‘SN 03-1726-2002 oO SNI Indonasion National Standard Design Methods Earthquake Withstand For Building Structure 1s. National Standardization Agency ESSN‘swt 03-1726:2002 FOREWORD Design Methods earthquake withstand for housing and building, SUI 03-1726-1989 up til1 now has been existed for more than 10 years, the architects of the civil building construction feel it can no longer follow the contenporary technological development. That is why, this method needs to be revised and adjusted with the scientific technical civil developsent to renain applicable accurately. ‘Then, the SNI design that has been long waited for can be well Gone with the nane The Standard Design Earthquake Withstand for Building structure, and hopefully caa meet the forthcoming challenge in the world of building construction, especially for conditional earthquake withstand for building. Bast but not least, we thank ro those with whom who have helped in preparing The Standard Design Earthquake Withstand for Building structure, especially to the drafter team led by vrof. or. ix wiratman wangeadinata. Jakarta, October 2001 ‘Team Leader Technical Building and Construction‘SM 09-1726-2002 LEST oF CONTENTS FORENORDS 4 Last oF coNTENTS uw LAST oF TABLES ¥ LEST OF DIAGRAM vi 2. REFERENCE... esses poet eooH 3. TRRMS AND NOTATION. . Be Temes ec ee cece 3 3.2 Notation..eccccsee ° GENERAL PROVISION... eeeseee+ 5 Pewee] 22) 4.1 Predetermined Earthquake and Building category...... 22 4.2. Regular and Irregular Building stmucture.......0.00, 24 4.3. Buliding structure ductility and Nominal Burden Barthquakes..[Link]++ 26 4.4 Burden Design and factorized Force. covers BD 4.5 capacity Design......++.+ severe 33 4.6 Soil Types and Sarthguake Wave Propagation .......+. 33, 4.7, Barthquake Area and Response Spectrum a6 4.8 Vertical Sarthquake BE fect ...+[Link] aE 5. GENERAL DESIGN BUILDING STRUCTURE...... 42 5.1 Top and Bottom structure. ceeeeeeeseeees 42 5.2 Restraining structure Earthquake bardon-...e..6+224+ 43‘SN 03-1726-2002 5.3. Storied Floor ae Diaphrage......0.6eceeecceeseeeeeee A 5.4 Rocentricity Mass Center Against Rotation center: Storied Floor.... 245 5.5 Structure Righdity......ecseesee 46 5.6 Restriction Natural-Fundasental Vibration Time ..... 47 5.7 Popelta Eéfect... ry 5.8 Direction Rarthquake Burden. we 8 REGULAR BUILDING STRUCTURE DESIGH,...+-...cs00ce000+ 49 6.1 Earthquake Burden Nominal static Equivaient... 48 6.2 Matuval-Pundanental Vibration Time. -5t 6.9 Equivalent static Analysis. 51 7. IRREGULAR BUILDING STRUCTURE DESTON. 5a 7.1 specification For Dynamic Response Analysis 52 7.2 Variance Analysis Reoponse Spectrum... ..eseeeeseees 54 7.3 Time History Dynamic response Analysis 55 8, BUILDING STRUCTURE PERFORMANCE .....0+..sessseeeeeees 57 2.1 Service margin performance. 37 2.2 Ultimate Mazgin Performance.......ccccceeeeeceseees SB 9. EARTHQUAKE EFFECT AGAINST BOTTOM STRUCTURE. = 60 9.1 Barthquake Burden from Top Structure. +60 9.2 Barthquake Burden from Inertia Force. 64 9.3 Barthguake Surden from Nearby Soil. 6s‘SN 03-1726-2002 10, EARTHQUAKE EFFECT AGAINST SECONDARY, ARCHITECTURAL [ELEMENTS AND MACHINE INSTALLATION AND ELECTRICITY... 66 10.1 Safety Scope... - 66 10.2 Mooring. 67 10.3 Inter-Blement Relations ........6seseeseessseesses OF 10.4 Automatic Cut Off Machine Operation and Electricity. 68 10.5 Predetermined Farthquake Bffect ....02.66060cc022 68 APPENDIX A: EXPLANATION RAL SOR. eee : 2 A.3 Terms and Notation. aad 73 A.4 General Specification. 75 4.5 General Design Building structure... 1 A.6 Structure Design Regular Bullding.... 99 AT Structure Design Irregular Building.. 302 A.8 Building Structure Performance + 106 A.9 Earthquake Effect on Bottom structure. = 107 A.10 Earthquake Effect Against Secondary, Architectural Blenents, Machine Instellation and Blectricity..... 112 APPENDIX Bs B.1 Burden Design and Factorized Force for Foundation. 117 2.2 Explanation of Burden Design and Factorized Force for Foundation......-..- usTable Table 2 Table 3 ‘Table Table Table 6 Table 7 Table ‘Table ‘Table rable Table P.2 able 10 ‘sh 03-1726-2002 LIs? oP TABLES Primary Factor I for Various category Building and construction eer Parameter of Building structure Ductility ......27 Naximun Ductility Factor, Maximim Earthquake Reduction Factor, structure Surplus Strength Factor, and total Surplus S:zength Factor many types of Systens and sub-systems Building Structure a Types of soil .... : Peak Acceleration for base Rocks and Soi ‘Surface for each Area in Indonesia . Response Spectruns for Predetermined Earthquake 39 Coefficient ¥ to Calculate Response Factor 223 vertical Rarthguake Cy. [Link] eee Coefficient § that Limits Fundamental Natural Vibration Time Building structure ....0..eecee 047 Surplus factor structure £1 and Total surplus strength factor f contain in the building structure ceveeees 262 Blenent Performance Factor POR secondary Blenent and Architectural Element ......6..24...70 Elenent Performance Factor for machinery Installation and Blectricity see Strength Reduction Factor @ for Pedestal and Raft Foundation Types 0.02... sees Strength Reduction Factor © for Planted pile and Drilling Pile types . ueDiegram Diagram 2 Diagram Diagram Diagram Diagram Diagram ‘sw 03-1726-2002 LIST OF DIAGRAM Barthquake Area in Indonesia with the Peak Acceleration base Rocks with the cyclical pericd 500 years. Pee eee ets Predetermined Earthquake spectrum Reaponses ..40 Burden-Deviation Diagram (V- 8 Diagram) Building Structure ce... c6 sc ceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeTB. Bell shape Curve J, (Ry /0,) Distribution .....62 Mechanism Ideal of a building structure with Plastic Joint Formed at Log Tips, column Foot and Sliding Wall Foot. .......2..82 Nominal level Sliding Force diagram along the height of the buflding structure ........206 Deviation-Moment Diagram of a Plastic Joint fon Column Foot or sliding Wall Foot .........120‘snr 03-1726:2002 1. Scope 1.1 This standard Se intended to replace Indonesian National Standard SNZ 03-1726-1989 and from now on becones minimum requirenent earthuake withstand for building structure. Bxcept building structure stated in Section 1.2. 1.2. Requirements design for earthquake withstand butlding structure stated in this standard, is outside from the following building. - Building with less comon structure aysten or ite feasibility still needs further proof - Building with base isolation systen to lessen earthquake effect against top structure. = Civilian Technical sullding such as oridge, dam, wall and pier, offshore platform, and the other non-buildings. = Single floor dwelling and the other noa-technical buildings 4.3. This standard is intended to enable building its earthquake withstand is designed with chis standard: = to prevent fatal accident caused by building destruction because of strong earthquake to mininize building destruction because of Light to medium earthquake, and still restorable; = to minimize inconveniences of the dveller when light to jedium earthquake happen; eget ot 8SMI 03-1726-2002 = to Keep on vital service of the building function. 2, Reference: ‘This Standard uses the following reference documents: = SNI 03-1726-1988, The Design method Earthquake withstand for housing and building’, office of the state Minister Public Work, Directorate Technical 3uidance, Directorate General Cipta Karya, 3 No. 1997 - National earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHERP) Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulation tor New Buildings and other structures, 1997 Bdition, part 2 - Provisions, part 2 - Conmentary: FEMA 302, Feb. 1998 + Uniform Building code (UBC), 1997 Baition, Volume 2, Structural ngineering Design Provisions, International conference of building officials, april 1997. 3. Tere and Notations 3.2 Terms Aside fron inappropriateness and irrelevant with what is stated in this Standard, in this standard the following Angight axe valid: 3a analysis daar Page 2 of 9‘swt 09-1726.2002 alight earthquake Single times Earthquake, the probability of happening 60% of the building life span. If the building life is 50 years the cyclical period is also 50 years. [Link].2 ‘Static push over analysis upon building structure static analysis, Linear or non-Linear, 2 or 3 dimension; the burden effect of Predetermined Eerthquake against building structure are considered as stetic burdens catch mass center of each floor, gradually the load increase until surpass the burden that cause plastic joints melting further increase will change into greater elastic-plastic on the tip of destruction. aaa Equivalent static earthquake burden enalysis upon regular building structure A linear 3 dimension static analysis by observing equivalent static earthquake burdens, related to the regular building structure practically similar with 2 dinension structure, the aymamic response is fixed by its earliest variance response and can be presented as the effect of equivalent static earthquake burden. age 3 of 10,‘SN 09-1726-2002 aad Equivalent static earthquake burden analysis upon irregular building structure A Lineax 3 dimension static analysia by observing equivalent static earthquake burdens, that has been translated from the scattered maximin dynamic sliding force along the height of the building structure obtained from linear 3 dimension elastic-dynanic-response analysis dans Wave propagation analysis An analyeie method to determine enlargement earthquake wave exeeping from the rock bottom into soil surface, the soll above the rocks and earthqueke movement into the rocks, as the input data. aa26 Response spectrum variance analysis . An analysis to know the dynamic response of building structure 3 dimension, fully elastic against effect of an earthquake known by using analysis of variance response spectrum. The totel dynamic response of the building structure is the sume that of each variance obtainable from response spectrum of the Predetermined Earthquake Pages ot 11‘Sn 03-1726-2002 3.27 Linear tine series dynanic response analysis An analysis method to determine dynanic response time serie of a building structure 3 éimension fully elastic against soll movenent due to Predetermined farthquake aa input, dynamic response in every tine interval is calculated by dixect Antegral or analysis of variance. aaa Non-Linear time series dynamic response analysis An analysis method to determine dynanic response time series of @ building structure 3 dimension fully elastic (linear) or elastic -plastic (non-Linear) against soil movement due to Predetermined Earthquake as input, dynanic vesponse in every time Interval is calculated by dizect integral 3.2.2 Nomina Burden a2 common nominal earthquake burden ‘Three iten determine the value of earthquake burden) the probability to surpass the burden after some time, the ductility of the structure that bears it, and surplus strength attached in the structure, This Standard estimates the probability to surpass the burden for the 50 years old building if 108 and the source is called the Predetermined Barthquake (cyclical period $00 years) the building structure Page of 12Snr 08-4726-2002 ductility can be choven as needed, vhile the value of surplus strength factor f, for building structure is 1.6. Then nominal earthquake burden is the effect buréen of Predetermined Earthquake that makes the building structure welts for the first tine, and then the surplus strength factor reduces it. aaa Nominal Life burden that press down building structure This burden consist of the dveller or the usage of the building, whether human being or movable things, machinery, equipment of component not fixed parts of the building, the total load is such given quantity so that the probability to surpass after some time is limited at certain percentage Usually if the building is 50 years old, the probability is lov. However, the purposive life burden that can be laid in the standard loading building structure can be considered as poninal Life burden, aen.2.3 Nominal dead weight ‘This burden consist total fixed weight of the building, included wall, partition, colum, bean, floor, finishing, machinery, equipment as inseparable parts of the building, the total load is auch given quantity so that the probability to surpass after sone tine ia Mmited et certain percentage veually if the building ia 50 years old, the probability is Page 6 of 18,sn 09-1726-2002 10%. However, the purposive dead burden that can be laid in the standard loading building structure can be considered as noninal dead burden. 