MiCOM IEDs For Process Bus Applications

April 2009
GRID

Experts Training 2012 Stafford, United Kingdom

Scope

Digital Substations & Process Bus Overview

Page 3

MiCOM IEDs for Process Bus

Page 21

Px4x -9-2LE Interface Features

Page 31

Process Bus Architectures

Page 47

Testing, Conclusion

Page 60

Reference Digital SS Architecture across Grid

Grid Control Rooms SG APPS Other substations CMS

Digital SS Components
Integrated Substation Automation System with 1. Substation Control System (SCS) 2. Condition Monitoring System (CMS) 3. Smart Grid Applications (SG APPS Cyber, Intrusion, Wide Area Management) 4. Substation Phasor Data Concentrator

WAN

SCS HMI

SG APPS

PDC

Proxy Switches Multiple Ethernet IEC61850.8-1 Station Bus C37.118 Phasor Data

sPDC

WACU

BCU Multiple Ethernet IEC61850.9-2 & IEC61850.8-1 Process Bus

Prot. Px40

AMU

DMU

CMU

DRUs

Primary Eqpt with embedded sensors for Condition Monitoring

Several IEDs 1. Protection / Measurement with 9-2 interface 2. Bay Controller Unit (BCU) 3. Condition Monitoring Unit (CMU) 4. Switches & Telecom 5. Proxy Server 6. Merging Units (AMU, DMU, NMU for NCIT) 7. Wide Area Control Unit (WACU) 8. Power Quality /Disturbance Record Unit (DRU) 9. Energy Meters

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 3

IEC 61850 Process Bus

Process Bus Elements
Ethernet Network, 100 Mb/s IEC 61850-9-2 LE for Sampled Values SV
Current measurement (CT) Voltage measurement (VT)

IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE Service

Status position of Circuit Breaker / Switches (CB) Trip signals from protections to CBs (Trip) Commands from Control Systems (Open/Close) Others (monitoring status reports, health, settings)

Time synchronisation
Microsec accuracy required

IEC 61850 Process Bus

Logical View Of SA
Station Level

7 9

Technical Services

61850-8-1 1
Bay Level
Protection

Function A

Function B

6 3
Control

1 8
Bay Level
Protection

6 3
Control

4
HV Equipment

61850-9-2 61850-8-1

4
HV Equipment

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

Sampled Value Transmission
Unidirectional link (MU to IED) Physical layer : Optic fibre (copper optional) Data Link layer : Ethernet 100 Mbit/s

Application Layer : IEC 61850-9-2 Light Edition guideline to aid implementation and interoperability
Sampling rate : 80 or 256 samples per cycle Neutral current and/or voltage may be measured, or derived Sampled values are multicast on the LAN Defines Logical Device MU Synchronising of sampling

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

IEC 61850-9-2LE Sampled Values
Each SV message carries 4 voltages + 4 currents Primary values, quality info Current : 1mA to 2.14 MA, Voltage : 10mV to 21.4 MV
(I1a, I1b, I1c, I1n, V1a, V1b, V1c, V1n)

4V; 4I 4V; 4I MU-L1 MU-L2

Protection Bay 1

Protection Bay 2

(I2a, I2b, I2c, I2n, V2a, V2b, V2c, V2n)

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

-9-2LE Sampled Value Frame

Ia x 1000 32 bit Int

Ia Quality 32 bits

Ib x 1000 Ib Quality 32 bit Int 32 bits

Ic x 1000 32 bit Int

Ic Quality 32 bits

In x 1000 In Quality 32 bit Int 32 bits

Va x 1000 Va Quality Vb x 1000 Vb Quality Vc x 1000 Vc Quality Vn x 1000 Vn Quality 32 bit Int 32 bits 32 bit Int 32 bits 32 bit Int 32 bits 32 bit Int 32 bits

SV frames are multicast MAC Address range: 01-0C-CD-04-00-00 to 01-0C-CD-04-1F-FF input on Merging Units Note the frame overhead : 24 bytes of raw data (per 3-phase voltage and current) in about 125 byte Ethernet frame

HQ_IEC 61850 Process Bus_06/2011

IEC 61850 Process Bus

Merging Unit Typical Naming
AMU : Analogue Merging Unit
Interface with conventional instrument transformers

DMU : Digital Merging Unit

Interface with CB / isolators / earth switches

CMU : Condition Monitoring Merging Unit

DMU with condition monitoring features

NMU : Numerical Merging Unit

Interface with digital instrument transformers

IEC 61850 Process Bus

Conventional Bay Protection & Control Example
Main 1, Main 2, BCU Individual CT cores per IED Independent tripping paths for Main 1 and Main 2 typically

