Biology(7-10)
Table of content
[Link] to Life Sciences
1. What is Biology?
Definition and Scope
Scientific Method
• Importance of the scientific method
➢ Ensures accurate scientific knowledge
➢ Helps solve everyday and scientific
problems
➢ Used in biology, medicine,
chemistry, physics, and research
Importance of Biology
2. The Cell
● Discovery of Cells
● Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
● Organelles
● Cell Membrane
Discovery of Cells
● The word cell comes from the Latin word “CELLA”, which means Small room, small
chamber.
● In 1665, Robert Hooke observed cork(death cells) under a microscope.
● Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed living cells like Bacteria and Protozoa in pond water.
● He saw many small box-like compartments. These reminded him of small rooms in a
monastery, so he called them cells.
● The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life, capable of carrying out all
vital activities. (a cell is the basic building block of all living organisms.)
● Unicellular: organisms made of one cell.
● Multicellular: organisms made of many cells.
Main Points
● Basic unit of life: all living organisms are made of one or more cells. Without cells, life
cannot exit.
● Structural unit: cells from tissues, tissues form organs, organs from systems and systems
together form an organism.
● Functional unit: each cell can perform life processes such as Nutrition, Respiration,
Excretion, Growth and Reproduction.
● Origin of cells: All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
● Types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic
● Prokaryotic cells: from Greek Pro- =”before” ”simple” and karyon=Nucleus (literally
“kernel” or “nut”), “before nucleus”.
● Prokaryotic cells are cells without a true nucleus and without membrane-bound
organelles.
● Genetic material(DNA) is free in the cytoplasm. (in a region called the nucleoid)
● Structure is simple
● Usually unicellular
● Examples: Bacteria and Archaea
● Eukaryotic cells: from Greek Eu- = true/good, -karyon= nucleus, “true nucleus”.
● Eukaryotic cells are cells that have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
● DNA is enclosed inside the nucleus.
● More complex structure.
● Can be unicellular or multicellular.
● Examples: Animal cells, Plant cells, Fungi and Protists.
Eukaryotic cell component
Organelles are
labelled as follows:
Number Organelles
1 Nucleolus
2 Nucleus
3 Ribosomes(dots on rough
reticulum walls)
4 Vesicle
5 Rough endoplasmic reticulum
6 Golgi apparatus(or “Golgi body”)
7 Cytoskeleton
8 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
9 Mitochondrion
10 Vacuole
11 Cytosol
12 Lysosome
13 Centriole
14 Cell membrane
Cell membrane
● Definition:
○ The cell membrane is a thin, flexible boundary that surrounds the cell and separates it from its
environment.
● Selective permeability:
○ It is selectively permeable(allows some substances to pass while blocking others.)
● Structure:
○ Made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it.
● Functions:
○ Controls movements of substances in and out of the cell.
○ Maintains internal environment (homeostasis)
○ Protects the cell and gives it shape
○ Helps in cell communication via receptors
● Transport mechanisms:
○ Passive transport(diffusion, osmosis)
○ Active transport(uses energy/ATP)
● Presence:
○ Found in all living cells(prokaryotic and eukaryotic).
● The cell membrane is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer that controls exchange
between the cell and its surroundings.
Cytoplasm
● Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid, jelly-like substance inside the cell, found between the cell
membrane and the nucleus, which contains cell organelles and is the site of most cellular
activities.
● Composition: water, proteins, enzymes, ions, nutrients and organelles.
● Function: site of most metabolic reactions, helps in transport of materials within the cell,
provides support and shape to the cell, and keeps organelles suspended and functional.
● Without cytoplasm, cellular life is impossible.
Organelles in cytoplasm
● Mitochondria
■ More mitochondria = more
○ Function:
energy demand
■ produce energy(ATP) ■ Mitochondria are found in
○ Main points: almost all eukaryotic cells,
including: Animal, plant,
■ Known as the powerhouse of fungal and protist cells.
the cell
■ Prokaryotic cells(bacteria and
■ Has double membrane archaea) don’t have
mitochondria.
