULD
(1) The following serviceability criteria should be considered. 1. Deformations or vibrations of the structure that may influence the design of the structure 2. The behaviour of high strength tension components themselves that are related to their elastic behaviour and durability (2) Limits for deformations or vibrations may result in stiffness requirement governed by the structural system, the dimensions and the preloading of high strength tension components, and by the slipping resistance of attachments. (3) Limits to retain elastic behaviours and durability are related to maximum and minimum values of stresses for serviceability load combinations. (4) Bending stresses in the anchorage zone may be reduced by constructive measures (e.g. noeprene pads for transverse loading).

 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV IRU VWUHVV OLPLWV

(1)

Stress limits may be introduced for rare load combinations for the following purposes: to keep stresses in the elastic range for the relevant design situations during construction and in the service phase, to limit strains controlling the durability behaviour and also cater for uncertainty in the fatigue design to sections 8 and 9, to cover ULS verifications for linear and sublinear (non linear) structural response to actions. Stress limits may be related to the breaking strength

(2)

uk =

Fuk Am

(7.1)

see equation (6.3).

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

127(  The National Annex may give values for stress limits fconst and fSLS. Recommended values for stress limits fconst are given in Table 7.1 for the construction phase and for stress limits fSLS in Table 7.2 for service conditions.

7DEOH  6WUHVV OLPLWV IFRQVW IRU WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ SKDVH

Conditions for erection using strand by strand installation First strand for only a few hours After instalment of other strands 127(  The stress limits follow from fconst.  
uk uk

f const =
with
R

uk 0,66 uk = 1,50 R F RF

F F

(7.2)

= 1,0 1,10 = 1,10 for short term situations = 1,0 1,20 = 1,20 for long term situations

7DEOH  6WUHVV OLPLWV IRU VHUYLFH FRQGLWLRQV

Model uncertainty for fatigue fSLS Fatigue design including bending stresses *)  uk Fatigue design without bending stresses  uk *) Bending stresses may be reduced by detailing measures, see 7.1(4). 127(  The stress limits follow from

f SLS =
with where

uk 0,66 uk = 1,50 R F RF
F F

(7.3)

R R F

= 0,9 1,48 = 1,33 with consideration of bending stresses = 1,0 1,48 = 1,48 without consideration of bending stresses = 1,50 1,48 
uk

127(  The stress limit fSLS

is used for testing, see Annex A.

 9LEUDWLRQV RI FDEOHV
 *HQHUDO
(1) For cables exposed to climatic conditions (e.g. for stay cables) the possibility of wind-induced vibrations during and after erection and their significance on the safety should be checked. (2) Dynamic wind forces acting on the cable may be caused by

a) buffeting (from turbulence in the on-coming air flow) b) vortex shedding (from von Karman vortexes in the wake behind the cable) c) galloping (self induction) d) wake galloping (fluid-elastic interaction of neighbouring cables) e) interaction of wind, rain and cable 127( Gallopping is not possible on a cable with a circular cross section for symmetry reasons. This phenomenon may arise on cables with shapes altered, due to ice, dust, helical shapes of cable etc.

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Final draft 13 February 2003

Forces due to c), d) and e) are a function of the motion of the cable (feedback) and due to ensuing aeroelastic instability lead to vibrations of large amplitudes starting at a critical wind speed. As the mechanism of dynamic excitation is not yet sufficiently modelled to make reliable predictions measures should be provided to limit unforeseen vibrations. (3) Cable vibrations may also be caused by dynamic forces acting on other parts of the structure (girder, pylon). 127( This phenomenon is often referred to as parametric excitation and is responsible for vibrations of large amplitudes in case of overlapping between stay eigenfrequencies and structure eigenfrequencies.

 0HDVXUHV WR OLPLW YLEUDWLRQV RI FDEOHV

(1) Cable structures should be monitored for excessive wind induced vibrations either by visual inspection or other methods that allow a more accurate determination of the involved amplitudes, modes and frequencies and the accompanying wind and rain characteristics. (2) Provisions should be made in the design of a cable structure to enable implementation of vibrationsuppressing measures during or after erection if unforeseen vibrations occur. (3) Such measures are:

a) modification of cable surface (aerodynamic contour) b) additional damping (e.g. by damping devices) c) stabilizing cables (e.g. by tie-down cables with appropriate connections)