Status & Trips

CB

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 10

IEC 61850 Process Bus

Digital Bay Protection & Control Example
Main 1, Main 2, BCU AMU, DMU Ethernet links and switches Time synch eqpt

AMU #1

AMU #2

AMU #3

DMU#1

DMU#2

Process Bus (conceptual)

-8-1 PRP

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 11

-8-1 PRP

-9-2LE

-9-2LE

-9-2LE

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

AMU - Sampling Synchronisation
Sampling across multiple analogue MUs may need to be synchronised
Protection functions/algorithms require all input quantities to be supplied in real time Relay inputs may be from multiple MUs o Substation layout o Customer specifications Similar to synchrophasor measurements Eg: Distance Protection (Voltage & Current) Both voltage & current could be supplied by one MU synchronisation integral to the MU Voltage from MU1 and current from MU2 - synchronisation requires common time reference input to MUs
HQ_IEC 61850 Process Bus_06/2011

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

1 ms delay

V0 2.5 ms delay

V-18

I-36

I-81

SV frames from different MU may have uneven delays Relay measurements will be incorrect unless the SV frames are time-aligned
Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 13

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

AMU - Sampling Synchronisation
Techniques
1 PPS input on Merging Units Merging Units with capability for IEEE 1588 synchronisation

Sampled Value frames carry synchronisation info

Time tags (count) relative to the start of the sec Identifier for sync source Global, Local or No Sync

Sample Count
0 3999 at 50 Hz 0 4799 at 60 Hz Counter resets every sec when a time sync signal is received

Indicates if the SV frame is synchronised

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

Relay - Sampled Values Alignment
Time alignment of SV frames is necessary, and ensures correct operation of protection functions dependent on multiple MUs The number of MUs may change depending on site requirements and customer preferences Delays arise from Merging Units, due to their processing Network, depending on its configuration and switches Delays have a direct impact on the operating time of the scheme Time tags (count) relative to the start of the sec Identifier for sync source Global, Local or No Sync

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 15

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

AMU - Sampling Synchronisation
Sampling Synchronisation Accuracy
Time source accuracy +/- 1s Sampling across multiple MUs synchronised to within +/- 4s MU should be capable of compensating network delays > 2s

MiCOM P594

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

AMU - Sampling Synchronisation
1 Pulse Per Sec (1PPS) Signal
Transmitted by fibre as medium Rise and fall time < 20ns Clock source : Typically based on GPS Global 1PPS: 1PPS source is synced to GPS, pulse width between 5s and 500 ms Local 1PPS : 1PPS source running on internal clock, pulse width between 0.9s and 1.1s
1PPS

P594

Merging Unit

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

AMU - Sampling Synchronisation
Sync Flags in SV Frame
Carried by the field smpSync Global 1PPS: Ideal, no impact on protection functions Local 1PPS : Some protections may have to be blocked eg: Feeder differential No Sync : No 1PPS at AMU, running on AMU internal clock. o Protections dependent on multiple MUs for data may be blocked, eg: distance protection with two CT inputs) o MU said to be in Holdover Mode
-9-2LE SAV

Merging Unit

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

AMU - Sampling Synchronisation

IEEE 1588 Basics

It is a high precision time synchronization (<1us) for synchronising real-time clocks on an Ethernet LAN Also called PTP Precision Time Protocol Current standard : IEEE 1588 version 2 No need for separate cabling (IRIG-B, 1PPS) Fault tolerance using Redundant Clocks

Scope

Digital Substations & Process Bus Overview

Page 3

MiCOM IEDs for Process Bus

Page 21

Px4x -9-2LE Interface Features

Page 31

Process Bus Architectures

Page 47

Testing, Conclusion

Page 60

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Now ready !
Range of IEDs with IEC 61850-9-2LE interface Covers major transmission applications distance, current differential, transformer, backup / circuit breaker IED and busbar protection Full IEC 61850 Process Bus integration in combination with existing IEC 61850-8-1 interface Tried and tested protection functionality
IEC 61850-9-2LE Sampled Values 80 samples / cycle

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Relay Types Available
MiCOM Alstom

P446
MiCOM Alstom

Distance protection, with integral teleprotection and one / two breaker reclosing Line differential for 2 or 3 terminal lines, with distance and one / two breaker reclosing Transformer differential for up to 5 ends, with advanced loss-of-life thermal monitoring Numerical busbar protection