3.2.2 pucetniey 3.3.2 auctitiey The ability of a building structure to bear post-elastic deviation, large, repeatedly, to and frc, caused by excessive earthquake burden effect until begin to welt for the first time but still strong and rigid enough so that the building structure remains standing up even in the verge of destruction. a.1a2 ductility factor Ratio between maximin deviation at the verge of ruin, and deviation when the melting point begins, in the building atructure. aaa fully ductile Level ductility of @ building structure, when the structure can bear post elastic deviation at the verge of the worst destruction, the score of the ductility factor is 5.3. Page of 14‘SN 09-1726-2002 aaa partially ductile ‘the entize level ductility of a building structure, when the auctility factor score, Mes between fully elastic (2.0) and futly ductile (5.3) 3.14 sliding Wall sata centilever reinforced concrete sliding wall A building structure subsystem, the main function ie to bear sliding burden, the Predetermined Earthquake burden the destruction caused by flexible monent (not sliding force) plastic joints formed in the fect, the melting monent value can Limited increase because of harden spanning. The ratio between height and width never less than 2, the width can never leas than 1.5 m. 3.182 chain Link reinforced concrete sliding wall A building structure subsystem, the main function is to bear sliding burden, the Predetermined garthquske burden consists two or more Linked sliding walle by Linking beans; the destruction caused by certain ductility, plastic joints formed at the tips of the to Linking beans and at the feet of all sliding walle, the melting moment vaiue can nearly fully Page 8 of 15,‘SM 03-1726.2002 Anereass because of harden spanning. Ratio between span and height Linking bean never more than 4 3.2 Notation a Feak acceleration Predetermined Barthquake at the level of nominal burden ae input earthquake for Linear @ymamic response analysis tine series building seructure. Maximum response acceleration or maximum garthquake Response Factor at the Predetermined earthquake Response spectrum? Peak Acceleration soil surface czused by Predeternined arthquake that depend on Earthquake Area and type of soil the building structure located. Munerator of the hyperbole equation Barthquake Response Factor ¢ at Predetermined Barthquake Response spectrum. ‘The largest horizontal dimension of building structure Giagram at the level floor observed, perpendicular co earthguake burden direction, subscript indicates bottom structure Subscript indicates concrete size. Page 9018c o a Dy ‘snt03-1726-2002 Rarthquake Response Factor stated in gravitation the size depend on natural vibration time building structure, the curve presented in Predetermined Earthquake Response spectrum Vertical earthquake Response Factor to obtain vertical earthquake burden nominal static equivalent upon building structure element, highly sensitive against gravitation burden. Barthguake Response Factor Value obtained from Predetermined Earthquake response Spectrum for fundamental natural vibration time of building structure, Subscript indicates eize of the desicn or sliding wall Horizontal deviation level-1 floor obtained from 3- dimension analysis building structure because of nominal static equivalent earthquake burden that catch mags center upon level storied floors Nominal dead burden equal to predicted dead burden, stated in the standards building structure burden, ‘Theoretical eccantricity between mass center and rotation center storied floor building structure, aubscript indicates full elastic condition Page 10017B & ‘SM 03-1726-2002 Planned eccentricity between asa center and rotation center storied floor building structure. Modulus elasticity concrete Nominal earthquake burden, the value I determined by che probability. Steel elasticity modulus (=200 GPa) ‘otal surplus factor contained in the whole building structure, ratio between naximim earthquake burden caused by Predetermined Farthqueke effect absorbed by building structure at the verg: of destruction and nominal earthquake burden. surplus strength factor burden end material contained in the building structure because of the always present burden, diagram dimension, and the excessive set up material strengen tne nunner sis tixea 1.8. structure surplus factor affect of the hyper static building structure that cause forces redistribution by the in unison formation of plastic joint; ratio between waximum earthquake burden caused by Predetermined Earthquake abscebable by building structure at the verge of ruin and earthquake burden when the firer melting begin Page tt of 18Fe i h h ‘su 09-1725-2002 Horizontal earthquake burden nominal static equivalent because of self-inertia force catch at the mass center fat the each basenent floor building bottom structure Barthquake burden nominal etecie equivalent that catches mass center level-i floor building structure Barthguake burden nominal static equivalent that catches nase center secondary element, architectural elenent, machinery installation and electricity in the ost dangerous earthquake direction. Gravitation, subscript indicates -olling moment. Subscript indicates floor number or soil layer mmber. building prine factor, multiplier factor Predetermined Barthquake effect for many building categories, to adjust earthquake-vepeating period related to the probabilicy of surpawulng efcect slowy Une ueecut Life of the building and lige adjustment of the building building prime factor to adjust earthquake time cycle related to the adjusted probability of the earthquake along the Lifetine of the bufléing. Building prine factor to adjust earthquake cyclical period related to the lifetime of the building. Page 201 19In Me ‘9 05-1728-2002 Subscript indicates building structure column. Enlargement response coefficient value secondary element, architectural elerent_ © or _—_—machinery installation and electricity, depend on the height of the locus against lateral shrinkage level. Nominal Life burden equal to purposive life burden, fixed in the building structure burden standards. Total soil layer above the base rocks Blastic moment in general. Maximum rolling mosent of the top structure building works on bottom structure, at the level of lateral shrinkage, when the top structure nearly ruin because of the exploitation total surplus strength factor £ contain in the top structure, or because of the last meiting monent plastic joins, at the feer of all columns and sliding wall: Nowinal monent building structure element diagran, because of Predetermined Zarthquke influence, at the nominal burden level, or because of the melting wonent plastic joints that have been reduced with the surplus atrength factor of the burden and material f; Page 130120My % ‘snr 03-1726-2002 initial melting moment plastic joints at the tip of the elements building structure, column and sliding wall feet in the building structure begin to melt due to the influence of Predeternined Earthquake. Initial melting mowent plastic joint that happen on the foot of eliding wall. Initial melting moment plastic joint that happen on the foot column, ‘Top floor number, number of storied floor building structure, subscript indicates noninal size. Standard Penetration Test scors of a layer soil, Hormal force in general. Standard Penetration Test score of the i'* layer soil. Standard Penetration Test weighted mean score above base rocks, the soil thickness as the weighting, Subscript indicates secondary element, architectural element, or machinery installation and electricity. Performance Factor element, reflecting primary degree of the secondary element, architectural element or the performance of machinery installation and electricity during or post earthquake Page 14021Cs ‘SN 09-1726-2002 Clay plasticity index. Nominal burden on a build:ng structure, the combination of each nominal burdens not multiplied by burden factor. ultimate burden of @ building structure, the combination of many final burdens the combined products of nominal burdens, each multiplied by burden factor. Rarthquake reduction factor, vatio. between maximum earthquake burden influence of Predetermined Barthquake, at the full elastic building structure with nominal earthquake burden, influence of Predetermined Earthquake, at the ductile building structure, depend on the ductility factor of that building structure, representative earthquake reduction tactor irregular building structure t Maximum earthquake reduction factor exploitable by system or subsystem building structure Nominal strength of a building, obtainable from the nominal strength of ite elenents, without being multiplied by reduction factor Page 15.22& & ‘sw 02-1726-2002 Ultimate ateength of a building, obtainable from the ultimate strength of its elevents, each nominal strength times reduction factor. Barthguake reduction factor for the earthquake burden along the x-axis for the irregular building atructure Earthquake reduction factor for the earthquake burden along the y-axis for the irregular building structure. Subscript indicates subsystem size, structure, or steel Sliding strength flow less soit layer, Sliding strength flow less i level soil layer. Weighted mean flow lesa sliding strength with the soil thickness ae the weighting. Soul layer tniceness level-1. Natural vibration time building structure (in second) to determine the value of Barthquake Response factor building structure and its curve is presented in Predetermined Earthquake Response spectrum. Pundanental natural vibration tise (in second) regular or irregular building structure. age 16023Te Ye Ye Vo ‘sN103-1726-2002 Angular natural vibration tine, it is natural vibration tine at the changing point diagram ¢ from straight line into hyperbolic curve atthe Predetermined Earthquake Response Spectrum. Subscript indicates ultimate size Propagation velocity sliding wave Weighted average propagation velocity sliding wave, weighted by the thickness of the soil layer. propagation velocity sliding wave at the soil layer-i Maximum earthquake burden due to Predetermined Earthquake absorbed by full elastic building structure in the condition nearly ruin. Maximum earthquake burden due to Predetermined Barthquake abeorbed by building structure in the condition nearly ruin by exploiting total surplus factor £ contain in the building structure. Predetermined Earthquake effect at the level noninal burden for the building structure with level common Guctile; Predetermined arthquake effect when the building structure begin melting that has been reduced by surplue strength factor burden and material f. ge 17 of 24‘sur 08-1728.2002 Nominal basic sliding force because of earthquake burden born by certain eubsystem building structure at the base level Nominal basic sliding force due to Predetermined Ravthquake influeace at the level nominal burden on the base of the building structure, obtained from the response spectrun variance analysis or tine series dynamic response analysis. Basic nominal sliding force affected by Predetermined Barthquake at the level nominal burden along the x- axie direction at the base of irregular building structure. Basic nominal sliding force affected by Predetermined Earthquake at the level nominal burden along the y- axie dizection at the base of irregular building Nominal basic sliding force works at the base of the irregular building structure with the connon ductility level, counted base on fundamental natural vibration time building structure. Matural ground water content. Pope 18 of 25,Ws ‘snr 03-1726.2002 Weight of basement floor, bottom structure of a uilding inclusive the appropriate life burden. Weight of the floor level-i, top structure of a building inclusive the appropriate 1ige burden. ag Secondary element weight, architectural element or machinery Installation and electricity. ‘Total weight of the building inclusive the appropriate Life burden. x-axis coordinate direction (also in subscript) y axis coordinate direction (also in subscript); subscript indicates burden at the first melting in the building structure or melting moment Floor height level- i of a building structure against lateral tighten level. Floor height peak level a of a building structure against lateral shrinkage level. Lotus height lotus secondary element, architectural elenent. or machinery installation and electricity againet lateral tighten level. Page 190126Beoeta) ‘yiganma) ‘e\genma-D) ‘Yelgamma-E) yeiganma-L) 3, (delta-m) 5 (delta-y) Stzetay sn 09-1726-2002 Reliability index, a munber when multiplied by deviation standard distribution 1, (Ri/0), then subtracted from mean of that sunber, obtain a value of this number which the probability to be surpassed Linited to certain percentage, R Le che ultimate strength of the observed building and G. is the ultimate burden of the building structure. Burden factor in general burden factor for nominal dead burden. Burden factor for nominal earthquake burden. Burden factor for nominal Life burden. Maximum deviation building structure because of Predetermined Earthquake effect at the verge of destruction. Building structure deviation because of Predetermined garthquske effect when the first nelting happen, Multiplier coefficient total storied building structure that limits fundanental natural vibration time building structure, depend on Earthquake Area Page 20.27nteta) pom) pe(oa-m) Etksi) o(sigmay (sigma) epni) .9NI09-1726-2002 Multiplier factor building structure deviation because of Predetermined Earthquake at nominal burden to obtain building structure deviation when fret time melting happen. Building structure ductility factor, ratio between maximum deviation building structure because of Predetermined Earthquake effect at the verge of ruined condition and building structure deviation at the first time melting happen. maximum ductility factor value that can be run by a aysten or @ subsystem building structure. multiplier factor building structure deviation because of Predetermined Earthquake effect at the level nominal burden to obtain maximum deviation building structure at the verge of ruined condition Standard deviation, 22 (Ri/Q) Aistribution; R, is witimate strength of the observes building structure, and Q ultimate burden of the building structure Addition sign. General strength reduction £; ag021 of 28‘sw 02-1726-2002 pei) Multiplication coefficient peak acceleration soil surface (including prime factor) to obtain vertical earthquake response factor depend on Earthquake Area. 4 General provision 4.1 Predetermined arthguake and building category 4.1.1 this standard decides the effect of the Predetermined Earthquake. In general, it must be considered when designing building etructure, complete with various parts and its equipment. As the consequence of the Predetermined Earthquake, the building mist stil2 stand up, even though nearly ruin, The cyclical period of Predetermined Harthquake is estimated to be 500 years; the probability to happen is 10% for the 50 years old building. 