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Precise Levelling Techniques in Surveying

The document provides a tentative syllabus for a course on precise levelling and terrestrial laser scanning. It outlines topics to be covered in each of 10 weekly lectures, including digital levelling instrumentation and field techniques, levelling computations, terrestrial laser scanning principles and data processing. Reference materials are listed for levelling and laser scanning concepts. The document also describes levelling procedures such as differential levelling, benchmarks, rod readings, and collimation checks.

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883 views51 pages

Precise Levelling Techniques in Surveying

The document provides a tentative syllabus for a course on precise levelling and terrestrial laser scanning. It outlines topics to be covered in each of 10 weekly lectures, including digital levelling instrumentation and field techniques, levelling computations, terrestrial laser scanning principles and data processing. Reference materials are listed for levelling and laser scanning concepts. The document also describes levelling procedures such as differential levelling, benchmarks, rod readings, and collimation checks.

Uploaded by

defr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Precise Levelling Introduction: Introduces the course on precise levelling, covering differential and digital techniques, with instructor information.
  • Syllabus Overview: Outlines the lecture topics and textbook references for the course period.
  • Reference Materials: Lists the course textbooks and additional supplementary materials for studying levelling.
  • Learning Outcomes: Details what students will learn, focused on digital and differential levelling concepts and procedures.
  • Differential Levelling: Provides a detailed look into the background, instrumentation, and methods related to differential levelling.
  • Levelling Concepts: Explains the core concepts of levelling, including elevation, datum, and different line types used in surveying.
  • Levelling Process: Describes the step-by-step process of conducting levelling measurements and calculations involved.
  • Effects of Curvature: Discusses the impact of earth's curvature on levelling measurements and the adjustments required.
  • Curvature and Refraction: Examines how curvature combined with refraction affects survey accuracy and computation adjustments.
  • Types of Surveying Levels: Illustrates different types of surveying levels used, such as automatic and digital levels.
  • Leveling Rods: Describes different types of leveling rods, materials used, and features for precise measurement.
  • Rod Reading Examples: Presents examples of rod reading techniques to ensure accurate levelling results.
  • Definitions for Differential Levelling: Defines key terms used in differential levelling, essential for understanding levelling processes.
  • BM, TBM, TP Examples: Provides visual examples of benchmarks, turning plates, and other essential survey markers.
  • Differential Levelling Procedure: Explains detailed steps and calculations for conducting differential levelling procedures.
  • Multiple Setup Levelling: Focuses on levelling involving multiple setups and the summary of procedures to ensure accuracy.
  • Collimation Check: Describes the collimation check process to minimize errors during leveling.
  • Collimation Measurement Methods: Continues explaining methods for executing precise collimation checks.
  • Collimation Methods: Various Approaches: Details different methods like Kukkamaki and Japanese methods for collimation checks.
  • Collimation: Specialized Methods: Explores the Förstner and Nàbauer methods for special cases in collimation checking.
  • Methods of Booking: Discusses the established methods of booking observations during precise levelling.
  • Rise-and-Fall Method Explanation: Breaks down the calculations and observations of the rise-and-fall method.
  • Height of Collimation Method: Detailed explanation of the height of collimation method procedures and corrections.
  • Inverted Staff Method: Illustrates the inverted staff method and its implications in levelling.
  • Precise Levelling Rules: Presents rules and best practices for performing precise levelling accurately.
  • Levelling Applications: Lists practical applications of levelling in various engineering and geographical tasks.
  • Digital Levelling Overview: Outlines the components, measuring processes, and advantages of digital levelling.
  • Digital Levelling System: Details the digital levelling system, including bar-code rods and instrument functionality.
  • Digital Levelling Principle: Explains the principle behind digital levelling, emphasizing on image and data usage.
  • Digital Levelling Procedure: Describes the procedural steps for conducting digital levelling accurately.

Maa-6.

