Lesson 1: Classifying Chemicals
Chemistry- the study of matter
Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter
Pure Substance
Elements
Compounds
Mixture
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Video: Bill Nye
[Link]
The states of matter are:
Solid (s) salt
Liquid (l) water
Gas (g) air
Properties of Matter
Can be
1. Physical describes appearance (color, hardness, state or texture)
2. Chemical describes how a substance reacts
Physical Change
- the substance stays the same
- easy to reverse
Examples
Changes of state ice to liquid water to steam
Dissolving- mixing salt in water
Chemical Changes
- the original substance is changed into a new substance
- irreversible
Clues of a chemical change:
1. Colour change
2. Heat or light is given off
3. Bubbles of gas are formed
4. A solid material (called a precipitate) forms in a liquid
5. Irreversible (burning).
Activity: Determining the Types and States of Matter
Lesson 2: The Periodic Table
On Periodic Table and using overhead:
1. Table of elements; symbols are used to represent the elements.
2. Elements are grouped: Metals
red dividing line
Non-metals
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Halogens
Noble gases
Activity:
Colour the families and make a key.
Identify elements and their families.
Memorize the names and symbols of the first 20 elements.
Highlight polyatomic ions.
Video: The Element Song
[Link] Lesson
3: Bohrs Model of the
Atom
Parts of the Atom
1. Proton (p+) - positive particle in the nucleus
2. Neutron (n0)- neutral particle in the nucleus
3. Electron (e-) - negative particle orbiting the nucleus
Each element has its own number of p+.
Diagram: Atom
Video: Venus Explains the Atom [Link]
v=hhbqIJZ8wCM
Atomic number
- the number of p+
- the whole number on the periodic table.
Atomic number = Number of protons
In a neutral atom, # of p+ = # of e-.
E.g.
1. Carbon has 6 p+, 6e2. Sulfur has 16 p+, 16eModel of the Atom
- shows where e- are in the atom
+
Positive
Nucleus
2e1st
8e2nd
8e3rd
orbit
orbit
orbit
Rules:
- e- fill the orbits in order (1, 2, then 3)
- each orbit must be full before filling the next orbit
Examples: (using Periodic Table and handout)
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
1p, 1e-
7p, 7e-
1p
1e-
7p
2-
5e-
Lesson 4: Forming Ions
Planning Notes:
Periodic Table and BR diagrams; demo- Li, Na, Ca, Cu in H 2O
Ions- form when a neutral atom gains or loses an e-.
lose egain ePositive ion Neutral atom Negative ion
E.g.: Using Models
1. Sodium 11p+, 11e-
Na: 11 p+ 11 +
Remove e- 10 eNet charge
1+
Symbol: Na1+ ionic charge sodium ion
2. Fluorine
2e- 8e- 1e- reacts to lose 1e- to have 8 e- in its outer orbit
9p, 9e-
2e- 7e-
- reacts to gain 1 eF:
9 protons 9 +
Add 1 e- 10 electrons
10 eNet charge 1 -Symbol: F1-
fluorine ion
ionic charge
Label the charges on the Periodic table: metals (1+, 2+) and non metals (3-, 2-, 1-).
Using the Periodic Table try:
1. Calcium
2. Aluminum
3. Phosphorus
Special Ions
Group B ions: Zn2+ (zinc), Ag1+ (silver)
Ions with more than one charge
copper (I) Cu1+
copper (II) Cu2+
iron (II) Fe2+
iron (III) Fe3+
tin (II) Sn2+
tin (IV) Sn4+
lead (II) Pb2+
lead (IV) Pb4+
Date: _______________
Periodic Table
Name: _______________
1. When a neutral atom loses an electron it becomes an ___________ . What is the charge on
the following elements when they become ions:
a. Ba _______
b. F_______ c. Mg _______
d. K _______ e. Br ______
2. Indicate the family for each element:
a. Ba _______________
b. I _________________
c. Rn __________________
d. K ________________
e. Br ________________
f. Rb ___________________
3. Fill in the following table.
Element
Symbol
Atomic
Number p+
Number
Hydrogen
Ne
13
Gold
Na
30
17
Kr
Potassium
29
4. List 3 types of chemical change and 3 types of physical change.
Chemical change
Physical change
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
Number e-
Lesson 5: Binary Ionic Compounds
Recall:
Ions- form when a neutral atom gains or loses an e-.