4.1.2 For many building categories, depend on the probability that the building will ruin during its life, the Lifetine of the building that is expected, the influence of the Predetermined Earthquake must be multiplied by Prime Factor I to obtain the equation: Tehh a 1, is the Prime Factor te adjust cyclical period related with the adjusted probability along the age of the building, while I: is the prime Factor to adjust cyclical period related with Page 22 0f29the adjustment the age of the building. Prime factor Ty, and I are presented in Table 1. ‘able 1 Prine Factor 1 for various building and construction category. ‘snr 03-1726-2002 Building category Prine Factor ‘General building such as Gelling, commercial and office buildings Womunent and wonunental building TapOFEAAE building post earthquake such as hospital, clean water installation, electric generator Bnergency rescue center, radio and television facilities Gullding to storage hazardous aterials such as gas, petroleum product, acids, poisonous materials chimney, tank on top of @ tower % & To] a8 To] 36 aa | a0 re] io Ts [a0 Note: For any building structure with the usage permit given before thie Standard effective, then the Prime Factor I can be multiplied by 808. Page 23 of 30‘sur 0s-1726-2002 4.2, Regular and (rregular building structure 4.2.1 the regular building structure has the following eriteria + the height of the building structure more than 19 storied or 40 m measured from the laterel shrinkage. 4 the diagran is @ rectangle without protrusion, and if there je stick out, it can be ne more than 25% of the longest Line diagram along the protrusion. + me diagram without a notch, if there is a notch, the side of the notch no more than 15 of the longest line in the bullding structure diagram, along the notch. + the building structure eyeten ie founded from many buffer lateral burden subsystens equally perpendicular parallel with the hole orthogonal main axis building structure Atagram, + Te building structure systen never shows front plane Jumping, end Lf At doce the scale of structure diagram, part of the protruding building in any direction never less than 75% of the largest dimension tha: of its lover floor. Pent house not higher than to storied floors, need not to be considered the cause of front plane jumping. 4 me building structure eysten distributes lateral rigidity well balance, no soft storied floor, that its lateral rigidity lese than 70% that of its upper floor or less the Page 24 of31‘snr 03-1726:2002 608 that of average its total 3 storied upper floors. The lateral rigidity of a floor neans sliding force press down tthe said floor that causes one unit deviation inter-floors + the building structure systen distribute burden properly, no floor has weight 150 4 as mich as that of ite upper or lower floor. + me building structure systen ows vertical elements of the system unbroken hold up lateral burden, without changing center weight except the moving no more than a half of elenent along the soving éimension. + The Duileing structure systen owns continues storied floors, with out hole or opening with the area more than sot of the entire storied floor. If there is @ hole or an opening, the total can not exceed 20% of the some total of all storied floors. For the regular building structure, Predetermined Earthquake effect can be considered as the influence of earthquake burden static equivalent, according to this standard, equivalent static analysis can be used 4.2.2 The building structure aside from Section 4.2.1 is consider irregular building structure, the influence of Predetermined Earthquake must be considered as the influence Page 25 of92‘SN 09-1726-2002 of dynamic earthquake burden; equivalent static analysis should be used. 42 Alding structure ductility and nominal earthquake burden 4.2.2 the duotility factor (w) of building structure, is the ratio of maximin deviation caused by Predetermined Barthguake influence at the verge of ruin dy and deviation when the first melting happen dy & 2.0 neo 2) % In equation (2) = 1.0 is the ductile factor value, full elastic building structure, while py ie naximum ductile factor value that can be mobilized by the appropriate building structure ae it ie explained in Section 4.1.4 4.3.2 If Ve de the maximo burden due to Predetermined Barthquake absorbable by building structure at the verge of ruin and Vy ie burden that cause tne putiging structure ett for the first time, then assuming that the building structure ductile and full elastic, because of Predetermined garthquake influence indicate equal maximum deviat-on 5, in the point of ruin, thea here Ls the equation: ve Wen @ » ude the ductility factor building struczure age 26 038‘SM 08-1726-2002 4.2.3 Tf Va de the nominal earthqueke burden because of Predetermined Earthquake effect that mist be considered in designing building structure, thea @ ; ig the suxplus strength factor of burden and material content in the building structure; the quantity is fixed as follows: heLe 8) R ig earthquake reduction factor and follows the equation: 1.6 Reph Re (6 Rel. ig earthquake reduction factor of fully elastic building structure, Rm ig maximum earthquake reduction factor applicable by structure systen suitable vith Section 4.3.4. Table 2 presente x-value ror various related value, with che condition that » value and R-value never more than their maximum value suitable with Section 4.3.4 Table 2 ductility parameter building structure Building Structure Performance | Equation (6) Fall elastic To re is aa Poge27 of 34‘sw 09-1726-2002 Equation (6) a2 Building Structure Performance | Partial ductile Fall ductite 4.34 In designing building structure, the ductile factor value jp, can be chosen as needed, but never more than the maximum value ym, that can be mobilized by each system or subsystem building structure, Table 3 offers the Hs value that can be wobiliges by many kinds of aysten and subsystem pallding structure, complete with che related maximum reduction factor Ry. 4.3.5 If the earthquake burden direction due to Predetermined Earthquake building structure system consists many Giffexent subsystems, the representative earthquake burden factor of the building structure along the earthquake Aixection can be calculated as weighted average value. The weight io the basic sliding force hold up by every subsystem. BV Re o BVe/Re Page 28 of 35,‘swt o3-1726-2002 R,, ig the value of earthquake reduction factor every subsystem building structure, Rv, is the sun total, basic sliding force born by every subsystem building structure ‘hie formula only applicable if the ratio between earthquake reduction factor of the existing subsystem building structure never wore than 1.5 4.3.6 For the kind of subsystem building structure out pide Table 3, the value of ductile factor and that of earthquake reduction factor must be found rationally for instance by using static push-over analysis. Table 3 Maximm ductility factor maximum earth reduction factor structure surplus resistant factor and total, surplus resistant factor many kinds system and ‘oubeyetem building structure ‘Syston and bubayaton: Explanation of Bearing system =e] F Dulding structure ‘earthquake burden vm) @ | es 1 Loaring wat Sam Sica wal rood eoncrole Was | ae (Gtuctue eytom without [FU wal ight Fore seel-pul bac frame complete gravitation [3 Bracing Ferre ~bracrg bearsgraviaton | 18 | 28 | az supporing spaco leaning [a Sisal 2a | | oz watorbracng sytem | BRalnavead coneras (nat Gres 68) | 48] 2B) 22 exoporing nos al ravitston, Lateral burden supported by sling wallor acing lator “Faulding walaton ayia | 7 Eocene sel rading fame ao ae (otetu sytem that ouns [2 Siang wal Tana carerew 3a 55 | ae Page 29 f 36‘sur 0s-1726-2002 ‘System and aubayatom Explnallon fearing stam R[F buting structure ‘earthquake burden em | eo _alton apace eumpaTERY | Common brah are complete burden graviaton. [a Sash 35] 58 2E Lateral buon supported by |p Reinforced conaeie (nator Mea B8B)_[ SB] 86 | OZ siding wal or bracng rane [7 Spacia enosrie bracing Fame = Seat ar ba] ae 5 Siig wal entered cone a0] 6s] 28 5 Sing wal enorced cota 38] BO] 2a 7,_Sing wa eioreed conerde 33] 55 | 28 ‘3 walaion estan supporing | 1 Special moment eupporna ae momentosouctue sytem [a Saat 2 as oe Reread Cane 2] 85 | 2e supporting complete once meaum nonen eupromgrane | 33 | 55 | 25 ‘ravtaton burden ttre! [3 Canon moment supporing Fame burden surpored by 3 Seat ar] as | ae skeleton supportng moment. 5 Reinfreedcaneate zr] 38 | ae min by plastic Sisal baa fara spac momrtaapronag | 20] 6S | ae mechanism) “Walle ayiom (Conastak [7 Siang wa +) sholeton space that bears | &- Reinforced concrete wih SAPIIC 32] 8S | Oe salthe gravtaton buen; 2) | Reinforced concrete Bearer of tera buon such |b, Raliorced conerele SRFUBRanioced | 26 | 42 | 25 ssslding wallortrecing | _concrote ‘ramowith rae supporing |e Ranforeedconarle SRPURIRAoTeed | 40 | 65 | Ze ‘moment Skelton omer supporting moment mustbe |Z Siel eecaniis bracing ame sign separately mininum [5 With BREN aoa) 32 | as | ae «an beer 25% ota lalral__ 5 Wy SRBNE SST Ze ae | ae buréen;3) the wo system 3. Comin BEng Fame must be designed tobe able [5 Sisa wi SRPUK est a0] | 28 tobearin unison overat [5 Sar wth SRP aead 2e [a2 | 28 Ino! burden by considering = Rsifersd Canale with SRP ao] es | 28 Inter actoniutple sytem | " inoroed concrete (nt for 586 Area) Renters Conois wih SRP reinforad concrete (ot for 58 6 Ara) 2 7 2 “Special bracing concen fame, Page 30 of 37‘swt 03-1726-2002 ‘System and aubeysiom ‘Explanation of Boating atom R[F Dullaing structure earthquake burden em) @ | eo Seal wi SRP iT aes | ae 1, Steal wifi SRPOUS soa! we] a2 | oe ‘5 Cantiver column buling | Carlver column srucure eam Ta [az] structure syetom (eructire ‘system that ulzed 20, ma 40% and 5, < 25 kPa Special Soil |Special evaluation needed at each location tn Table 4%, W, & are weighted average of those figure with the goi1 layer thickness as the weighting; that cust be calculate with the following equation: Paget of‘swt 03-1726-2002 be meee ae Fam is Ae as Fee ty is the thickn of soil layer strata -i, Vu is the velocity of sliding wave propagation through the soil layer Strata-i, ™ score of Standard Penetration Test soil layer Strata -I, Su is sliding strength flow less soil leyer strata <4 end m is the total soil layer above base rocks. Then, in table 4; P: de Plasticity index clay soil, wy is natural ground water content and S, is the flow less sliding strength of the observed soil 4.4.4 The specific soll in the Table 4 means type of soil that does not meet the condition stated in the Table. Further more, the inclusive in the specific soil is also the soil, which has high potency Liguefaction, hyper sensitive clay, low cement Page 35 of 42‘sw 09-1726-2002 sand and fragile, swampy soll, soil content high organic material thicker than 3 m, very soft clay with PI more than 75 and thicker than 10 m, clay layer with 25 kPacSucSOkPa and thicker then 30 m for the type of Specific soil peak acceleration soil surface must be determined from the result of earthquake wave propagation analysis shown in Section 4.6.1 ar Rarthquake area and response spectrum 4.7.1 Indonesia is divided into 6 Barthquake Area as shown in Giagram 1. Earthquake Area T is the lowest while Rarthquake Area 6 is the highest receptor effect. The division of the Earthquake Area base on peak acceleration of base rocks because of the Predetermined farthqueke influence with cyclical period 500 years, with average value for cach Barthquake Area atated in diagram T and Table 5 4.7.2 If the peak acceleration soil surface A, cannot be obtained from the result of wave propagation analysis as said in Section 4.6.1, the peak acceleration soil surface, for any Barthquake Area and any soil types are determined in Table 5 Table 5 Peak accelerations for base rocks and soil surfaces for each Earthquake Area in Indonesia = ‘Beak acceleration soll surface A, (a acceleration Earthquake Area >". | Hard | Medium | Soft base rocks (g') | "ard | Mediim | Soft | specific soit 7 00s ‘008| 0.03 | 0.08 | Specie 2 0.10 012 | 013 | 020. | evaluation 3 015 o18_| 023 | 0.30 | needed in Page 8 of 43‘Snr 03-1726:2002 acceleration sail surface A (@) Peak ven |_sccnation | ga os Earnauate Area | retest) | Heed | Mam | Sot | specie ot 7 Cn CC 3 te | cm | oe | ox i 3 8s | os | os 4.7.9 peak acceleration base rocks and ptsk acceleration soil surface A, for the Earthquake Area I stated in the Diagram I and Table 5 is stated also as minimun acceleration that mist be considered in building strusture design to ensure wninimun robustness that building structure. 