CDB 3033

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

1. Introduction to Transport Phenomena

2. Introduction to Momentum Transport
 Course outcome
CLO1

Explain the theoretical aspect of momentum, mass

and energy transport in solving complex transport
behavior

2
 Lesson outcomes
1. Describe the scope, aims and methods of
Transport Phenomena course
2. Explain the importance and the general concept
of Transport Phenomena
3. Derive general transfer equations for
momentum, energy and mass

3
 Lesson outcome 1
1. Describe the scope, aims and methods of
Transport Phenomena course
2. Explain the importance and the general concept
of Transport Phenomena
3. Derive general transfer equations for
momentum, energy and mass

4
Transport phenomena - Overview

Momentum (fluid dynamics), heat and

mass transfer developed independently as
branches of classical physics
Long regarded as a mathematical subject,
Transport Phenomena is most significant
for its physical significance
The essence of this subject is the compact
statement of conservation principles, along
with expressions for fluxes, with the
emphasis on similarities and differences
among the three transport processes
5
Transport phenomena - Overview

Often, specialisation to the boundary

conditions and the physical properties in a
specific problem can provide useful insight
with minimal effort
The language of Transport Phenomena is
mathematics
Familiarity with ordinary differential
equations (ODEs) and elementary vector
analysis is required

6
 Lesson Outcomes
1. Describe the scope, aims and methods of
Transport Phenomena course
2. Explain the importance and the general concept
of Transport Phenomena
3. Derive general transfer equations for
momentum, energy and mass

7
 What are the Transport Phenomena?
The subject of transport phenomena includes
three closely related topics:
Fluid dynamics
Transport of momentum
Fluid flow
Heat transfer
Transport of energy
Heat exchangers
Mass transfer
Transport of mass of various chemical species
Absorption, distillation, evaporation,
adsorption, drying, etc.
8
What are the Transport Phenomena?

These three transport phenomena should be studied

together for the following reasons:
They frequently occur simultaneously in industrial,
biological, agricultural, and meteorological
problems
The basic equations that describe the transport
phenomena are closely related
The similarity of the equations under simple
conditions is the basis for solving problems by
analogy
9
Chemical Plant

10
Ammonia Reactor

11
Chemical Reactors: CSTR
In exothermic CSTR there will be
Momentum transfer
Due to the flow material into and out of the
reactor
Mixing of the reacting medium
Due to the movement of cooling medium
into and out of the reactor
Heat transfer
Because the heat generated due to reaction
is transferred from the reaction medium to
the cooling medium through the solid wall
Mass Transfer
The reaction components should come into
contact for the reaction to occur

12
Heat Exchangers
In heat exchangers there will be
Momentum transfer
Due to the movement of the heating
and cooling medium into and out of
the heat exchanger
Heat transfer
Because heat transfers from the
heating medium to the cooling
medium

13
Distillation Column
In Distillation column there will be
Momentum transfer
Due to the movement of
Feedstock into the distillation
Liquid down the column
Vapor up the column
Heat transfer
Between the liquid and vapor
In the condenser
Re-boiler
Mass Transfer
Movement the light component and
heavy component in the vapor and
liquid phase

14
 Levels of Study of Transport Phenomena
A flow system containing N2 and O2

How mass,
momentum &
energy change?-
Macroscopic
balance
equations
What is happening in
the small region?-
Microscopic What is happening at
Equation of Change molecular level?

15
The concept of Transport phenomena:
Conservation Laws

Conservation momentum (Momentum Balance

Equation)
Conservation of mass (Mass Balance Equation)
Conservation of energy (Energy Balance Equation)

16
Example: Laws of Conservation at Molecular Level

Consider colliding N2 (A) and O2 (B) molecules

O
N
N O

N
O
O
N

17
 Example: Colliding of two Diatomic Particles
Consider a case of two chemically inert
colliding diatomic molecules.
O N2 = Molecule A
N O2 = Molecule B
N O A1, A2= atoms of N
B1, B2= atoms of O
mA= mass of molecule A
mA1= mass of atom A1
N O mA2= mass of atom A2
O
N mB= mass of molecule B
mB1= mass of atom B1
mB2= mass of atom B2

18
 Assumptions
Assumptions
The molecules are homonuclear (the atomic
nuclei are identical)
1
m A1 m A2 2
mA
The molecules do not interact chemically
The molecules are in low density gas (no
need of consideration of interactions)

19
 Conservation Laws
Conservation of mass:- the total mass of the molecules
entering and leaving the collision must be equal.
m A mB m A mB
Since there are no chemical reactions, the masses of
individual species will also be conserved.
mA mA
mB mB
Note that mass of a molecule is the sum of mass of each
of the atoms in the molecule
mA m A1 m A2 mB mB1 mB 2

20
 Conservation of Momentum
Position vector and velocities
rA1 position vector of atom A1
rA2 position vector of atom A2
Atom A2
rA position vector of center of
Atom A1 mass of molecule A
rA1 velocity of atom A1
rA rA2 velocity of atom A2
rA1 rA2
rA velocity of center of mass of
Center of mass molecule A
of molecule A
rA1 rA RA1
rA 2 rA RA2