 (VWLPDWLRQ RI ULVNV

127( The complexity of the physical phenomena involved means it is not always possible to assess the risk of cable stay vibration. Conversely, economic constraints prohibit specifying unnecessary preventive measures. The following rules are guides intended to help to reach a trade-off. (1) Rain-wind instability must systematically be prevented by design precautions; this involves cable stays with texturing. (2) The risk of vibration increases with cable stay length. Short cable stays (less than about 70 80 m) generally involve no risk, other than of parametric resonance in the case of a particularly unstable structure (poorly shaped and flexible deck). There is therefore generally no need to make provisions for dampers on short cable stays. (3) For long cable stays (more than 80 m), it is recommended that dampers be installed to obtain a damping ratio to critical greater that 0,5 %. It might be possible to dispense with dampers on the backspan cable stays if the spans are so short that there is likely no major displacement of anchorages. (4) The risk of parametric resonance should be assessed at the design stage by means of a detailed study of the eigenmodes of the structure and cable stays, involving the ratio of angular frequencies and anchorage displacement for each mode. (5) Everything should be done to avoid overlapping of frequencis, i.e. situations where the cable stays frequency of excitation is close to (within 20 % of) the structures frequency n or 2n. If necessary, stability cables can be used to offset the modal angular frequencies of the cable stays. (6) To ensure that users feel safe, the amplitude of cable stay vibration should be limited using a response criterion. E.g. with a moderate wind velocity of 15 m/s the amplitude of cable stay vibration shall not exceed L/500, where L is the cord length.

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

 )DWLJXH
 *HQHUDO
(1) The fatigue endurance of tension components according to classes 3, 4 or 5 to Table 2.1 shall be determined using the fatigue actions from EN 1991 and the appropriate category of structural detail. (2) Fatigue failure of cable systems usually occurs at, or is governed by the effects at anchorages, saddles or clamps. The effective category should preferably be determined from tests representing the actual configuration used and reproducing any flexural effect or transverse stresses likely to occur in practice. The test evaluation should be carried out according to EN 1990 Annex D.

 )OXFWXDWLQJ D[LDO ORDGV

(1) In the absence of the tests described in 9.1(2) above, fatigue strength curves according to Figure 9.1 may be used and the fatigue category of detail be taken as given in Table 9.1.
log R
1

4 1 6

2106

)LJXUH  )DWLJXH VWUHQJWK FXUYHV IRU WHQVLRQ FRPSRQHQWV 7DEOH  'HWDLO FDWHJRULHV IRU IDWLJXH VWUHQJWK DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH VWDQGDUG IDWLJXH VWUHQJWK FXUYHV LQ (1 
Group A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tension element Prestressing bars Fully locked coil rope with metal or resin socketing Spiral strands with metal or resin socketing Parallel wire strands with epoxy socketing Bundle of parallel strands Bundle of parallel 'HWDLO FDWHJRU\ 105 150 150 160 160 160
c

log NR

[N/mm]

127( The fatigue categories in Table 9.1 refer to exposure classes 3 and 4 according to Table 2.1 and to mainly axial fatigue action. For axial and lateral fatigue actions (exposure class 5 according to Table 2.1) additional constructive measures are required in order to minimise bending stresses in the anchorage zone. (2) The categories given in (1) are not valid unless the following conditions apply:

a) cables with sockets comply with the basic requirements in Annex A b) the design of cables, saddles and clamps complies with 6 c) serious aerodynamic oscillations of cables are prevented, see 8 d) adequate protection against corrosion is provided, see 4. (3) For fatigue assessments see EN 1993-1-9.

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Final draft 13 February 2003

$QQH[ $ >LQIRUPDWLYH@ 3URGXFW UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WHQVLRQ FRPSRQHQWV

$ 6FRSH
(1) This Annex gives the product requirements for tension components and their terminations to be used for buildings and civil engineering works. (2) The requirements depend on the particular use of the prefabricated tension component (environmental and loading condition). (3)

The following types of prefabricated tension components are included Group A: tension rod systems, bars Group C: bundles of parallel wires, bundles of bars, bundles of parallel strands

$ %DVLF UHTXLUHPHQWV

(1) Tension components should comply with the following basic points to be considered:

1. strength and ductility of the cable system and its terminations including durability, 2. fatigue resistance to axial load fluctuation plus bending stresses and angular deviations caused by catenary effects, wind forces and erection imperfections, 3. stable condition of axial and flexural stiffness of the cable system, 4. resistance to any corrosion action including environmental effects on corrosion barriers in the cable system and in particular in the region of anchorages, 5. resistance to fretting at any contact between steel parts. (2) Terminations and anchorages of the tension components shall be designed such that