4.7.4 To determine Predetermined Earthquake effect on the building structure, such ae equivalent static nominal basic sliding burden upon regular structure suitable vith Section P 6.1.2, nominal basic sliding force as first variance dynamic response upon the irregular building structure suitable with the section 7.1.3 and nominal basic sliding force as dynamic response the entire variance participate on the irregular building structure suitable with Section 7.2.1, for every Barthquake Area ie determined Predetermined Barthquake Response spectrum C-T as shown in Diagram 2. In this diagram, ¢ is Barthquake Response Factor stated os gravitation and T is natural vibration time building structure stated in second. For T= 0 ¢ value is equal to Ay while A is the peak acceleration soll surface as shown in Table 5. Page 7 of 4Sioa ote sxe0K 005 porsed TeopToko yazA syo0r seq Fo WoTaeTeTeOGe yeed pu eTSoKOpUT um yy woxy oxenby3zeg “1 wezSera zone 9244-40 mS‘swt 02-1726-2002 4.7.8 Remembering that natural vibration time cycle is very short 0 7 0.2 second, there uncertainty, whether in characteristic soil movement or level ductility of the structure, Harthquake Response Factor ¢ according to rede srined Earthquake Response Spectum stated in Section 4.7-4, in the short natural vibration time cycle, the value not be picked up less then the maximum value for the related oil. 4.7.6 By stating maximum response acceleration Ay equal Fo An = 2.5 Bo (ae) And the naturel angular vibration time T= 0.5 sec. 0.6 sec and 1.0 sec, for: Hard Soil, Medium Soil, and Soft Soil respectively; by considering Section 4.7.4 and Section 4.7.5, Barthquake Response Factor C are determined as follows: + Fort Te Came an + fort > ce ant (ae) nd Ree Me Te (3) Ag and Az values for every Barth Area and coil type is shown in Table 6 Page 28 0 121‘91 084726-200 ‘able 6, Response Spectrum Predetermined Sarthquake Hard Soil] Wediun Soil [Soft solr Rarthawake) gp [Link] | tu 056 | Te 20. 8 wee ee | r BA | a.05 | O13] 0.08 [0.20 [0.20 2 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.50 | 0.50 3 [Link] | 0.29 | 0.55 | 0.33 | 0.75 | 0.75 ‘ 0.60 | 0.30 | 0.70 | 0.42 | 0.85 | 0.85 5 0.70 | 0.35 | 0.e3 | 0.50 | 0.90 | 0.90 ‘ o.83 | 0.42 | 0.90 | 0.54 | 0.95 | 0.95 Page 39.1 121‘snr 03-1726-2002 Faquate Aa? Earinguako Area? sons (eonson (osu 0 (on 200 waasan esa Earigake rea > Eaihiquake Area? esa (oatsan son 8 (as ease are) Earquate Nea’ Ears Areas season ‘senso (eau 3 vu ese core) Diagram 2 Spectrum Response Predetermined Earthquake Page of 121‘SMI 09-1726-2002 Vertical earthquake effect 4.8.1 The highly sensitive elemens of the building structure for gravitation burden uch as balcony, canopy, tong, span cantilever beam, transfer beam of the high building structure that hold up gravitation burden of the two or more upper floors and the long span pre-pressured concrete beam, must be considered against vertical conponent soil movement due to Predetermined arthquake, in the form vertical earthquake burden nosinal static equivalent that press upward or downward, sad the quantity equal to vertical Barthquake Response Factor G, tinea gravitation burden, included the appropriate life burden. 4.8.2 Vertical garchquake Response Factor C,, said in Section 4.8.1 mist be calculate with this equation: = ¥ AT (20) Y coefficient depends on artnquaxe Area where tne nuiiaing structure located and de written in Table 7 Ao is the peak surface soil acceleration in Table 5 while I is the prime factor in Table 2 Paget of 121‘su 03-1726-2002 Table 7 Cy coefficient to find vertical earthquake response factor Barthquake Area ¥ 5 General design for building structure 5.2 Top and botton structures 5.1.1 Upper structure of a building 1d the whole parte of the building structure above the soul gurface, while the bottom structure is the whole parts under soil surface that consists of basement - if eny - and/or the foundation structure. The entire botton structure mst be considered bears the Predetermined Earthquake effect. 5.1.2 If inter soil-structure is not conducted, Top and bottom structure of a building against Predetermined Barthquake eftect can be analyzed separetely. upper structure as if laterally clamped by the base floor, bottom structure can be considered separated under the ground laden with combined earthquake burdens from the upper structure, earthquake burden from its om inertia force, and earthquake burden from the surrounding soil. 5.1.3 for the building without baserent, level of lateral clamped upper structure as if happen on direct foundation Page [Link] 121‘sh 08-1728.2002 pedestal plane, raft foundation pedestal plane and pile foundation overhead plane. 5.1.4 if the improper clauped of the upper into the lower building structure being considered, then the upper structure of thie bullding oust be considered against lateral and rotational deformation effect of its lower structure, 5.1.5 When sone design upper structure and lower structure of @ building that withstand fron Predetermined narthquake effect; he should prevent lover structure from earlier danoging then the wpper structure. Lower structure elenenta must be fully elastic against Predetermined rarthguake, independent of ductile level of upper structure. 5.2 Restrictive structure earthquake burden 5.2.1 if building structure is designed against Predetermined Earthquake effect. every building structure elements whether part of the subsysten or system building structure such as portal, sliding wall, column, frame, floor, frameless floor (mushroom floor) and its combination, must bear Predetermined Earthquake effect. 5.2.2 4f one or more columm or building structure subsystem fails to bear Predetermined Barthquake effect, as said in Section 5.2.2, qt i only permiseibie, if the participation to bear the earthquake affects less than 10%. In Page 43 cf 121‘snr 03-1726-2002 this case, elenenta or the subsystem besides against gravitation burden, mist also be designed against deviation of building structure system due to Predetermined tarthguake effect the fully elastic building structure, that is against deviation R/1.6 tines deviation to nominal earthquake burden on the Building structure design, R is the earthquake reduction factor of the building structure end 1.6 is earthquake reduction factor for full elastic structure (Re f1) 5.2.2. In @ struccure system consists the combination of pliding walls, open portale, nominal base sliding burden because of Predetermined Earthquake effect, bear by open portals never less than 2st of the total nominal sliding burden along the direction of that earthquake burden. Proper bunden distribution must be done asong the entire structure system 5.3. Storied floor as diaphragm 5.3.1 storied floor, concrete roof, and tied floor systen of a building structure that is very rigid in their plane, can be considared as diaphragn against orizontal earthquake burden, 5.3.2 Storied floor, concrete roof, and tied floor systen of @ building structure, that is not rigid in their plane because of many holes and wide opening more than 50% total Page 4a of 121‘su 03-1726-2002 area ctoried floors, their planes will be deformed by horizontal earthquake burden must be 5.4 Masa center eccentricity against rotation center storied floor. 5.4 Mass center eccentricity against rotation center storied floor 5.4.1 Mase center storied floor of a building structure is the resultant knot point. 5.4.2 Rotation center of storied floor of a building structure is a point on that storied floor if a horizontal burden presses on it, the storied floor never rotates, but translates, while the other storied floors never bear the horizontal burden, all of then rotate and translate 5.4.3. Between mss center and rotation center of a storied floor, sist be observed an eccentricity design Ea. Tf the longest horizontal diagram of the building structure on the storied floor, is measured perpendicular in the direction earthquake burden, notified by b, then the eccentricity design ed mst be set forth as follow -Poro I because the cyclical period of this building is more than 500 years. The important buildings post-earthquake shospital, clean water installation, electric generator, energency rescue center, station radio and television), the hazardous buildings against environment if severely damage because of earthquake (dangerous material storeged or endanger the nearby buildings, Af broken due to earthquake (chimey, over tower tank) has weility time opan similar with the common building, chat de 50 yeare, then T; =1.0. But the probable earthquake happen along the span life of the buildings must be distinguished and all of then are less than 108 so that Ip because the cyclical period of that earthquake is moze than 500 years. the conbination T, and t, for various building category is written in table 1 along with 1 multiplication. 4.2 Regular and irregular building structures 4.2.1 Building Structure can be classified into regular building structure if it can satisfy the condition of this section. Usually the diagran of regular building structure symetric, consists of many supporting lateral burden subsystems, reciprocally perpendicular and parallel to the primary orthogonal-axis of the diagram. If for 3D anelysis, Page 76 of 121snr 03-1726.2002 the coordinate axis parallel to the prine axis structure Aiagran, then followed by free vibration analysie, in regular building structure the first variance novenent will translate dominantly along one of the main axis, and the second variance novenent will translate dominantly along the second prime axis, Therefore the 3 D structure of regular building actually behaves as 2D structure, along each of the main axia. Te will be explained later (see A.6.1), that the earthquake effect upon the regular building structure, by using analysis of Variance can be deened as if an equivelent static earthquake, burden, calowlated as dynamic response of the fundamental variance 4.2.2, If a building structure does not satisfy the condition in Section 4.2.1, and then we find irregular building structure. For irregular building structure, the earthquake effect to it mist be analyzed dynamically by using Analysis of Variance, response against dynamic earthquake is in superposition over sume of variance dynamic response that participate A.4.3 Building Structure Ductility and Nosinal Barthquake Burden 4.3.1 This section says that the full elastic structure reaches the verge of destruction in the sane time with the Hirst melting in it (8, = 6), then it says further, that not all Kinds of building structure system can fully ductile and Page Tot 121‘snr 09-1726-2002 seach wy = 5.3. The maximum ductility factor ty that can be reached by various structure system insluded in Table 3. To design a building structure, the architect or the ower can choose u value, as long as satiefy the condition 1.0 u 1.2, According zo many vesearches, the building structure generally the value of representative f= 1,6, While the value of earthquake reduction factor ° is variable suitable with the value of p, as in equation (6). In rable 6 we can find various value of 3 and y. Visually, the relation among Ver Var Vyr Ver Wand Ry are shown in Diagram P Equation (4) is the basic equation to determine earthquake nominal burden over building structure. If Vy is known, for exemple, calculated fron capacity section-diagram of set up elements or from the result of static push burden analysis of the whole structure, then V, = Wy / £. Tf Ve ds known, for Page 79 0f 121‘snt09-1726-2002 example from analytical calculation of response spectrum dynanic analysis then V, = Ve/R, for the latter, surely » must be known fire. Look at [Link] A. 4.3.4 This section presents table icontent maximim ductile values s, that can be wobilized by a munber of system and subsystem building structure, the outcons of many researches, along with the elated value of -R. For each systen or subsysten listed in Table 3, surely can be chosen pp value lower than a. The lower the y hosen, the higher the earthquake burden thet can be absorbed by the building structure, but the more simple (lighter) ductile needed for the Linking inter elenent of the structure. [Link] Tae gection gives the chance to the designer to assemble the whole structure eysten fxon the certain of sub- syatens with the know-r value. The entire value representative R is calculated by us:ng equation (7), that shows the weighted average value with the basic sliding vector born by each type of the subsystem, as the weight. For this case, @ preliminary analysis is needed for the building structure base on random earthquake busden (Random-R) to find ratic basic sliding vector born by each subsystem AW4.3.6 For the irregular structure systems, the y value renaine unknown, and must be rationally predetermined, for age 20 of 121‘swt 02-1726-2002 example by analysie static push burden, From this analysis, can be found & and Ss, so that p can be calculated. From that analysis Vy can also be known, so that vn can be calculated by division it wit f. A. 4.4 Burden planning and factorized strength A.4.4.1 Tn this section, burden Design and factorized strength are commonly formulated, with this philesophy. A structure or structure element of @ building is eafe, whenever R- 0 or Ri/Q 1 OF Ty (Ri/Qs) 0. The distribution of factor Jo (R/%) shows a bell shape curve with the deviation standard ‘as shown in Diagram P2. By introducing level of confident index § a value factor J, (Ro/Q)) aimed to have @ certain probability to be exceeded, can be said as the mean value of Jy (84/Q,) minus the multiplication po aa shown in diagrom P 2. 