3261
Precise Levelling: differential &
digital

Dr. ANDREI, Constantin-Octavian


[Link]@[Link]
Syllabus: tentative lectures (period II)

Week Topic Description Text book


44 TS Summary
45 DL Digital levelling: background, 2.1-2.8
instrumentation, field techniques and
procedures
46 DL Precise levelling computations 2.14-2.17
47 TLS Terrestrial Laser Scanning: principles, work- Schoefield
flow in geodetic engineering, applications 14.9 +
handouts
48 TLS TLS raw data processing
49 TLS Summary
50 Revision

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Reference material

•  Course book (Kanavagh)


–  Sect 2.1-2.8

•  Alternative or complementary (Schofield)


–  Sect 3.5, 3.7-3.9, 3.14

Any other Surveying textbook containing a


Levelling chapter should be suficient!

Maa-6.3261 3
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After this part you will be able

•  To explain the concepts of differential and digital


levelling

•  To carry out a digital levelling procedure

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Differential levelling

•  Background
•  Instrumentation
•  Principle
•  Check & Adjust
•  Methods of booking

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[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
Levelling concepts

•  Elevation
•  Datum, Mean sea level
•  Vertical line
•  Level line
•  Horizontal line

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Levelling process

RR@A = 6.27
RR@B = 4.69

ΔHAB = 1.58

H@A = 61.27
H@B = 62.85

Can you see any potential problem?


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Effects of Curvature

•  Elevation refers to level line


•  Line-of-sigh is almost horizontal
line

•  All RRs contain an error c over Mean radius of Earth


a distance d R= 6370 km

•  The curvature (divergence)


–  0.8 mm for 100 m
–  7.1 mm for 300 m c = D2/2R or c = 0.0785 D2

with c in meters and D in kilometers

Maa-6.3261 8
[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
Effects of Curvature and Refraction

•  Refraction (r) is affected by


atmospheric pressure,
temperature, and geographic
location

•  The effect is to bend the line of


sight down

•  One-seventh of the curvature


error
Combined effect: (c – r) = 0.0673 D2
–  r = 0.14 c
Example: D = 122 m => (c – r) = 1 mm

Maa-6.3261 9
[Link]@[Link]
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Types of Surveying Levels

Automatic level Digital level

Tilting level Dumpy level


Rotary laser level

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[Link]@[Link]
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Leveling Rods

•  Rod, staff, stadia

•  Wood, metal, or fiberglass


•  One- or multiple-piece rods
–  Folding
–  Telescopic

•  Graduated
•  Invar strip
•  Bar-code

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[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
Rod Reading examples

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Definitions for Differential Levelling

•  BM: bench mark, permanent point with published known elevation

•  TBM: semipermanent point with unpublished known elevation

•  TP: point used temporary to transfer an elevation

•  BS: rod reading to establish the elevation of the instrument line of sight

•  HI: elevation of the line of sight

•  FS: rod reading taken on a TP, BM, TBM

•  IS: rod reading taken at any other point where elevation is required

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BM, TBM, TP

Bronze disk or plug set

Benchmark
Turning  plate  (Turtle)

Maa-6.3261 14
Flange bolt [Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG Turning pin
Differential levelling procedure
Elevation @BM.A = 410.26
RR @BM.A = +4.71 (BS)
HI (line-of-sight) = 414.97 (HI)
RR @TBM.B = -2.80 (FS)
Elevation @TBM.A = 412.17

Direction of survey

New elevation = Existing elevation + BS – FS (IS)

Maa-6.3261 15
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Differential levelling: multiple setups

Original elevation + ΣBS – ΣFS = Final elevation

Maa-6.3261 16
[Link]@[Link]
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Collimation check

Two-peg test

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Collimation Check

•  Allow instrument and rods to acclimate prior to performing


the collimation and/or leveling (allow equipment to adjust
to the working environment for 10 minutes or more)

•  Perform Collimation Check on level ground at the work


site in the work environment (slope less than 2%)

•  Perform a Collimation Check at the beginning of every day


that geodetic leveling is performed or when the level is
jarred or any time there is a question about the instrument

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Collimation check (continued)