Binary Ionic compounds:
1. form between a positive ion (metal) and a negative ion (non metal)
2. result from a transfer of e- from the positive ion to the negative ion
Rules for Naming (Binary) Ionic Compounds
1. positive ion (metal) goes first; include Roman numerals if needed
2. negative ion (non metal) is second and change the ending to ide
3. overall charge on the compound must be zero
Eg:
1. sodium and chlorine
Na + Cl Na 1+ Cl 1-
NaCl
Crossover Rule for Ionic Formula (p.145)
1. Write symbol and charge of element
Al + S Al3+ S22. Drop charges only and crossover the number
Al3S2 Al2S3
3. Reduce to lowest common number& check
E.g.: Determine the chemical formula.
1. lithium and oxygen
Li1+ O2- Li2O lithium oxide
2. calcium iodide
Ca2+ I1- CaI2
Sodium chloride
For ions with more than 1 charge
To determine the formula
Copper (II) nitride Cu2+ + N3-Cu3N2
Iron (III) iodide
Fe3+ + I1- FeI3
To name the cmpd (compound)..
Cu2O
copper (I) oxide
E.g. Name the compound
1. MgCl2
magnesium chloride
2. Na2S
sodium sulfide
3. CuO
copper (II) oxide
4. Pb3N2
lead (II) nitride
Date: ___________
Binary Ionic Compounds
Name: ___________________
Use your periodic table to complete the questions below.
Name the compounds.
Determine the formula.
1. LiF
_____________________
1. sodium oxide ____ + ____ ___________
2. CaO
______________________
2. calcium nitride____ + ____ ___________
3. Na2S
______________________
3. lithium chloride____ + ____ ___________
4. AlCl3 ______________________
4. aluminum sulfide____ + ____ _________
5. Zn3N2 ______________________
5. zinc phosphide ____ + ____ ___________
6. MgBr2 ______________________
6. silver bromide ____ + ____ ___________
7. K2O
______________________
7. copper (II) fluoride ____ + ____ _______
8. CuCl2 ______________________
8. lead (IV) oxide ____ + ____ ___________
9. SnBr4
______________________
9. tin (II) bromide ____ + ____ __________
10. PbS2
______________________
10. iron (III) nitride ____ + ____ _________
11. Fe2O3 ______________________
11. magnesium sulphide ____ + __________
12. Mg3P2 ______________________
12. potassium phosphide ____ + __________
Lesson 6: Polyatomic Compounds
Polyatomic cmpds- contain more than 2 elements
Polyatomic ion- a group of atoms bonded together that carry a charge
Rules for Naming Polyatomic Cmpds:
1. Positive ion goes first; negative ion goes second
2. Do not change the name of the polyatomic ion
3. The total charge must add up to zero
4. Roman numerals are used for ions with more than one charge
5. Brackets are placed around the polyatomic ion if there is more
than on in the formula
Eg: Name the cmpd:
1. Na2CO3 sodium carbonate (washing soda)
2. Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
3. AgNO3 silver nitrate
4. CuSO4 copper (II) sulfate
5. Pb(NO3)2 lead (II) nitrate
Eg: Determine the formula
1. potassium hydroxide K1+ + OH1- KOH
2. sodium sulphate Na1+ + SO42- Na2SO4
3. calcium nitrate Ca2+ + NO31-Ca(NO3)2 brackets are for the
polyatomic ions only.
4. copper (II) hydroxide Cu2+ + OH1- Cu(OH)2
Date: ___________
Polyatomic Compounds
Name: ___________________
Use your periodic table to complete the questions below.
Name the compounds.
Determine the formula
1. MgSO4
_____________________
1. sodium sulphate____ + ____ __________
2. Na3PO4
_____________________
2. calcium carbonate ____ + ____ ________
3. Ca(NO3)2 ____________________
3. magnesium nitrate ____ + ____ ________
4. Ag2SO4
____________________
4. iron (II) nitrate ____ + ____ ___________
5. Zn(NO3)2 ____________________
5. zinc hydroxide ____ + ____ ___________
6. Cu(OH)2
____________________
6. tin (IV) nitrate____ + ____ ___________
7. Fe(OH)2
____________________
7. potassium phosphate____ + ____ _______
Lesson 5: Lab Activity: Testing for Ions
Chemical Names and Formula
Ionic Compounds
Write the formulas for the following compounds.