1 has been agreed that the capacity reduction factor @ and borden factor y must show a value combination, so that the target value factor 1, (Ry/Q,) reachable with the minimum p=3 for the burden conbination of dead burden and iife burden, and the minimum $2 for the burden conbiration of dead burden, Life burden, and earthquake burden. Base on this rule, various design standard, set forth the conbination value of © and y that are variable from one standard to the other standard, but satisfy the condition for the target value above. Paget of 121‘snr 09-1726.2002 Froquoney Distbton 4 RUA.) Probably exceeded Diagram P2 The bell. shape curve -distribution of factor 2 (e/a) 4.4.2 The value of Yo, vi, Ya 18 not written in this section, they had been set forth, in the burden standard for building structure, and/or in the applicable concrete standard or ste standard. similar with the strength reduction factors © the value is not given in this section, they had been set forth in the applicable concrete and ste) standards. it can be noted, according to many researches the combination of the value of burden factor and strength reduction factor applied in Indonesian standard satisfy minimum target 8, said in A4.1. A.4.4.3 There is still Little analysis of dead burden and lite burden, Decause very tlie oubumluy (Lue 2ife span of Ube building) to find the accurate distribution curves. therefore, up till now the value of both burdens renains unavailable, the values that had been chosen as the value of predetermined burden from various standard burdens cen be used. In European Literature nominal burden is called characteristic burden. Page a2 of 121SN 05-1726-2002 A.4.5 Capacity Design A.4.5.1 Ductility factor of a building structure a basic exterminator for earthquake burden that press down the building structure, Therefore the reschable ideal ductility must be well ensured. This can be resched by satisfying the condition ‘strong column, weak bean’ as set forth in this section. 1t means that due to Predeterained Earthquake effect, the plastic joints in the structure building can only happen on the tips end of beams, and only on the column and sliding wall feet. Ideally, the destruction sechanism of a building atructure is a shown in diagram P3 Prasisjons ‘Column Beam ‘sting wat Pests Plast ints Diagram P 3 The ideal destruction mechanism of a building structure, with plastic joints formed on the colum and sliding wall f A. 4.6 Soil types and Propagation of Earthquake Wave AL 4.6.1 Earthquake wave creeps through base rocks in the subsoil, from the depth of the base rocks it creeps into the soil eurface while being magnified, depend on the type of the Page 83 of 121‘snr 03-1726-2002 soil layer over the base rock The enlargement of this soil novenent must be determined by carying out the analysis of earthquake wave propagation as in thie section. Then this section says that any acceleration diagram contents uncertainty to be used in any location. Therefore, minimally 4 @istinct acceleration earthquake diagrana must be observed. ‘The #1 Centro Barthquake is used as @ standard, because its acceleration diagram wide frequency, recorded at medium @istance from the earthquake center with medium magnitude (not extreme) . A.4.6.2 This secticn defines base rocks from two criteria, the value (0), obtained fron standard Penetration Test and the velocity of sliding wave (v 4). In practice, the fixst definition is more applicable, because the data of M value, ie alvaye be found in final report of any technical-geodetic research in a location, while to find v, a lot of special field experinents is needed. When the two criteria are available, the more determining criteria are the one that yield the softer rocks. [Link] This section defines the type of soile: Hard soil Medium Soil, and Soft Soil, base on three criteria, those are: Propagation velocity of sliding wave (vo), Standard Penetration Test (8), and un-flow silding strength (S,). To determine the chosen soil, 2 of 3 criteria mst be available age 84 of 121‘swt s-1726.2002 ‘The determining criteria are the one that yields softer rocks When the 3 criteria are available, the best choice must be supported by two eriteria, From many researches it was revealed that only the top layer with the thickness of 30 m that determines the increasing moverent of surface-soil ‘Therefore the weighted average value of the three criteria must be calculated till the depth not more than 30 m. The setting forth of the depth limit is also important to standardized the calculation the value of the weighted average ae in equations (13), (24) and (15). Reninding that the det the soil, the larger the weighted average mean. A.4.6.4 Thig section gives advice the criteria of specific soil because the characteristic of this soil cannot be formated in general, then any charactefistic must be e soll is found. This evaluated specifically in any location section states on specific soil. ‘The earthquake moverent on the soil surface mst be determined from the result of earthquake propagation analysis in this analysie earthquake-acceleration iagram must be taken from the existing earthquake vibration reccrds or found from any location with the similar geology, topography, seismography and frequency criteria to the observed specific soil. since the so11 movement due to the earthguake on certain location cannct be predicted accurately, the simulated earthquake Page 05 of 121‘9 03-1726-2002 vibration can be used the key parameter of this similated earthquake vibration are: predominant vibration tine, response spectrum configuration, vibration period and the earthquake intensity Av 4.7 Earthquake Areas and Response spectrum A.4.7.1 Map of Indonesian Farthquake Area provided in this section is the result of probabilistic selemic hazard analysis that had been carried out around the entize region in Indonesia base on the latest existing ceienic-tectonic data at that ime, Data input for thie analysis is the source earthquake location distribution of earthquake magnitude in the region of earthquake sources attenuation function that cause relation between local soil movenent, earthquake nagnitude in the earthquake sources, and the distance the observed location up to the earthquake, minimus and maximum pagnitude, and the yearly frequency of earthquake in the region of earthquake sources, and the mathematical model earthquake happening. Ag the source oh earthquake, all the recorded sources of the earthquake history in Indonesia, have been visited whether source earthquake on the seduction zone, shallow source of earthquake on the earth plane, even source of earth on the active eddy that had been identified, the @Letrsbution of earthquake magnitude had been calculated base on the available data, This distribution is better known as Page 86 of 121‘sNI03-1726:2002 nagnitude frequency diagrans Gutenberg-tichter. As attenuation fonction, mich function had been visited as proposed by Pokushima and Tanaka (1990), Younge (1997) Joyner and Boor (1997) and Crouse (1951), and the local soil movement that had been observed is peak acceleration of base rocks. The earthquake occurrence mathematically follows Poisson Aistribution function, peak acceleration of basic rocks is found by serial calculating process: (1) total probability, every magnitude and distance is observed (2) one year probability total (3) one year probability of an event (4) cyclical period (one year converse probability) The result of the probabilistic analysis of the earthquake danger has been plotted on the Indonesian map in the form of contour lines peak acceleration of basic rocks with recycling peried of 500 years 9 (recycling period of predetermined Earthquake), later becone the basic for determining border area of the earthquake, This study had been done by many researcher groups independently, and the result e rather different from one another. Map of earthquake area presented in this section, is the average result of many studies of the researcher groups A.4.7.2 Mean acceleration of base rocks for Barthguake Area 1-6, are 0.03 g, 0.10 g, 0.25 g, 0.20 g, 0.25 g and 0.30 9. With the acceleration base rocks such those, than the surface soil acceleration (Mo) for Hard Soil, Medium Soil, and soft Page a7 of 121‘91 08-1726-2002 S011 as shown in Table 5 ae comparative otudy in the overseas country atandard such as National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Progras 1997 (NEHRP 1997) and uniform Building code 1997 (usci997). If we look at NEERP 1997 for instance, base rocks nearly equivalent with Si, while Hard Soll, medium soil, and Soft Soil nearly equivalent with 8, 83, and 5). [Link] This section intends to design building structure in the Farthquake Area 1 minimin rigidity, Therefore, earthquake burden that is conditioned is an effect of earthquake non- Predetermined Earthquake. Im the construction law of our neighboring country, Singapore, bordering with Earthquake Area 1, there is mule related with the rigidity of a building that any building structure must be considered against nominal horizontal burden in any floor as much [Link] nominal dead burden of that floor. According to this Section 4.7.3, a short building structure (T short) in the Earthquake Area 1, on the Medium soil, with wthquake reduction factor, Re7 (partial ductile), must be calculated agains: earthquake response factor equal £0 0.13 I/R = 0.13 x 0.8/7 = 0.015 is equal to what is xegulated in Singapore. There fore this section can be said to preserve the continuity earthquake risk regional country-crossing border. No longer similar with the old standard, where farthguake Area 2is totally free from earthquake. Page 88 of 121‘snr 09-4726-2002 [Link] In general Reoponse Spectrun ia a diagram that gives relation between maximin response acceleration of a systen single degrees of freedom (SDF) due to certain earthquake input ao function of absorber factor and natural vibration time of the system SDP. Response spectrum C-T set forth in this section for each Earthquake Area, is a diagram of the yelation between maximum response acceleration (Rarthguake Response Factor) © and the natural vibration tine t system SOF because of Predetermined Rarthquake, the system SDF ome critical absorber fraction 5% condition T+0 means that the systen very rigid and fully follows the soi2 movement. ‘Therefore, foe T = 0 maximum response acceleration identical with surface soil acceleration(C=A .) the real form response spectrum shows a random function, when > increase, shows value formerly increasing up to the maximum point, then keeps on decreasing asymptotically approaches T-axis. In this section the curve is standardizes as follows: For 0 7 0.2 second, © linearly inerease from 4s up to Am; for 0.2 seconds 7 To, © has a fixed value = Aa, for T > Te follows hyperbole function ¢ = A /T. in this case C is called angular natural vibration time. The idealism of hyperbole function means, that for ToT, the maximum response velocity tas a fixed value. A4.7.5 The result from many researches indicates that for 0 Te related with ‘naxiitum regponse velocity ~fixed value. [Link] The yields of many research show that Ay is around 2 Ao and 3 Ap so that the mean of & = 2.5 A is deened sufficient for designing. Further wore, many researches also reveal that the angular natural vibration tine T: for Hard Soil, Medium soil, and Soft Soil is good enough to be approximately in, 0.5 secon, 0.6 second and 1.0 second respectively. Aud@ Vertical Harthquake Effect A481 The earthquakes in Northridge (1994) and Kobe (2993) revealed that many building elements those are hypersensitive against gravitation badly destroyed due to the vertical acceleration of soil movenent. This section indicates various elements that mist be observed against the effect of the vertical acceleration of the soll movement, The real dynamic analysis of those elenents against the vertical soil movenent caused by earthquake is very complicated. The entire inter- element response interaction, as well as inter-structure responses ~interaction, happens simulteneously. Therefore this section simplifies the problem, by observing the effect of age 60 of 121‘sv 09-1726-2002 vertical acceleration of the soll movement caused by earthquake as equivalent static nominal vertical earthquake burden [Link] Te is easy to understand that the vertical component soil movenent due to earthquake, will be relatively bigger, the nearer the earthquake center from the observed location. This section states that the vertical acceleration of soil movement is equal to peak acceleration of surface soil Ae tines earthquake coefficient ¥. Because the more frequently ‘earthquake happen in a location, the nearer the location to che earthquake, center, therefore the earthquake coefficient keeps on increasing from 0.5 to 0.8 suitable with the increasing classification of earthquake area fron 1 to 6 as it show in Table 7. Equation (20) show structure follows vertical soil movement, independent of natural vibration time and ductility, In this equation, the earthguake reduction factor is included the I -factor, is used to consider the observed building category. 