1. the ultimate resistance of the tension component would be reached before any gross yielding or other permanent deformation of the anchoring or any bearing elements would occur, 2. their fatigue resistance exceeds that of the components, 3. facilities are available for providing adequate adjustment of the component length to meet the requirements for preload, geometrical tolerances etc., 4. sufficient articulation is provided in the anchorage to cater for manufacturing and erection imperfection, 5. the tension components are replaceable. (3)

These requirements shall be met by appropriate choice of materials as wires, strands, steels, protective materials, adequate make up and form of construction in view of strength, stiffness, ductility and durability as well as robustness for manufacturing, transport, handling and installation, quality control of termination fitting to ensure accurate alignment of cable.

(4) The fulfilment of the requirements shall be verified by initial tests for the system and test during the quality management.

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

$ 0DWHULDOV
(1) All materials used should comply with the relevant European technical specifications.

(2) The suitability of the corrosion protection system including the durability of filler and protection materials should be proved by appropriate testing. 127( The testing may prove the following basic functions:

protection against aggressive agents (chemicals, environmental stress cracking, UV, mechanical impacts) watertightness (flexibilty and durability when cable bends) durability of colour (if required)

$ 5HTXLUHPHQWV IRU WHVWV

$ *HQHUDO (1) The following tests on wire, strands, bars and complete cables shall ensure that they perform as required. (2) F0,1ke and Fuk,e (see 6.2) should be determined in a static tension tests. If necessary for cutting to length (see 3.4) and structural analysis (see 5) the test should follow the expected stress history of the cable in the structure for measuring all relevant data. (3) DW To determine the fatigue strength curve (if necessary) a sufficient number of axial tests should be done  uk (see 7.2(2)) with different values of F (force controlled, not R), see Table A.4.1. sup

7DEOH $ 6HYHULW\ FODVVHV IRU IDWLJXH ORDG

Type of test axial test 1 (class 3 and 4) axial and flexural test (class 5) n n
sup sup

Fatigue loading before fracture test  uk DFFRUGLQJ WR c given in Table 9.1 =0 = 2106 cycles  uk DFFRUGLQJ WR c given in Table 9.1 = 0 10 milliradians (0 0,7 degrees) = 2106 cycles

(4) If the tension component is used for a structure under fatigue loading and the fatigue resistance is verified according to 9.2(2) at least one test with each diameter should be carried out. It should be checked  c (see Table 9.1) after 2106 cycles the number of WKDW LQ DQ D[LDO WHVW ZLWK sup  uk and broken wires is < 2% of all wires. No failure shall occur in the anchorage material or in any component of the anchorage during the fatigue tests. No failure is acceptable for bars. (5) If the round out radius at the entrance of the cable in the socket is less than 30d the tests (2) and (3) have to be done as axial and flexural tests with the expected angle . (6) After fatigue loading, the test specimen shall be reloaded and shall develop a minimum tensile force equal to 92% of the actual tensile strength of the cable or 95% of the minimum uultimate tensile strength of the cable, whichever is greater. The strain at resistance must be 1,5%.

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Final draft 13 February 2003

(7) Fatigue tests in accordance with EN 10138 should be performed with single strands, wires or bars on samples taken from each manufactured length of prestressing steel. $ 0DLQ WHQVLRQ HOHPHQWV $ :LUHV (1) Wires after zinc coating if applicable should be tested in an approved testing machine.

$ 6WUDQGV (1) Tests should be carried out for tensile strength, 0,1% proof force and elongation according to EN 10138. (2) Deflective tensile strength: the reduction of tensile strength should be less than 20%.

$ %DUV (1) Tests should be carried out for tensile strength, 0,1% proof force and elongation according to EN 10138. $ 6WUDQGV DQG FRPSOHWH FDEOHV (1) If different sizes of one type of strand / rope are used at least 3 representative tests are required. Cables shall be tested with all load-bearing appurtenances and the test load be applied in the same way as in the structure. $ &RHIILFLHQW RI IULFWLRQ (1) If the coefficient of friction between strands and surfaces of saddles, clamps etc. is determined by testing

the effects of axial loads on the diameter of the strands, the creeping effects from transverse preloading (on filler material and zinc coating including possible ovalisation)

shall be taken into account. (2) In the evaluation of the test results due account shall be taken of the fact, that friction can be beneficial or adverse to an effect being considered. $ &RUURVLRQ SURWHFWLRQ $ :DWHUSURRILQJ (1) To prove the durability of the cable system a test set up with accelerated ageing for a complete sample of the lower end of the cable with all anchoring devices stay pipe etc. should be established in which cycles of axial loads and bending and temperature cycles can be simulated. 127( For test details see National Annex. $ &RUURVLRQ SURWHFWLRQ EDUULHUV 127( For test details, e.g. salt fog tests, see National Annex.