■ Inner membrane forms critae
■ Has its own DNA
Organelles in cytoplasm
● Ribosomes
○ Function:
■ Protein synthesis
○ Main points:
■ Smallest organelles
■ Can be free in cytoplasm or attached to RER
■ Made of rRNA + protein
■ No membrane
Organelles in cytoplasm
● Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) ○ Main points:
○ Function: ○ Rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER)
○ Rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER)
■ Has ribosomes on surface
■ Protein synthesis and
■ Connected to nuclear
transport
membrane
○ Smooth endoplasmic
○ Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum(SER)
reticulum(SER)
■ Lipid synthesis
■ No ribosomes
■ Detoxification
■ Important in liver and muscle
■ Calcium storage cells
Organelles in cytoplasm
● Golgi Apparatus
○ Function:
■ Modify, package, and transport proteins
○ Main points:
■ Called the post office of the cell
■ Forms secretory vesicles
■ Important in secretion
Organelles in cytoplasm
● Lysosomes
○ Function:
■ Intracellular digestion
○ Main points:
■ Contain digestive enzymes
■ Known as suicide bags
■ Break down waste, old organelles, bacteria
Organelles in cytoplasm
● Peroxisomes
○ Function:
■ Detoxification
■ Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
○ Main points:
■ Protect cell from toxic substances
■ Important in lipid metabolism
Organelles in cytoplasm
● Centrosome/centrioles (animal cells)
○ Function:
■ Spindle formation during cell division
○ Main points:
■ Important in mitosis
■ Absent in most plant cells
Organelles in cytoplasm
● Vacuole
○ Function:
■ Storage(water, food, waste)
○ Main points:
■ Large central vacuole in plant cells
■ Maintains turgor pressure
Organelles in cytoplasm
● Chloroplast(plant cell)
○ Function:
■ Photosynthesis
○ Main points:
■ Contains chlorophyll
■ Double membrane
■ Has own DNA
■ Found only in green plants
Nucleus
● The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that controls all activities of the cell and stores genetic
material(DNA).
● Location: usually found near-the center of the cell, present in eukaryotic cells only and absent in
prokaryotes(bacteria).
● Structure: surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope(nucleoplasm). Nuclear
envelope has nuclear pores for exchange of materials.
○ Nucleoplasm
○ Chromatin(DNA + proteins)
○ Nucleolus
● Functions:
○ Controls cell activities
○ Stores DNA(hereditary materia)
○ Regulates cell division
○ Controls protein synthesis(via RNA)
○ Nucleolus produces ribosomes
● Importance:
○ Acts as the brain of the cell
○ Essential for growth, reproduction, and inheritance
Make a table of organelles and functions
3. Classification of Living things
Taxonomy
Life
• Archaea(prokaryota)
Domain • Bacteria(prokaryota)
• Eukarya
• Monera(prokaryota)
• Animalia
Kingdom • Plantae
• Fungi
• Protista
• Porifera(sponges)
• Cnidaria(coelenterate)
• Ctenophora(comb jellies)
• Platyhelminthes(flatworms)
• Nematoda(roundworms)
Phylum • Annelida(segmented worms)
• Arthropoda(Largest phylum)
• Mollusca
• Echinodermata
• Chordata(Most Advanced)
Class • Mammalia
Order • Primates
Family • Hominidae
Genus • Homo
Species • Sapiens
Dear King Philip Came Over For
Good Soup
Cont.…
Examples
Write Kingdom, phylum, Class, …. Of following creatures:
1) Escherichia coli
2) Amoeba proteus
3) Lion
5 Kingdoms
1. Monera Kingdom
2. Animalia Kingdom
3. Plantae Kingdom
[Link] Kingdom
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY-NC
5. Protista Kingdom
20% Exam
• Chapter 1
• Chapter 2
• Chapter 3