4.5. General design Building structure A.5.1 Top and Bottom structures [Link] Building Structure design with multi level inner basement, face the complicated problem soi-structure interaction, the problen will be much moze complicated if many high building have one common basenent. Therefore, this Page 91 of 121‘sv as-1726-2002 ecction simplify the problens by separating top structure and hotton structure observations 25.1.2 By observing top and bottom structure separately, then top structure can be deened clamped at the ground floor, and bottom structure can be considered as 3 D separated structure that laden with top structure, fron its own inertia force and from the surrounding soil. A.5.1.3 thie section set forth top structure, lateral Eighten level for the building without basement. [Link] though observation of the soil-structure is not carried on but sometimes improper tightening on column and sliding wall feet axe considered. The improper tightening are lateral and rotational deformations at the tightening level, that the effect of the two of them must be considered againat top structure. [Link] Bvery time earthquake happens, top building structure never behaves well if the bottom structure fails earlier. To prevent this symptom, the bottom structure must be designed to be fully elastic any time. Therefore, noninal burden on bottom structure due to Predetermined Earthquake effect must be set forth on the basis ay = 1 and r= £ 1+ 1.6 a9 it vae usually happen for full elastic structure. agos2of 121‘sn 03-1726-2002 A. 5.2 Rarthguake burden resistant structure A. 5.2.1 This section emphasis the entire structure elements Whether part of subsystem or systen structures as a whole must be considered bear Predetermined Earthquake effect. Basically no structure element can be neglected in participating hold up earthquake burden, except it fulfills section 5.2.2 A.5.2.2 when it was proved that an element or structure systen bears only 108 of earthquake burden, it can be TRgIected, wut they WUsT be considered in facing building structure deviation because of nominal earthquake burden when the building structure is fully elastic [Link] this section only repeat tht condition in table 3 for multiple systens. Tt means that open portals their lateral rigidity relatively mall, renain om certain minimin setting wp strength, to more ensure that they can endure against earthguake burden 4.5.3, Storied floor a# dtaphraga [Link] By deeming storied floor and {alec concrete roof and tightening floor) function as diaphragn, its means in within ite plane is very rigid then against every earthquake burden, each storied floor has three degrees of freedons, those are translation in each direction coordinate axis and rotation through the center rotation of the floor. The three of the Page 98 of 121‘snt03-1726:2002 degrees of freedoms determine the distributed horizontal earthquake burden over the entire storied structure eysten, as in the 3 d structure in common. [Link] Holes and large opening on the floor happen on the vide stairs hole or on the butlding that owas atrium. Tf the vide of the hole excesd SO¥ of the flosr area, then the floor no longer is deemed function as diaphragm against earthquake burden, In thie case the influence of flexibility-storied ror ints pian must be considered against distributed horizontal burden all over the storied floor structure syaten. A.S.4 Mase conter eccentricity against rotation center storied floor A.5.4.1 The floor mass center as the knot of equivalent static earthquake burden or dynamic earthquake force is the single floor, not the cumulative of the upper floors [Link] the floor rotation center ie unique for any building ‘ structure, Independent of distributed burden along the height of bullding structure. Due to earthquike burden that catches nase center located eccentric against floor center locetion, the storied floor haa 3 kinds of deviation, translation along each of coordinate axis, and rotation through the floor rotation center, suitable with the related degrees of freedom (look et A.5.4.1). Therefore, the influence of Predetermined Barthquake against the building structure must be anelyzed in age 940 121‘sub 03-1726-2008 3d, whether static or dynamic anelysis. Rotation center is not rigidity center or sliding center, as it hae been know in the structure engineering. Rigidity center of a building structure is a point in each storied (between two flcors) that Af the sliding burden of all the atorled floor work on it in unison, the overall of the building structure (all storied and all floors) not rotates, but translation only. Therefore, rigidity is not unique for « building structure, but depend oa the distribution earthquake burden atong the height of the pullding structure. The consideration rigidity center is irrelevant in the context of rotation sovenent storied floor: A.5.4.3. this section determines an eccentricity design between mass center and rotation cente: in each storied floor, in remind that the eccentricity can deviate farther than the calculated in theory. There are 2 sources of the deviation. ‘The fixet ie the dynamic magnification because of non-linear structure at the stage of earthquake burden post-elastic. The second, rotation component soil movenent through vertical axis, different structure rigidity estimation, value of ste! melting strength, value of dead burden and velue and distribution life burden, Because of the 2 sources of deviations, then eccentricity design -eg consists of 2 components. The first component is the function of theory -e, to overcome influence the first source deviation, the second Page 95 of 1215M 09-1726:2002 component as function of the longest horizontal distance, building structure diagram perpendicular to earthquake burden =b, {8 to overcone source of influence the second cause. The influence of the first cause is more dominant for small eccentricity (0 © 0.3 b), while the second source of cause is more dominant for the large eocentricity (© 0.2 b) at the borderline © ~ 0.3 surely found equal eccentricity design RSdd this section eapresses Chit eccentricity design between mass center and rotation center mist be observed wether in static or dynamic analysis, It ia unreasonable to Aistinguish the eccentricity between the two analyses 4.5.5 structure rigidity A.5.5.1 in this section the way to choose effective inertia moment section diagram of structure element ia standardized, the percentage affectivity section d:agram cones from many researches. ‘Therefore the whole rigidity structure is calculated by uniform rule, the structure behavior (deviation, natural vibration time) can be studied by single criteria. [Link] this section set forth concrete modulus elasticity B, and steel modulus elasticity fe, [Link] this section expresses that effective inertia moment confirms in section 5.5.1 is epplicable for static and dynanie Page 96 of 121‘SM os-1726-2002 analysis, to calculate deviation and vibration time building etructure. It is unreasonable to distinguish structure rigidity calculation between the two aralyses. A. 5.6 fundamental natural vibration time restriction ‘The usage building structure that is too flexible should have to be prevented. Th this section restricting the value of the fundamental vibration time can do it. There are for reasons to Limit the fundamental vibration tine of building structure: + Go prevent the excessive P-delea effect + To prevent excessive inter-storied deviation at the earthquake burden that cause initial melting chat is to ensure the convenience dwelling and limiting the possibility of structure damage caused by nelting ste? and excessive breaking concrete, as well as non-structure damage + To prevent excessive inter-storied deviation at the rmaximin earthquake burden, Limiting the possibility of ruin that can cause fatal victine + To prevent excessive low cepacity of set up structure, to mind that building structure with long fundamental vibration time absorba too small quantity earthquake burden (shown in response spectrum C-1) so that the internal force within structure elements produce low set up strength. Page 87 of 121‘su 03-1726-2002 Im this section, the Limit value of furdanental vibration time of a building structure is set forth as the multiplication of coefficient § and ‘x’, the total storied floor of that building in Table 6 coefficient § stated as function of the frequency earthquake of Zarthquake Area where the building located. re reninds that the lower frequency carthquake, the less less-doninant earthquake tburdea against gravitation burden, so that the restriction of vibration tine is less important meaning. To penalty the excessive flexible building structure by giving condition a minimum value ¢ of the wesponse apactrun C-T can make eafety surer but cannot change the behavier A. 5.7 Pedelta effect High buliding structure usually relative flexible, there fore due to the earthquake burden, experiences deviation relatively wide that can cause P-delta effect, significant enoush. According to thie section the P-delta effect must be considered if the building height ie more than 10 storied floors or moze than 40 meter, 4.5.8 Earthquake burden direction [Link], At the regular structure building, the structure system is formed fron many sub-systen bearer of the lateral burden, equally perpendicular and parallel with the orthogonal main axis building atructure diagram, the mine dominant Page 98 of 121‘9 09-1726.2002 Aivection earthquake burden is the ones in the same direction with the main-axis, But in the irregular building structure, che dominant main direction of the earthquake burden often unpredictable, therefore, the main éixection of earthquake burden must be sought out by trial and error. By considering much possibility. A.5.6.2 in fact the direction of earthquake burden of a building structure is random, in geseral always present 2 GoupORERE OF Sarehquake “burden aYOag Gach OF the OFtHOgoTAT main axis that work in unieon. Not-full earthquake burden but biaxial can create the more complicated effect against building structure than the full earthquake burden but single axial, This condition is anticipated in this section by set forth chat earthquake burden along the main exie 100%, must be Geomed work in unison with the earthquike burden perpendicular but observed 30% A.§ Irregular building structure design A.6-1 equivalent static nominal earthquake burden Ag... Tm analysie dynamic response against earthquake effect, a building structure is nade as a nodel system with many degrees of freedom. By using analysis of variance 6.1.2 Thia section shows the way determine equivalent static baeic sliding burden V, related to equivalent static Page 9p of 1219M 03-1728.2002 earthquake burden said in A.6.1.1, As shown in the sinplification, the equivalent static basic sliding burden can be presented in dynamic response single degrees of freedom SDP chat related only with the fundanental variance so that can be determine by response Spectrum Predetermined Earthquake ¢-T sot forth in section 7.7.4 (Diagram 2) as in equation (26). Tn chis equation I factor is used to ceneider category of the observed building, while R changes earthquake burden into nominal earthquake burden. 