P546
MiCOM Alstom

P645
MiCOM Alstom

P746
MiCOM Alstom

P841

Transmission line terminal IED, for backup, reclose and breaker fail management

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Process Bus Interface
Interface for -8-1 GOOSE and Station Bus Interface for -9-2LE Sampled Values

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Interfacing SV to Px4x
Point to point connections Feasible when all the SV required by a relay are available from a single MU Simple network, minimum delay, minimal engineering effort

HQ_IEC 61850 Process Bus_06/2011

-9-2LE

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Interfacing SV to Px4x Transformer Protection
HV Current - 1 TV Current - 2

HV+LV+TV

TV Current - 1

Point to point connection not possible

LV Current

HV Current 2

P645

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Interfacing SV to Px4x
Networked connections
Required if the SV required by a relay are from multiple MU, eg: transformer IED, busbar IED Ethernet switch(es) involved, possibility of additional delays and sample jitter; substation-hardened switches required, similar to Station Bus applications.

-9-2LE

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Interfacing SV to Px4x
Networked connections - redundancy
If required, network redundancy for SV may be achieved by external devices such as a RedBox. The GOOSE / Station Bus interface does provide network redundancy (proprietary SHP, DHP; open : RSTP, PRP)

LAN A

LAN B

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

-9-2LE Interface Features: LN Assignment
Upto 8 Logical Nodes available for flexible assignment of Sampled Values Number of MUs may vary depending on substation layout and customer preferences Analogue input groups as in conventional relay

P446 Configuration

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Interfacing SV to IED Eg: Transformer Protection
Logical Node HV Current 1 Logical Node TV Current 2

HV+LV+TV

Logical Node TV Current 1 Logical Node LV Current

Logical Node HV Current 2

P645

Scope

Digital Substations & Process Bus Overview

Page 3

MiCOM IEDs for Process Bus

Page 21

Px4x -9-2LE Interface Features

Page 31

Process Bus Architectures

Page 47

Testing, Conclusion

Page 60

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Processing SV Eg. P446
IA, IB, IC VA, VB, VC

Analog Inputs

CT / VT Input Module

IA (n), IB (n), IC(n) VA(n), VB(n), VC(n) 48 samples / cycle

Relay CPU/ Co-processor

Px4x with analog inputs

IA, IB, IC VA, VB, VC

Analog Inputs

IEC 61850 Merging Unit

IA (k), IB (k), IC(k) VA(k), VB(K), VC(k)

80 samples / cycle

-9-2LE Interface Board

IA (n), IB (n), IC(n) VA(n), VB(n), VC(n) 48 samples / cycle

Relay CPU/ Co-processor

Px4x with -9-2LE board

The Px4x -9-2LE interface conditions the SV to enable reuse of tried and tested protection algorithms
Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 31

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

-9-2LE Interface Features: SV Synchronisation
Setting for global/local synch for SV received
Adapt relay to functional requirements of the protection scheme Common setting for all functions enables in the relay Eg: P446 receiving SV from AMU1 (voltage) and AMU2 (current) Case 1: Both AMU1 and AMU2 have common source of time sync, Local Sync setting is sufficient Case 2: Time sync sources for AMU1 and AMU2 are different, Global Sync setting is required AMU 1
ESW

AMU : Analogue Merging Unit ESW : Ethernet switch

AMU 2

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

-9-2LE Interface Features: SV Alignment
Time alignment of SV frames is necessary, and ensures correct operation of protection functions dependent on multiple MUs The number of MUs may change depending on site requirements and customer preferences Delays arise from Merging Units, due to processing Network, depending on its configuration and switches SV alignment by MU Delay setting
ESW AMU 3

AMU 1

AMU 2

AMU : Analogue Merging Unit ESW : Ethernet switch

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 33

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

-9-2LE Interface Features: SV Alignment
Case 1: Relay with 1 MU MU Delay: Relay setting, indicates worst case relative delay expected in receiving SV from all MUs linked to the relay

Case 2: Relay with 2 MU

In this case, no delay between SV frames from MU#1 and MU#2

Case 3: Relay with 2 MU

In this case, there is a 1ms delay between SV frames from MU#1 and MU#2

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 34

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

-9-2LE Interface Features
Security against loss of SV
Setting for SV Loss Rate Loss rate evaluated per LN Related protection functions blocked if Loss Rate exceeds the set value