a. magnesium oxide
________________
b. sodium fluoride
_________________
c. aluminum nitride
________________
d. potassium sulfide
_________________
e. lead (IV) fluoride
________________
f. copper (I) bromide _________________
g. tin (II) iodide
________________
h. iron (II) oxide
_________________
Write the names for the following compounds.
a. MgS
___________________
b. CaO
____________________
c. KBr
___________________
d. BeF
____________________
e. PbS
___________________
f. SnO2
____________________
g. FeP
___________________
h. CuI
____________________
Polyatomic Compounds
Write the formulas for the following compounds.
a. magnesium sulfate ________________
b. calcium carbonate
_________________
c. aluminum nitrate
________________
d. potassium hydroxide_________________
e. lead (II) nitrate
________________
f. copper (I) nitrate
g. lithium phosphate
________________
h. iron (III) phosphate _________________
_________________
Write the names for the following compounds.
a. Li2CO3
___________________
b. CuNO3
____________________
c. K2SO4
___________________
d. NaOH
____________________
e. Pb3(PO4)2
___________________
f. Sn(ClO3)2
____________________
g. Al(OH)3
___________________
h. FeSO4
____________________
Lesson 6: Binary Molecular Compounds
Planning Notes:
1.
Demo: salt and sugar
2.
Nomenclature Bingo
Molecular (Covalent) Bonds
- formed when e- are shared by atoms no ions.
- formed between non-metal elements only.
- cmpds containing covalent bonds are called molecules.
Atom 1
e-
Atom 2
shared eDiatomic molecules, when alone, always come in pairs.
E.g.: Cl2, O2, N2, H2, F2, Br2, I2 (upside L; gen)
Nomenclature for Molecular Compounds (2 elements)
1. A prefix is used to indicate the number of atoms in the formula
1 - mono (used on second element only)
2 - di
3 - tri
4 - tetra
5 - penta
6 - hexa
7 - hepta
8 - octa
2. The second element ends in ide
E.g.
1. sulfur trioxide SO3
2. dinitrogen monoxide N2O
3. carbondisulfide CS2
4. CO carbon monoxide
5. CCl4 carbon tetrachloride
Date: __________
Determine the Formula
Name: _________________
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Binary Ionic Compounds
1. zinc chloride
________ + ________ _________________
2. sodium sulphide
________ + ________ _________________
3. iron (III) bromide
________ + ________ _________________
4. magnesium fluoride ________ + ________ _________________
5. tin (IV) nitride
________ + ________ _________________
6. aluminum oxide
________ + ________ _________________
7. copper (I) phosphide
________ + ________ _________________
Polyatomic Compounds
1. lithium sulfate
________ + ________ _________________
2. calcium carbonate
________ + ________ _________________
3. aluminum sulfate
________ + ________ _________________
4. iron (II) nitrate
________ + ________ _________________
5. sodium phosphate
________ + ________ _________________
6. tin (II) hydroxide
________ + ________ _________________
7. ammonium carbonate________ + ________ _________________
Binary Molecular Compounds
1. sulphur trioxide
___________________
2. carbon tetrachloride
___________________
3. dinitrogen monoxide
___________________
4. phosphorus pentafluoride
___________________
5. carbon dioxide
___________________
Lesson 7: Law of Conservation
Lab: Conservation of Mass
Lesson 8: Law of Conservation of Mass and Balancing Equations
Planning Notes:
1. Jujubes
2. HO- Balancing Equations
Law of Conservation of Mass
In a chemical reaction, the mass of the reactants (R) always equals the
mass of the products (P).
All the atoms present at the beginning of the reaction are present after
the reaction they are only rearranged.
E.g.
1. C (s)+ O2(g) CO2(g)
O + O-O O-O-O
Count atoms: R P
C
1
1
O
2
2
2. H2 +
O2 H2O
O-O + O-O O-O-O
Count atoms: one O left over need another H2 (cant change the
formula)
O-O O-O-O
Count atoms: R
P
H
4
4
O
2
2
Balanced equation: 2H2 + O2 2H2O
coefficient(show how much there is of a substance)
Balanced equation
- is an equation where the R and P have equal number of atoms of
each type of element.
Balance:
E.g.
1. ____ C + ____ Cl2____ CCl4
2. ____ Li + ____ Br2 ____ LiBr
3. ____ CaO + ____CO2 ____ CaCO3
HW:
1. Handout- Balancing Equations
Balancing Equations
Use only coefficients to balance the following equations.