6.2.3 Equation (27) is part of the simplification equivalent static earthquake burden said in A.6.11 in the sane time set forth the vay to distribute nominal basic sliding burden -V along the height of the building structure into equivalent static nominal earthquake burdens. A.é.t.4 This section related with building stiucture that relatively very flexible along the éirection of earthquake burden (thin buflding) that often shows whipping effect. The concentric burden 0.1V set up on the top floor simulated this effect. A.6.1.5 This section says that the calculation on the top of a tower is conservative. For the more accurate calculation, the distribution of the structure mass surely can be considezed. Page 1000 121‘SN 09-1726-2002 A.6.2 the fundamental natural vibration tine [Link] Because the xegular building structure in each of the main-axis of the structure diagram behaves as structure 2 D therefore the fundamental natural v:bration time along the direction each of the main-axis can be calculated by Rayleig’s formula is in equation (28) applicable for structure 2D this formila is derived fron the law of exergy conservation on a structure 2 D when the vibration mudly, the kinetic energy equal to the potential energy [Link] To determine equivalent static nominal earthquake burden, he calculated fundamental natural vibration time calculated by Rayleigh’s formula is used as standard. The natural vibration time can be calculated by ancther method, as Jong os the obtained value not differs more or less than 20 + that of Rayleigh’s method A.6.2 Equivalent static analysis This section only states that earthquake burden on the regular structure building is as equivalent static earthquake burden, the analysis building structure ie cazried out by 3 D conmon static analysis, for the irregular building structure from the reoult of dynamic response analysis can be simplified equivalent static earthquake burden, the next analysis can be done by usual 3 D static analysis. Page 101 of 121‘sv 03-1726-2002 A.7 Irregular building structure design A.7.2 Provision for dynamic response analysis A.7.1.1 In practice izregular building structure design often be found, from analysis view point it is not a problem, with the existing computer sophisticated program nowadays. High ability to analyze complicated structure, it is better to be used to control the structure behavior against earthquake If the fixer variance movement has been dominant in rotation, this indicates bad behavior and very inconvenience for the Gweller when earthquake arises. This structure system should be improved and rearranged and set up more rigid elenents around the diagram to increase torsion the entire structure system go that the first variance movenent becomes dominant translation. Penalty the twisted structure by adding the earthquake burden can make nore secure, but never change the behavior. A.7.1.2 Irregular building structure really behaves like 3D structure so that the representative ductility renain unknown, related with the Table 3 that more reflected characteristic ductility 3 D syste. This section leads the way to chose earthquake reduction factor -R trough prelininary analysie earthquake burden along every chosen coordinate axis A.7.1.3. For certain building structures sometime total response against earthquake lesser the higher variance Page 10201121‘9M 09-1726-2002 response that lessens the first variance. To ensure the existence the minimum capacity set up structure, This section states the last value response every building structure can never be less than 80%, response value the first variance A.7.2 Analysis of variance respon spectrum [Link] a explained in A.6.1.1 in the method total dymanic variance response analysis with many degrees of freedom MDF a super-position of dynamic response a number of variances, each of then is dymanie response of Single Degrees of Freedon SD?, the wider the variance the smaller the contribution to the total dynamic response. This fact enables us to use Predetermined Earthquake Response Spectrum like in Diagram 2 as the base to set forth response of every variance, but. The ordinate of the Spectrum response must be corrected with the correction factor 1/R to consider the observed building category and to change earthquake burden into nominal earthquake burden, suitable with ductile factor selected for the building. ‘hen, the sums of the variance response that be changed into super-position can be limited, provided mass contribution that yield total response ninimal sot A.7.2.2 Bach variance response, stated by Predetermine Barthquake is maximum responses. Usually each variance response reaches maximum value in different time, so that the maximum variance responses cannot be summing up easily. This Page 103 0123‘SN 09.1726-2002 section tells how to make super-position maximm variance responses base on many researches. This section sets forth 2 types of super-positions, those ere Complete quadratic Combination or coc and Square Root of the Sum of Squares or SRSS along with the usage condition A.7.2.3 Thie section is similar to A 7.1.3, further explanation is no longer needed here [Link] By using this section, response spectrum variance analysis only be used to determined dynamic nominal storied sliding force caused by Predeternired Rarthquake effect. Internal forces in building structure elenents, are obtained from common 3 D analyeia base on the simplified equivalent static earthquake burdens from the distributed nominal storied sliding forces found from the earlier dynanic reponse analysis, previously modified if needed to get better @istributed nominal earthguake burdens along the height building structure (look at Diagram P.4). With this method, che direction of internal forces within bullding structure elenents can be found nore surely Level Fist Vaian Response Medias ‘ising Force Diagram Diagram P.4 Nominal storied sliding force diagram along the height building structure Page 1040121‘snr 03-4726-2002 4.7.3 Time series dynamic response analysis A.7.3.1 This section gets forth that to study building structure behavior from second to secord during the earthquake arises, whether elastic or post- elastic, can be carried out ynamic or non-dynamic response analyses tine series [Link] wor the nominal earthquake burden, when structure response still full elastic, the peak acceleration Earthquake input, should be scaled into A suitable with equation (33) In this equation I factor is used to calculate the observed building category, while R-factor is used to change earthquake burden into nominal earthquake burden. [Link] for the full burden of Predetermined Earthquake, When structure response had changed into elastic-plastic, the peak acceleration earthquake input is equal to Aor. T factor ig used to calculate the observed building category, A.7.2.4 this section expresses that any acceleration diagran contents uncertainty to be used in a location, therefore, mininum ¢ other different acceleration disgrans should be observed. £1 Centro Earthquake is used as standard, because the acceleration diagram contain vide frequency, noted at medium distance fron the epicenter with medium magnitude (not extreme) age 105 of 121‘sn 03-1726-2002 A.7.2.5 ag an alternative this section permite to use simulated soll acceleration as input earthquake movenent in time series dynamic response analysis A.@ Building structure performance 8.2 Limit service performance 8.1.1 To restrains the excessive steel melting and the concrete cracking, besides to prevent non-structure damage and inconveniences set forth by inter storied deviation because of Nominal Rarthquake that had been divided scale factor: A.8.1.2 This section defines quantitatively limit service performance of the building structure 2 Ultimate Linit performance 2.2 Because thia standard followa fixed maximan a deviation as explained in A.4.2.2, thea after the building structure variance because of the norinal earthquake burden had mown from the structure analysis, structure variance in the verge of damage is found by multiplying variance because of the nominal earthquake burden by factor §. from the Diagran P.i clearly seen for the regular building structure € = R suitable with equation (34). For irregular building structure. The scale factor effect mst be deleted, because the real variance 18 not affected by it. This is reflected trom equation (35). The eimple forma to calculate structure age 105 of 121‘swt os-1726-2002 variance in the verge of damage is possible because of the rule of maximm variance that always is cheyed. As it had been said. [Link] This section quantitatively sets forth the criteria of ultimate Limit performance of building structure a. 2.3. This section is intended to prevent the impact between two close buildings. Past experiences of various strong earthquakes, the worst destruction happened because two building located next to one another reciprocally collided This disaster can be prevented provided the space distance between the to buildings save enough as discussed in this section. A.8.2-4 This section is intended to prevent collisions between 2 parte of building structure separated with @ilatation gap, the gap width should be sufficient to prevent Anpact inter-parts which not only cause serious damage, but also change structure regponse that had been calculated a 2.5 The width of gap partition mist always be maintained to keep ite function always in order A.9 Rarthquake effect upon the bottom structure 4.9.1 Earthquake burden from the top structure Page 107 of 121sm 03-1726-2002 A.9.1.1 From the philosophy of ca:thquake withstand for building structure it is clear (look at A.1.3) that Predetermined Earthquake effect makes the top structure severe damage but mist renain stand up and not collapse, so that the fatal accident can be prevented. But this can only happen if the bottom structure not earlier damage. there fore the botton structure must be able to bear up vell the top structure burden, when the top structure in the verge of destruction. ‘This section tells this maximum burden Vy that is mobilized above the soil burden that cause first nelting Vy because of the structure surplus strength factor f; (look at diagram P.2) becaus the hyper-static structure and the formation of plastic joints not in unison. Than process redistribution forces happen that yield the surplus strength factor for the full ductile structure (i = 2.53), where the redistribution forces happen widely, according to many researches, the structure surplus strength factor f; = 1.75 For the full elastic structure (y #1) redistribution forces never happen (plastic joints never obteineds there fore f; <1 with this two Limit conditions, equation (370 is used to calculate £2 for any vy simplified from the equality of the elevation angel. Because surplus strength factor burden and material #1 =1.6, then the maxim earthguake burden can be calculated easily by aultiplying nominal earthquake burden and surplus strength factor £ = f; fz, that is the earthquace reduction factor for Page 108 0121‘snr 03-1726-2002 full elastic structure as stated in equation (40) (look at Diagram P.1) [Link] the most dominant burden of the top structure over the bottom structure is sliding moment, vertical normal burden and horizontal sliding burden. Maximun normal rolling moment of the top atructure over the full elastic bottom structure, obtained from maximum rolling monent dividing by earthguake reduction factor of full elastic strcture - R= f ae in (equation 40) (look at diagram P.1) [Link] the other possibility is the rolling moment arises because of melting monent at the plastic joints at the feet of all column and sliding walls. Since the building structure experience initia? melting point due to Predetermined farthquake effect until in the verge of destruction, the plastic joints, especially at the feet of columns and sliding walls, rotates, their melting monent increase from the initial melting monent -M into the last melting moment My due to steel span harden, with f a8 the spanning harden factor. This process ie visualized in deviation-noneat diagran of a plastic Joint on the feet colum and sliding walls as it is show in Diagram 2.5. For full ductile building structure (ue $.3) from many xeaearches 1.25, while for the full elastic building structure (ys 1) automatically fj = 1.00, because the melting will just happen. To make rolling moment because of Page 109 of 24‘su 09-1726-2002 melting moment plastic joint into nominal sliding moment, fo ie not needed, because nominal monent can directly calculated from initial melting monent by dividing it by burden and saterial surplus strength factor € = 1.6 as in (equation 41) (ook at Diagram P.5) Nominal rolling sowent in (equation 41) not in unison with vertical normal burden and horizontal sliding burden. Sing wat Prastooint Prastcoint Diagran 7.5 