SV communication network statistics to facilitate commissioning, network monitoring and troubleshooting

LNx Loss Rate Sec (x: 1.8) LNx Frame Loss Cuml (x: 1.8) LNx Error Sec (x: 1..8)

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

-9-2LE Interface Features : Test Mode
IEC 61850-9-2LE test mode aware
Facilitates testing and commissioning Common setting for all Logical Nodes Test Blocked: All SV with an IEC 61850 Test flag are
treated as invalid. The IED blocks relevant protection functions and issues a 9-2 Sample Alarm. Test Ignored: All SV received with an IEC 61850 Test flag are treated as good, protection functions remain active. Test Only: All SV with an IEC 61850 Test flag are treated as good. Any channel data received without the Test flag are treated as invalid. The IED blocks relevant protection functions and issues a 9-2 Sample Alarm.

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Enhanced GOOSE Capability
The -9-2LE relay models have more configurable GOOSE inputs / outputs comparable to standard relays
Facilitates full Process Bus implementation

Standard Px4x

Px4x with -9-2LE

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

MiCOM P446 v72
Distance protection with -9-2LE interface Configurable for single or double current (three-phase) inputs, thus covering P443 and P445 applications Enhanced -8-1 GOOSE count compared to P446 with analogue inputs, facilitates full Process Bus implementation Channel-aided schemes with standard distance relays at remote end no need to retrofit -9-2LE at both line ends

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

MiCOM P841 v72
Line terminal IED with -9-2LE interface Autoreclosing and circuit breaker failure for one or two breakers Configurable for single or double (threephase) current inputs, covering P841A and P841B applications For backup overcurrent / earth fault applications where -9-2LE interface is called for Enhanced -8-1 GOOSE count compared to P841 with analogue inputs, facilitates full Process Bus implementation
BUS B BUS A

LD1

B
LD2

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

MiCOM P546 v72
Current differential protection with -9-2LE interface Functionally equivalent to P546 v57 (with CT/VT inputs) Configurable for single or double (three-phase) current inputs, covering majority of P543, P544 and P545 applications Application requires GPS synchronisation (1PPS) on all relays in the current differential scheme Enhanced -8-1 GOOSE count compared to P546 with analoge inputs, facilitates full Process Bus implementation

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

MiCOM P546 v72
Current differential schemes in mixed mode combining -9-2LE relays and those with analogue inputs

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

MiCOM P645 v11
Transformer protection with -9-2LE interface Functionally equivalent to P645 v03 (with analogue inputs) Configurable for upto five sets of (three-phase) current inputs, covering P642 (two-winding) and P643 (three-winding) applications Enhanced -8-1 GOOSE count compared to P645 with analogue inputs
-9-2LE -8-1

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

MiCOM P746 v11
Centralised busbar protection with -9-2LE interface Functionally equivalent to P746 v03 Note: Three-box mode is not available in the -9-2LE relay Enhanced -8-1 GOOSE count compared to P746 with analogue inputs, facilitates full Process Bus implementation

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Common (platform) features
Interoperable : Implementation of SV interface as per IEC 61850-92LE Guideline for 80 samples/cycle All the -9-2LE relays are built on the latest M-hardware (XCPU3) Ease of Configuration: -9-2LE parameters are part of the relay setting (.set) file Cybersecurity: Features as per current MiCOM implementation Redundancy: Option for -8-1 GOOSE , Parallel Redundancy Protocol implementation

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Cortec/Ordering
All -9-2LE relays are on M hardware only Option for -9-2LE in CORTEC for P446, P546, P645, P746, P841

IEC 61850-8-1 port / protocol options are the same for relays analogue inputs or -9-2LE inputs Important: P594 is mandatory for ALL P546 relays in a current diff scheme P594 version D

Scope

Digital Substations & Process Bus Overview

Page 3

MiCOM IEDs for Process Bus

Page 21

Px4x -9-2LE Interface Features

Page 31

Process Bus Architectures

Page 47

Testing, Conclusion

Page 60

IEC 61850 Process Bus

Conventional Bay Protection & Control Example
Main 1, Main 2, BCU Individual CT cores per IED Independent tripping paths for Main 1 and Main 2 typically

Status & Trips

CB

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 47

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Digital Bay - Typical
Main 1, Main 2, BCU AMU, DMU Ethernet links and switches Time synch eqpt

AMU #1

AMU #2

AMU #3

DMU#1

DMU#2

Process Bus (conceptual)