•  Perform a Collimation Check whenever the ambient


temperature changes more than 10 degrees Celsius
during the course of leveling during the day
•  Remove parallax and sharply focus the instrument and
ensure all circular levels are in adjustment
•  Apply collimation to all future measurements (also note
in digital data files that this correction has been applied
to all measurements)
•  Record collimation (arc-seconds) on Backup Recording
Sheet

Maa-6.3261 19
[Link]@[Link]
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Collimation Check - Kukkamaki Method
AxBx
Rod A Rod B

Instrument Instrument
Position 1 Position 2

10 m 10 m 20 m
Set up 2 staves (A, B) roughly 20 m apart. First measure these staves from instrument
station (1) located midway on the connecting line between the two staves. Then repeat
the measurement from instrument station (2) which is located on the elongation of the
two staff stations approx. 20 m outside the defined distance.
Maa-6.3261 20
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Collimation Check - Japanese Method
Rod B
Rod A A x Bx
Instrument Instrument
Position 1 Position 2

1/2 L 1/2 L 1/10 L

This method is largely identical with the Kukkamaki method. With this method, however,
the distance between the staves should be about 30 m with station (2) being about 3 m
behind staff A.

Maa-6.3261 21
[Link]@[Link]
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Collimation Check – Förstner Method
AxxB
Rod A Rod B

Instrument Instrument
Position 1 Position 2

1/3 1/3 1/3

15 m 15 m 15 m

Set up two staves (A,B) roughly 45 m apart. Divide this distance into three and
define 2 instrument stations (1,2) about 15 m away from the staves on the
connecting line between them. Measure both staves from each of these stations.

Maa-6.3261 22
[Link]@[Link]
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Collimation Check – Näbauer Method
Rod A
x A B x Rod B

Instrument Instrument
Position 1 Position 2

1/3 1/3 1/3

15 m 15 m 15 m

Define a distance of approx. 45 m length and divide it roughly into three. Create an
instrument station (1,2) at either end and set up a staff at each point marking one third of
the connecting line (A,B). Measure both staves from each of the instrument stations.

Maa-6.3261 23
[Link]@[Link]
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Maa-6.3261 24
[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
Methods of booking

1.  Rise-and-fall
2.  Height of collimation
3.  Inverted staff

Maa-6.3261 25
[Link]@[Link]
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Rise-and-fall method

Σ BS - Σ FS = sum of rises − sum of falls = last reduced level − first reduced level

Maa-6.3261 26
[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
Height of collimation method

Σ RL (except the first) = Σ (HPC x the number of IS or FS taken from it) − Σ (IS + FS)

Maa-6.3261 27
[Link]@[Link]
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Inverted staff

inverted sights are treated as negative quantities

Maa-6.3261 28
[Link]@[Link]
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Precise levelling rules (few)

•  Never Setup on Asphalt


•  Double Run Everything
•  Never Read Below 0.5 Meter on Rod
•  All Three Crosshairs Must be on Invar
•  Same Rod on Starting and Ending BM
•  Use Hammer and Pins as Turning Points
•  Always Keep a Hand on Rod when Setup
•  Keep Setup Imbalance at a Minimum

Maa-6.3261 29
[Link]@[Link]
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Applications

•  Benchmark levelling
–  Vertical control surveys
•  Profile and Cross-section levelling
–  Road, sewer pipeline, channel, etc
•  Reciprocal levelling
–  River or valley crossing
•  Contouring

Maa-6.3261 30
[Link]@[Link]
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Digital levelling

•  Instrumentation
•  Measuring
–  Principle, procedure, processing
•  Factors affecting the measuring procedure
•  Operating features
•  Advantages

Maa-6.3261 31
[Link]@[Link]
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Digital levelling system

•  Bar code rod

•  Digital level
–  Levelling instrument
–  CCD (couple charge
device) camera

Maa-6.3261 32
[Link]@[Link]
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DL: Principle

•  The image of the whole bar code rod is stored in the


instrument as reference
•  Digital level sees only a certain sector of the bar code rod
•  Sectors length depends on sighting distance and optics of
the instrument
•  CCD- camera grabs a gray value image for rod sector
•  DL recognize its position with the digital image processing
•  DL determines the height reading and horizontal distance