1. ____ Mg +
2. ____ H2 +
____O2 ____ MgO
____ I2
____ HI
3. ____ C + ____F2 ____ CF4
4. ____ HgO ____ Hg + ____ O2
5. ____ Al + ____O2 ____ Al2O3
6. ____ Cl2 + ____ NaBr ____ NaCl + ____ Br2
7. ____ Mg +
____HCl ____ MgCl2 + ____ H2
8. ____ SiCl4 + ____H2O ____ SiO2 + ____HCl
9. ____ Cu + ____ AgNO3 ____ Ag + ____ Cu(NO3)2
10.____ Na2SO4 + ____CaCl2 ____NaCl + ____ CaSO4
11. ____KNO3 + ____BaCl2 ____ KCl + ____ Ba(NO3)2
12.
____ Fe +
____ O2 ____ Fe2O3
Lesson 9:
Writing Balanced Molecular Equations
Recall:
1. diatomic molecules- upside down L; gens
2. polyatomic ions- on the back of the periodic table
3. naming rules for binary ionic, polyatomic and binary molecular
compounds
Word Equation- chemistry written in words; convert the words into
chemistry.
Skeleton Equation- replace words with chemical formulas
Balanced Equation- balance atoms of reactants and products
Process:
E.g.:
1. Word Equation: Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon
monoxide.
carbon + oxygencarbon monoxide
reactants
products
2. Skeleton Equation: C+ O2CO
3. Balanced Equation: ___ C + ____ O2____CO
E.g.
1. zinc + tin (IV) chloride zinc chloride + tin
SE: Zn + SnCl4 ZnCl2 + Sn
BME: 2 Zn + SnCl4 2 ZnCl2 + Sn
2. silver nitrate + sodium chloride silver chloride + sodium nitrate
AgNO3 + NaClAgCl + NaNO3
Date: ______________
Writing Equations
Name: _______________
Write out the balanced equations from the word equations.
1. WE: silver oxide silver + oxygen
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________
2. WE: iron + copper (II) chloride iron (II) chloride + copper
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________
3. WE: barium oxide + sulfur trioxide barium sulphate
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________
4. WE: calcium + oxygen calcium oxide
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________
5. WE: calcium oxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________
3. WE: sodium + phosphorous sodium phosphide
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 10: Types of Reactions
1. Synthesis Reactions
element + element small cmpd
small cmpd + small cmpd larger cmpd
Pattern: A + B AB
O + O OO
Demo: burn magnesium
magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide
2 Mg (s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s) ** use proper nomenclature &
balance**
2. Decomposition Reactions
binary cmpd element + element
larger cmpd small cmpd + small cmpd
Pattern: AB A + B
OO O + O
2H2O (l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
3. Single Displacement
element + cmpd element + cmpd
Pattern: A + BC AC + B
O + OO OO + O
Demo: copper wire and silver nitrate
copper + silver nitrate copper (II) nitrate + silver
Cu + 2 AgNO3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2 Ag
4.
Double Displacement
cmpd + cmpdnew cmpd + new cmpd
Pattern: AB + CD
AD + CB
OO + OO
OO + OO
compounds switch partners
Demo: lead (II) nitrate + potassium iodide lead (II) iodide +
potassium nitrate
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI PbI2 + 2 KNO3
Types of Reactions
Write the balanced equation and identify whether the reaction is a combination,
decomposition, single displacement, or double displacement.
zinc + copper (II) chloride zinc chloride + copper
______________
2. magnesium carbonate magnesium oxide + carbon dioxide
______________
3. zinc nitrate + sodium sulphide zinc sulphide + sodium nitrate
______________
4. lithium oxide + sulphur dioxide lithium sulphite
______________
5. silver chloride silver + chlorine
______________
6. calcium + oxygen calcium oxide
______________
7. chlorine + potassium iodide potassium chloride + iodine
______________
1.
8. iron (III) sulphate + sodium chloride sodium sulphate + iron (III) chloride
______________
Name: __________ Types of Chemical Equations Date: ___________
Balance the equations using coefficients only. On the line, write the type of reaction
(synthesis, decomposition, single displacement or double displacement).