Deviation-noment diagram of a plastic joint At the coluan and eliding wall fest A.9.1.4 From the two possibilities nominal rolling moment above, the smaller is sore dominant by the formation of plastic joint in 212 colum and sliding wall feet, according to equation (40) the nominal rolling moment will not be fully mobilized. But in every way, the maximum nominal roiling moment value need not greater than that what happen on the full elastic top building structure because of Predetermined Barthquake effect Page 1100f 121sm 02-1726.2002 [Link] The improper shrinkage on the colum and sliding wall feet can be consider. The way to the designer convenience as long as rational 4.9.2 Barthguake burden from inertia force [Link] I£ the bottom structure moves in unison with the surrounding soil when the earthquake arises, the bottom structure will not experience any inertia force. But, because the interaction soil-structure movenent is never being in unison, then Kinematics and inertia interaction between botton structure end the surrounding soi1 happen that cause the inertia force, Tt is the section telling about. [Link] Calculating inertia force base on soil-structure interaction analysis is very complicated there fore, any rational and accountable vay is applicable. For practical purpose, this Section 4.9.3 arthquake Burden from the surrounding soil [Link] Because of the interaction soil - structure effect, between bottom structure and the eurrounding ofl, the eve changing different movement happens. Scil pressure on basement wall and the other bottom structure components leo change they value. Sof pressure is calculated base on soil- structure interaction analysis. Thus, every rational and accountable method can be used. For practical design, this Page 111 of 12¢‘SN 03-1726-2002 section gives single but conservative regulation that che front soll pressure can be deened to reach maximum value similar value with the melting pressure soil (equal to passive pressure) along the basenent depth. This pressure that press dow the fully elastic bottom structure mist be changed into nominal oil pressure by dividing with the earthquake reduction factor, for fully elastic structure -Refil.6 [Link] this Section advises how to observe limited interaction between soil and structure. The critical part of this analysis to quantity the pressing spring and sliding spring properties, that represents hind, side, and underground sofl (basement) A.10, arthquake effect upon secondary element, architectural element, machinery installation and electricity 4.10.1 Safety Scope A.10.1.1 the satisfactorily properties of non-structure elements against earthquake effect is as important as the properties of the supporting structure itself. Besides the non-structure elenent that fill a building can be important part of the valuable economic of the building it deserve to be saved from destruction, and if they fsi1 or falling down can directly endanger the safety of the duellers or prevent evacuation efforts of the dveller out of the building or hindering fixe extinguishing immediately post-carthquake Page 1120f 12‘SN 03-1726:2002 10.2.2 It is clear that historical possession mist be saved from destruction for the sake of the further generations. 10.2 Mooring A.10.2.1 The prime shortcoming in eeing up non-structure elenents in the building lice in the improper tightening detail that must be considered not only against forces directly caused by earthquake (inertia force) but also against interaction effect with other elements of aupporting structure. Friction ie not reliable to restrain literal forces caused by earthquake, because component of moving soil that move vertically downward can delete the friction resistant, so that the observed elenents can nove aside by the effect of ofl moving component in the horizontal direction. 10.2.2 Ornament tightening instrunent, outside panele, accessories must be made ductile thet enable the elenents follow the movement supporting structure without colliding each other: A.10.3. Inter elenent relations [Link] If an important element is planned to endure against relative strong earthquake, it is important to consider designing elenents that can fail against the weaker earthquake that con fail the function of the important element. For example, a wall stend up near an instrument ready to run, in Page 118 0f121‘sw 02-1726-2002 fan emergency the wall falling down at the weaker earthquake level than that of requiring condition for the instrument so that prevent the instrument fron operating when the light earthquake cone up A.10.3.2 This Section emphasis important maintenance partition-gaps between non-structure elements from instrument to prevent dangerous interaction or cause loses. A.10.4 Automatic Cut Off Machine and Instrument muuch industrial process such as chemical, that uses gas flow for high voltage electric current, can cause serious danger for vhe public, if not cut off when heavy earthquake happen. Development authority and the Omer should determine an intensity level earthquake that cause the machine automatically atop running .For guidance, to cut off machine operation automatically should be done at the peak acceleration on the surface soil -A that lawful in the earthquake area the machine located. The automatically cut off wachine mist also be done if there is any dangerous unfitting such ag Liguid or steam pressure soaring up unlimitedly in the process region A,10.5 Predetermined Rarthquake Effect A.10.5.1 Harthguake burden that must be considered presses down non-structure is equivalent static nominal earthquake Pogo 114 of 121‘SN103-1726:2002 burden, that can be found by multiplying weight elenent by any factors (equation 44) that not ouch depend on the data obtained from the analysis of the elenent supporting structure, It is possible for machinery installation and electricity designers and pre-molding concrete panel designer so directly design. the necded- supporting - structure data is only the fundanental-natural- vibration tine -T1, to determine arthquake-Response Factor -c: and earthquake response factor -R The other factors. simply be calculated with simple forma (equation 45) and data that can be read from Tale 9 and 10. A,10.5.2 Response Magnification Coefficient -K), is intended to consider soil movenent by supporting elenent that depend on the structure response of the supporting elenent alone The formula written in section (Zquation (45) is deemed can give sufficient result» Tt is important to be aware that heavy equipment set up at the top of the building structure can experience fast acceleration. Tf possible such equipment should be laid on the lower floor. A.10.5.3, Performance factor -P, non-structure element reflect primary this element similar with the primary factor -1, for that building alone. Then, the performance factor is to lengthen the cyclical period earthquake that cause damage of that element, so that it remains unbroken when the Page 115 0f 121‘snr 03-1726-2002 Predetermined Earthquake happen it ie very important to pay attention on the hazardous equipment such as steam kettle and high pressure tank. A.10.5.4 A non-structure element set up on a supporting structure that ie natural vibration tine nearly identical with the natural vibration time of the supporting structure mst be prevented, because it can cause very strong magnification. Around the resonance point the magnification can reach 5 times. But in this section, the obse:ved magnification only twice as much as the origin, because in practice, always present absorber that lessen the magnification. Page 118 0f 121‘sw 31726-2002 Appendix 3 3.1 Purposive burden and factorized strength for foundation B.t.1 Foundation is the bottom part of the building structure, its strength is determined by the strength of the supporting eof1 auch ae pedestal or raft foundations planted pile and drilling pile. 2.1.2 Suitable with the proposed strength top and botton structure elenents, the strength of building Foundation can be panned bage on Proposed burden and Factorizad Strength method 3.2.3, The nominal burden Q, that presses the Foundation, is ‘the nominal burden that presses the bottom structure and it is sent directly to the supporting soil such as in the pedestal and raft foundations or Se sent directly through planted pile or drilling pile to the supporting soil such as in pile foundation. The nominal burden Q, tines the related burden factor y is the ultimate burden Q, thst works on Foundation, suitable with the Section 4.4.2, Section 4.4.2, and section 4a, B.l4 According to Purposive Burden and Factorized Strength, the requirement for the Foundation final limit must be met Re Oe @ Page 117 of 121‘sn103-1726-2002 Ry ia the ultimate strength or the Foundation final supporting power, is strength reduction factor © times foundation nominal strength Ry as in the equation: Rene Re (ea) Rn ie obtainable from rational analytical or empirical calculation and/or from direct burden test B.1.5 Strength reduction Factor @ for pedestal and raft Foundations is stated in Table P.;, And in Table P; for planted pile and drilling pile foundations Table P.:. Strength reduction factor for pedestal and raft foundations Soil Tyrer = Sand 0-35-0.58 cay 9-50-0.60 Rocks 0.50 ‘able P2 Strength reduction factor ¢ for foundation types- planted pile and drilling pile Sources of Foundation Characteristic resistant ° neenes a strength Plonted pile [Slide + tip | 0.55 — 9.75 aelal pressure slide only 0.55 ~ 9.70 | axial Tip only 0.55 - 9.70 |pressure/pull Axial pressure Page 118 01124‘SMI 03-1726-2002 Sources of Foundation Characteristic resietant . as we strength Drilling pile [Slide + elp [0.50 — 0.70 | mata preawure slide only 0.55 - 0.75 | Axia ip only 0.45 - 0.55 | presaure/pul2 Axial pressure 3.2 Explanation of planned burden and foundation factorized strength B.2.1 The strength of the supporting soil determines the foundation, The strength of the Foundation structure (pedestal, raft, pile) depends on the foundation material, usually skeletal concrete. To calculate the foundation strength follows similar provisions for the top and bottom structure of the building 3.2.2 Purposive strength on top and bottom structure ‘elenents by Purposive Burden and Factorized strength has long been done in Indonesia. But for purposive Foundation strength, has strong tendency to always use cension or permissible burden. Thia inconsistency must be rooted out as soon as possible, That ie why, the supplenent of this standard is intended to socialized purposive furden and Factorized Strength method for foundation as an alternative to replace the old method eon. Page 119.0121‘swt 02-1726-2002 3.2.3 Actually nominal burden on bottom structure is the sane with the nominal burden of the Foundation that is sent to the supporting soil. So that the burden factors y that must be multiplied with nominal burden Q, to find the ultimate burden , on the Foundation, must be the sane for the top and the bottom etructure of the building. B.2.4 Foundation nominal strength is strength when the supporting soil still shows elastic decreasing, with the sufficient surplus vector against strength, where the eupporting soil drastically begins to show large decreasing. ‘Therefore, the direct way to deterrine Foundation nominal strength is by carrying out burden test and set it up from che burden-decreasing diagram how large is the value of surplus strength factor, must be considered carefully from the form of the burden-decreasing @iagram, so that it cannot be formulated im general. Actually Foundation nontnal strength must be determined probabilistically, but it is usually impossible. Because nunber of burden test in @ preject usually limited Up till now, the carried on caleulacion standard is the permissible supporting power calculaticn Burden test, ag it has been known, must meet the condition that test burden is twice as many as the permissible burden. Foundation mist at{ll remain elastic, Tt can be seen; the Foundation ultimate strength is emaller than its nominal Page 120 of 121‘sw 03-1726-2000 strength In the Foundation engineering the term ultimate ‘strength and nominal strength often converse. In European Literature, the nominal strength is called characteristic strength. B.2.5 Strength reduction factor © highly depend on many items, such as the quality of carrying out the foundation, Gistribution variance of soil peraneter, calculation method of nominal or ultimate strengths, soil paraneter reliability, and testing methods used to obtain, burden characteristic (pull, ross, moment, slide). It is unable to fix single @ value, but approximation. Like it is shom in Table P) and Table Ps Usually the lowest @ value is used to determine nominal supporting power for correlation with Standard Penetration Test (SPT) value, Mean @ value for correlation with Sondiz Test (CPT). The highest @ value for sliding strength parameter from the result of the laboratory test or from direct burden est until fail. Page 121 of 121