-8-1 PRP

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 48

-8-1 PRP

-9-2LE

-9-2LE

-9-2LE

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Digital Bay Detailed Architecture
Merging Units - AMU, DMU Time synch by 1PPS Redundancy for binary I/O
A

P594

B C

H xxx H xxx

A B C D E
E
CB

MiCOM IEDs for Process Bus Applications Possible migration strategy

A B
Main 1 Main 2 BCU

C
I/O Card -9-2LE

-9-2LE

I/O Card

I/O Card

-9-2LE

P594

B C

Retain all existing DC wiring Change only CT / VT interface

AMU #1

AMU #2

AMU #3

-9-2LE

-9-2LE

-9-2LE

Physical Wiring

CB

Process Bus Architectures Additional Info

SGCC China

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 51

Process Bus Architectures Additional Info

National Grid UK - Under Discussion

Concerns - Reliability of Sampling Sync - Inter-bay Process Bus

Process Bus Architectures Additional Info

Extracts from recent Big Red paper*
Five typical Process Bus architectures compared in relation to multiple criteria Criteria chosen Reliability and availability Cost : Initial investment + maintenance cost Performance: Average network load, worst case transmission delay

* A Quantitative Evaluation of IEC61850 Process Bus Architectures Jean-Charles Tournier & Thomas Werner, ABB Corporate Research

Process Bus Architectures Additional Info

Extracts from recent Big Red paper*

Fibre links

Copper links
Main 1, Main 2, BCU AMU x 1, DMU x 1 Switch x 1
* A Quantitative Evaluation of IEC61850 Process Bus Architectures Jean-Charles Tournier & Thomas Werner, ABB Corporate Research

Main 1, Main 2, BCU AMU x 2, DMU x 2 Switch x 2 PRP on all IEDs

Process Bus Architectures Additional Info

Extracts from recent Big Red paper*

Fibre links

Copper links
Main 1, Main 2, BCU AMU x 2, DMU x 2 Ring with RSTP on all IEDs Alt. Ring with HSR on all IEDs
* A Quantitative Evaluation of IEC61850 Process Bus Architectures Jean-Charles Tournier & Thomas Werner, ABB Corporate Research

Main 1 with BCU, Main 2 with BCU AMU x 2, DMU x 2 Ring with RSTP on all IEDs Alt. Ring with HSR on all IEDs

Process Bus Architectures Additional Info

Extracts from recent Big Red paper*

Main 1 with BCU per bay Main 2 with BCU in common IED AMU x 1, DMU x 2 RB: HSR Red Box QB : HSR Quad Box

* A Quantitative Evaluation of IEC61850 Process Bus Architectures Jean-Charles Tournier & Thomas Werner, ABB Corporate Research

Process Bus Architectures Additional Info

Extracts from recent Big Red paper*

* A Quantitative Evaluation of IEC61850 Process Bus Architectures Jean-Charles Tournier & Thomas Werner, ABB Corporate Research

Process Bus Architectures Additional Info

Extracts from recent Big Red paper*

* A Quantitative Evaluation of IEC61850 Process Bus Architectures Jean-Charles Tournier & Thomas Werner, ABB Corporate Research

Notes: Only component costs considered; engineering, testing and commissioning may have significant impact. Project specifications (eg: number of MUs per bay, protection operating time) may become the deciding factor for architecture Primary plant technology may lead to alternative conclusions

Scope

Digital Substations & Process Bus Overview

Page 3

MiCOM IEDs for Process Bus

Page 21

Px4x -9-2LE Interface Features

Page 31

Process Bus Architectures

Page 47

Testing, Conclusion

Page 60

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

IED Testing
Testing of -9-2LE relays require test kits with capability for
Send / receive GOOSE Generate SV one or more logical nodes Display Sampled values Time synchronisation
GOOSE and SV IED
Conventional

PC Ethernet Switch Ethernet GOOSE and SV IED (SV Interface) Trip Trip

IEC 61850 Test Kit

Testing may also call for Ethernet switches, Time sync source

Set-up for comparing performance of IEDs - Standard vs -9-2LE

MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Customer Benefits
Eliminate or reduce significantly the use of copper in secondary circuits Fibre optic replaces copper Enhances operator safety Eliminates EMI on secondary cabling Delinks data acquisition (currents, voltages) from signal processing / algorithms Potential for reduced shut-downs for refurbishment Relays (algorithms) may be upgraded independent of acquisition Easier integration of sensors into smart grid solutions

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GRID