RA2 RA1

21
 Conservation of Momentum
Conservation of Momentum:- the sum of the momenta of all atoms
before the collision must be equal to that after the collision
m A1rA1 m A 2 rA 2 mB1rB1 mB 2 rB 2 m A1rA1 m A 2 rA 2 mB1rB1 mB 2 rB 2
(1)
From the vector relations

rA1 rA RA1 , rA 2 rA RA 2 , etc. (2)

Using (2) in (1)
m A1 (rA RA1 ) m A 2 (rA RA 2 ) mB1 (rB RB1 ) mB 2 (rB RB 2 )
m A1 (rA RA1 ) m A 2 (rA RA 2 ) mB1 (rB RB1 ) mB 2 (rB RB 2 ) (3)

Rearranging (3) we get

(m A1 mA2 )rA (m A1 RA1 m A2 RA2 ) (mB1 mB 2 )rB (mB1 RB1 mB 2 RB 2 )
(m A1 mA2 )rA (m A1 RA1 m A2 RA2 ) (mB1 mB 2 )rB (mB1 RB1 mB 2 RB 2 ) (4)

22
 Conservation of Momentum
Noting the following simplifications from (4)

m A1 RA1 m A2 RA2 0 since RA 2 RA1 and m A1 mA2

mB1 RB1 mB 2 RB 2 0 since RB 2 RB1 and mB1 mB 2
mA m A1 mA2
mB mB1 mB 2

The momentum equation simplifies to

m A rA mB rB m A rA mB rB

Conclusion: The momentum of molecule A plus the momentum of molecule

B before and after collision are equal.

23
Conservation of Energy :- The energy of colliding pair of
molecules must be the same before and after the
collision.
EA EB EA EB

where
EA The total energy of molecule A before collision
EB The total energy of molecule B before collision

EA The total energy of molecule A after collision

EB The total energy of molecule B after collision

24
 Conservation of Energy
The conservation equation can be further investigated
1 1
EA 2
m A1 r 2A1 2
m A 2 r 2A 2 A (1)
1 2 1 2
2
m A1 rA RA1 2
m A 2 rA RA2 A

1 1 1 1
2
m A1rA2 m A1rA RA1 2
m A1 RA21 2
m A 2 rA2 m A 2 rA RA 2 2
m A 2 RA2 2 A

1 1 1
2
mA1 mA 2 rA2 m A1rA RA1 m A 2 rA RA 2 2
m A1 RA21 2
m A 2 RA2 2 A

m A1rA RA1 m A 2 rA RA 2 0 since RA1 RA 2 and m A1 mA2 (2)

Therefore,
1 1 1
EA 2
m A rA2 2
m A1 RA21 2
m A 2 RA2 2 A (3)

25
 Conservation of Energy

Defining the internal energy uA as, u A 1

2
m A1 RA21 1
2
m A 2 RA2 2 A
(4)

1
EA 2
m A rA2 uA (5)

The internal energy, uA is the kinetic energy of the atoms with respect to the
center of mass of molecule A ( vibrational and rotational energies) and the
interatomic potential energy.

Similar analysis for EB leads to

1
EB 2
mB rB2 uB

26
 Conservation of Energy
The final form of the energy conservation equation becomes
1 1 1 1
2
m A rA2 uA 2
mB rB2 uB 2
m A rA2 uA 2
mB rB2 uB (7)

Conclusion: The sum of the kinetic energy and the internal energy of the
molecules before and after collision is the same.

NB: The kinetic energies of the colliding molecules can be converted to

internal energies and vice versa.

27
 Conservation of Energy
Summary
Each molecule in motion has
1. kinetic energy with respect to any stationary
reference frame
2. kinetic energy due to the motion ( vibration Internal
and rotation) of its atoms with respect to its
center of mass
Energy
3. Intermolecular potential energy due to the
bond between the atoms

The sum of the kinetic energy and the internal energy of

the molecules before and after collision is conserved

28
 Lesson Outcomes
1. Describe the scope, aims and methods of
Transport Phenomena course
2. Explain the importance and the general concept
of Transport Phenomena
3. Derive general transfer equations for
momentum, energy and mass

29
 General transfer equations

driving force
Rate of transfer process
resis tan ce

Momentum transport- Newtons Law

Heat transport Fouriers Law

Mass Transport Ficks Law

30
Momentum Transfer Equation - Newtons Law

F V (1.1-1)
A Y
dv x
yx (1.1-2)
dy

kinematic viscosity, (1.1-3)

1
dv x
yx
dy (1.1-4)

Newtons Law of Viscosity

31
Momentum Transfer Equation - Newtons Law

dv x
yx
dy

Force in the x-direction on a

unit area perpendicular to
y-direction

32
Energy Transport Equation Fouriers Law
Heat transfer rate, Q

Q T1 T0
k (9.1-1)
A Y
dT (9.1-2)
qy k
dy

33
Mass Transport Equation Ficks Law
Mass transfer rate,

wAy A0 0 (17.1-1)
DAB
A Y
d A
j Ay DAB
dy (17.1-4)

wAy
mass flow rate of helium per unit area
A
density of the silica helium system
DAB Diffusivity
A0 solubility in mass fraction of helium in silica
j Ay molecular mass flux

34