Maa-6.3261 33
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DL: Procedure

•  Level
•  Point
•  Focus
•  Trigger

•  Few seconds

•  Coarse correlation
•  Fine correlation

Maa-6.3261 34
[Link]@[Link]
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DL: Processing

Maa-6.3261 35
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Factors affecting the measuring process

•  Pointing and focusing

•  Vibrations and heat shimmer

•  Illumination

•  Staff coverage

•  Collimation

•  Physical damage
See more on pg.49-50 from the DNA03 user manual

Maa-6.3261 36
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Corrections @ the instrument

•  Balance backsights/foresights •  Use mean/median mode for


•  Calibrate for collimation error VIBRATION
•  Keep earth curvature correction •  Hold tripod to dampen
ON VIBRATION
•  Setup on stable ground •  Avoid bridges; place rod on
bridge instead
•  Measure 0.5 m above the
ground when HOT
•  Shorten the distance to rod
when HOT

Maa-6.3261 37
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Corrections @ the rod

•  Check and calibrate bubble


level
•  Brace rod firmly
•  Leap from two rods
•  Designate one rod for turning
points only
•  Clean bottom of the rod
•  Choose a solid, prominent
turning point
•  Clearly mark the turning point

Maa-6.3261 38
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Advantages

•  Increase productivity (about 50% in time)


•  Eliminate the field booking mistakes
•  Preprogrammed functions

•  But any human mistake may prove significant

Maa-6.3261 39
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Level unit

•  One Observer (Instrument •  One Pacer to Help with Setups


Person)* •  Computer to Download and
•  Two Rod People* Process Data*
•  One or Two Vehicles
–  One capable of transporting
equipment – rods*
–  Drop one vehicle at end of
day’s work
•  Safety People if Necessary
–  Warning Person to drive
behind crew

* Required

Maa-6.3261 40
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Levelling tips

•  Current line-of-sight error OK


•  Earth curvature correction ON/OFF
•  Which measurement mode to use

•  Setup in relatively convenient location


•  Spread the legs to increase stability
•  Check the clarity of the cross-hairs
•  Place the device midway
•  Close the leveling line

Maa-6.3261 41
[Link]@[Link]
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Example: Levelling at the Olkiluoto

[Link]

Maa-6.3261 42
[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
Please be Safe!

Maa-6.3261 43
[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
Resources

Maa-6.3261 44
[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
TODO list

Maa-6.3261 45
[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
Leica DNA03

Maa-6.3261 46
[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
Operating features: Leica DNA03

•  Program version •  Sight distance range 1.8 m to


•  Accuracy 100 m
–  Invar staff: 0.3 mm / km double •  Measuring time (single): 3 sec
–  Standard staff: 1.0 mm •  Operation temperature:
–  Optical: 2.0 mm –  -20°C +50°C
–  Distance: 5 mm / 10 m
•  Opening angle: 2 deg •  6000 measurements (or 1650
stations BF)
•  Magnetically damped •  Dimensions
pendulum compensator –  158 (H) x 240 (W) x 210 (L)
–  2.85 kg

Maa-6.3261 47
[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
Leica DNA03 functions

•  Functions (FNC) •  Measurement programs


1.  Test measurement –  Measure & Record
2.  View measurement –  Line levelling
3.  CODE –  Line adjustment
4.  PtID & Incremen –  Check & Adjust
5.  Manual Input
•  Start programs (PROG) •  Coding
–  Job •  Menu settings
–  Line
•  Data manager
–  Tolerances
–  Method •  Data storage
–  Memory mode

Maa-6.3261 48
[Link]@[Link]
AaltoENG
Maa-6.3261 49
[Link]@[Link]
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Sample Backup
Recording Sheet

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F = -13.23456 m
B = +13.23750 m
+ 0.00294 m

Allowable
Section Closure

1st Order, Class II


4√1.47782 = 4.86262 mm

2nd Order, Class I


6√1.47782 = 7.29393 mm

Maa-6.3261 51
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AaltoENG

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