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

$QQH[ % >LQIRUPDWLYH@ 7UDQVSRUW VWRUDJH KDQGOLQJ

(1) Spiral strands and full locked coil cables are supplied in either coils or on reels.

(2) The minimum reeling diameter should not be below 30 times the rope diameter of full locked coil ropes, 24 times the rope diameter of spiral strand ropes and 16 times the diameter of stranded ropes to prevent possible tripping of the wire. 127( The minimum diameter depends on the protection system, storage time and temperature. Caution for unreeling at temperatures below 5 C. (3) If cables are stored in coils each coil should be properly ventilated (no direct ground contact) to prevent any formation of white blister which may be caused by condensation water. (4) Cables must be handled with utmost care when being installed. Coils require a turn-table for horizontal dereeling. (5)

The following general rules shall be observed: remove serving not before cable has been installed, have a bending radius not smaller than 30 cable diameter, do not bend cables, do not pull across sharp edges, neither twist or untwist cables (observe cable marking line).

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Final draft 13 February 2003

$QQH[ & >LQIRUPDWLYH@ *ORVVDU\

127( See EN 12385, Part 2.

& 3URGXFWV *URXS $

7HQVLRQ URG V\VWHP

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

& 3URGXFWV *URXS %

6SLUDO VWUDQG URSH

Construction Diameter ds [mm] Strand Wire per strand Outer wire per strand Nominal metallic area factor C Breaking force factor K

1 19 3 to 14 1 19 12 0,6 0,525

1 37 6 to 36 1 37 18 0,59 0,52

1 61 20 to 40 1 61 24 0,58 0,51

1 91 30 to 52 1 91 30 0,58 0,51

6WUDQG URSH

Construction Diameter ds [mm] Strand Wire per strand Outer wire per strand Nominal metallic area factor C Breaking force factor K

6 19 - CF 6 to 40 6 18 12 0,357 0,307

6 19 - CWS 6 to 40 6 18 12 0,414 0,332

6 36WS - CF 6 to 40 6 36 14 0,393 0,329

6 36 WS- CWR 6 to 40 6 36 14 0,455 0,355

)XOO ORFNHG FRLO URSH

Construction 1 layer Z-wires 2 layer Z-wires 3 layer Z-wires Diameter ds [mm] 20 to 40 25 to 50 40 to 180 Tolerance d +5% +5% +5% Nominal metallic area factor C 0,636 0,660 0,700 breaking force factor K 0,585 0,607 0,643 127( Nominal metallic area factor and breaking force factor acc. EN 12385-2

3DJH  SU(1   [[

Final draft 13 February 2003

& :LUH URSH HQG FRQQHFWRUV

:LUH URSH HQG FRQQHFWRUV  0HWDO RU UHVLQ VRFNHWLQJ DFF (1  Open spelter socket

Cylindrical socket Conical socket with internal thread and tension rod Cylindrical socket with external thread and nut Cylindrical socket with internal and external thread and nut Cylindrical socket with internal thread and tension rod

:LUH URSH HQG FRQQHFWRUV VZDJHG Open swaged socket Closed swaged socket Swaged fitting with thread Thimble with swaged aluminum ferrule acc. EN 13411-3 U-bolt grip acc. EN 13411-5 WR EH DGGHG ODWHU 

Final draft 13 February 2003

3DJH  SU(1   [[

& 3URGXFW *URXS &

%DUH VWUDQGV 3( RU HSR[\FRDWHG VWUDQGV Live end anchorage Live end anchorage Anchorage with wedges and postgrouted bond socket bare strands, PE- or epoxi-coated strands

Anchorage with wedges and sealing plates PE-coated strands

Anchorage with wedges and pregrouted pipe PE-coated strands

Anchorage with wedges and wax filled transition pipe PE-coated strands

:LUHV Live end anchorage Live end anchorage Anchorage with wires and compound filled socket

Anchorage with wires and button heads filled with epoxy resin

%DUV Live end anchorage Anchorage with single bar Anchorage with multiple bars and steel sheathing, grouted Live end anchorage