Type of reaction
1.___Ag2O ___ Ag + ___ O2
______________________
2. ___Fe + ___CuCl2___FeCl2 + ___Cu
______________________
3. ___BaO + ___SO3___BaSO4
______________________
4.___NH4NO3___H2O + ___N2O
______________________
5.___BaCl2+___K2SO4___BaSO4 +___KCl
______________________
6. ___Li2O + ___H2O ___LiOH
______________________
7. ___CaBr2 +___Na2CO3___CaCO3 +___NaBr
______________________
8. ___Cl2 + ___CaBr2___CaCl2 + ___Br2
______________________
9.___Pb(NO3)2 + ___NaCl ___NaNO3 +___PbCl2
______________________
10. ___Na + ___Cl2___NaCl
______________________
11. ___KClO3___KCl + ___O2
______________________
12. ___Mg + ___AgNO3___Mg(NO3)2 + ___Ag
______________________
Word Equations: Types of Reactions
Complete the word equations and determine the type of reaction. Do not write the balanced equation.
1. magnesium + aluminum chloride
2. barium nitrate + sodium carbonate
3. chlorine + lithium iodide
4. potassium sulphate + copper (II) bromide
5. zinc + iron (III) nitrite
Textbook
Lesson 11: Lab- Types of Reactions
Lesson 12: Acids and Bases
Properties of Acids
- taste sour
- has a H in the formula
- corrosive; reacts with certain metals
- conduct electricity
- turns litmus from blue to red
Name
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Acetic acid
Chemical
Formula
HCl
H2SO4
H3PO4
HC2H3O2
Use
- stomach acids, glass etching
- car batteries, detergents
- sour taste in pop and candy
- vinegar
Properties of Bases
taste bitter
feel slippery
can be corrosive
- turns litmus from red to blue
- usually contain hydroxide ions (OH1-)
Name
Sodium hydroxide
Magnesium
hydroxide
Calcium
hydroxide
Video: Acids and Bases
Chemical Formula
Use
NaOH
-making soap, oven cleaner,
draino
Mg(OH)2
- antacid (TUMS)
Ca(OH)2
- controls acidity in pools and
soil
Lab Activity: Acid/Base Indicators
Indicator- substance that identify whether a solution is an acid or a base
Indicator
Litmus
Bromothymal blue
Methyl orange
Phenolphthalein
Red Cabbage Juice
Colour in
Acid
red
yellow
red
colourless
Colour in
Base
blue
blue
yellow
pink
Lesson 13: pH Scale
pH scale
- is used to indicate the acidity or basicity of a substance.
- goes from 0-14.
- for every one unit away from neutral, the solution becomes 10 times
stronger.
more acidic 0_1__2__3__4__5__6__7__8__9__10__11__12__13__14 more basic
10 times more acidic
(Colour the above chart)
pH and Consumer Products
1. Shampoo- hair has an outer protein (cuticle) layer and an inner
shaft.
Basic shampoo- causes the inner shaft to expand and push apart
cuticle resulting in dry, damaged hair.
Acidic shampoo- shrinks shaft allowing the cuticle to lie flat
around the hair giving shine and flexibility.
2. Soaps- skin is slightly acid using alkaline soaps removes outer
layer of dead cells.
3. Carbonated beverages- contain phosphoric and carbonic acids that
can damage teeth and stomach.
4. Juices- low acid orange juice to decrease the effect on the stomach;
apple juice and rotten baby teeth.
Lesson 14: Neutralization Reactions
Neutralization Reactions
- are double displacement reactions between an acid and a base
Pattern:
acid + base water + salt
H1+Cl1-(aq) + Na1+OH1-(aq) H2O + NaCl
HNO3(aq) + KOH KNO3 + H2O
E.g.:
1. Stomach acids are neutralized by magnesium hydroxide
2 HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + 2 H2O
2. Fire extinguishers when activated, sulfuric acid reacts with
sodium bicarbonate
sulfuric acid + sodium bicarbonate sodium sulfate + carbon
dioxide + water
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaHCO3(s) Na2SO4 + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
Neutralization Reactions Cleaning acid spills- use sodium
bicarbonate
Effect of Neutralization on pH
- acid is neutralized by a base pH increases to 7
- base is neutralized by an acid pH decreases to 7
Lab Activity: Neutralization Reactions
Neutralization Reactions
Predict the products and balance the equation.
1. HCl(aq)+ Mg(OH)2 ____________ + ____________
2. H2SO4(aq)+ NaOH ___________ + ____________
3. HNO3(aq)+ Ca(OH)2 ___________ + _____________
4. HCl(aq)+ KHCO3 ____________ + _______________
