CHAPTER 8

DESIGN OF
COLUMNS

111 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
 Pu M1 M2
4th Floor
Exterior 106.566 -69.896 85.8162

Interior -133.209 -73.1072 85.2364

3rd Floor
Exterior -351.079 -126.268 138.2253

Interior -477.624 -125.188 136.13

2nd Floor
Exterior -747.045 -171.41 173.6443

Interior -1031.832 -170.344 170.0961

Ground Floor
Exterior -1338.152 -194.223 155.7265

Interior -1796.524 -174.237 148.309

GROUND FLOOR Examining if slenderness must be

considered:
Exterior Columns
kLu 1 (3000)
= = 33.33
r 120
𝑃𝑢 = -1338.152 KN 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 MPa
𝑀𝑢1𝑏 = -194.223 KN-m 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa M1b 194.223
𝑀𝑢2𝑏= 155.7265KN-m 34 - 12M2b= 34 − 12 155.7265 = 19.03

kLu M1b
Solution: > 34-12 M2b
r

𝑃𝑢 = ∅(0.8)Pn Slenderness must be considered

𝑃𝑢 = 0.65(0.8)[0.85𝑓′𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦
(𝐴𝑠𝑡)] MC = δb M2b + δs M2s (M2S = 0)

Use Ast = 0.03Ag Cm

δb = Pu
1−
ϕPc
1338.152 x103 = 0.65 (0.8) [(0.85) (28) (Ag
- 0.03Ag) + 414 (0.03Ag)] β=
Max. Factored Dead Load Moment
=
1.2 (7.718)
=
Total Factored Moment 155.7265

Ag = 72477.02 mm2 = t2 0.0595

t = 269.22 mm “say” 300 mm
Ec = 4700 √f′c = 4700 √28 = 24870.06 MPa
k=1; r= 0.3 (300) = 90 mm
bh3 400 (400)3
Lu = 3000 mm Ig = = = 2,133,333,333 mm4
12 12

112 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
 0.4 EcIg 0.4 (24870.06 ) (2,133,333,333) 4128
EI = = = 20.03 N= π (25)2
= 6.25 “say” 8 bars
1+ β 1+ 0.0595
4
x1012 MPa
400−100−3(25)
π2 EI π2 (20.03 x1012 ) S= = 112.5 mm > 50 mm
Pc = = = 21965352.91N 2
(kLu)2 (1(3000))2 (OK!)
= 21965.35 kN

M1 194.223
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M2 = 0.6 + 0.4 155.7265 =
1.099

1.099
δb = 1338.152 = 1.20
1−
0.75 (21965.35 )

MC = 1.20 (155.7265) = 186.87 kN – m

Mu 186.87
e= Pu
= 1338.152 = 0.140

e 140
= 400 = 0.35 Investigate:
h
π
As (25)2 (8)
𝛾= =
x 275
= 0.69 ρg = =4 = 0.025
h 400 Ag 400x400

e 140
Pn =
Pu
=
1338.152
= 2058.70 kN h
= 400 = 0.35
ϕ 0.65

x 275
ϕPn = 0.65(2058.70) = 1714.07kN 𝛾 = h = 400 = 0.69

1338.152 x 103
ϕPn
= = 8.36 MPa = 1.21 ksi From interaction diagram,
Ag 400x400

Interpolation:
From interaction diagram,
𝛾 ϕPn
Interpolation: Ag
, ksi
0.6 1.30
𝛾 ρg 0.69 X
0.6 0.021 0.75 1.42
0.69 x
0.75 0.018 0.6−0.69
=
0.6−0.75
1.30−x 1.30−1.42

0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75 ϕPn

0.021−x
= 0.021−0.018 x= = 1.372 ksi = 9.46 MPa
Ag
𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 9.46 (400) (400) = 1513.6 kN
x = ρg= 0.0192 𝜙𝑃𝑛 = Pu = 1513,6 kN> 1338.152 KN

As = ρg Ag = 0.0192 (400x400) = 3072 HENCE, DESIGN IS SAFE AND OKAY!

mm2

113 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
HOOP REINFORCEMENT k=1; r= 0.3 (400) = 120mm
Lu = 3000 mm
bc = 400 – 2(50) – 12 = 288 mm
Examining if slenderness must be
Ash = 4 x
π(12)2
= 144π mm considered:
4
kLu 1 (3000)
Ag = 400(400) = 160000 mm2 r
= 120
= 25
M1b 174.237
34 - 12 = 34 − 12 = 19.90
M2b 148.309
Ach = (400 – 100)2 = 90000 mm2
kLu M1b
sbcf′c Ag > 34-12 M2b
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.3 (
fyh Ach
− 1) r

Slenderness must be considered

s(288)(28) 160000
144π = 0.3 ( − 1)
276 90000
MC = δb M2b + δs M2s (M2S = 0)
s = 66.36 mm say “60 mm”
Cm
δb = Pu
1−
sbcf′ c ϕPc
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.09 fyh
Max. Factored Dead Load Moment 1.2 (13.885)
β= Total Factored Moment
= 148.309
=
s(288)(28)
144π = 0.09 276 0.1123

s = 172.04 mm say “170 mm” Ec = 4700 √f′c = 4700 √28 = 24870.06 MPa

Use s = 60 mm Ig =
bh3
=
400 (400)3
= 2,133,333,333 mm4
12 12

INTERIOR COLUMNS 0.4 EcIg 0.4 (24870.06) (2,133,333,333)

EI = 1+ β
= 1+ 0.1123
= 19.08
𝑃𝑢 = -1796.524kN 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 MPa x1012 MPa
𝑀𝑢1𝑏 = -174.237 kN-m 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
𝑀𝑢2𝑏 = 148.309 kN-m π2 EI π2 (19.08 x1012 )
Pc = (kLu)2 = (1(3000))2
= 20923561.33 N
Solution: = 20923.56 kN

M1 174.237
𝑃𝑢 = ∅(0.8)Pn Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M2 = 0.6 + 0.4 148.309 = 1.070

𝑃𝑢 = 0.65 (0.8) [0.85𝑓′𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦 δb =

1.070
= 1.21
1796.524
(𝐴𝑠𝑡)] 1−
0.75 (20923.56 )

Use Ast = 0.03Ag MC = 1.21(148.309) = 179.45 kN – m

1796.524x103 = 0.65 (0.8) [(0.85) (28) (Ag e=

Mu 179.45
= 1796.524 = 0.10
- 0.03Ag) + 414 (0.03Ag)] e
Pu
100
= = 0.25
h 400
Ag = 97303.38 mm2 = t2
x 275
t= 311.93 mm “say” 400 mm 𝛾 = h = 400 = 0.69

114 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Pn =
Pu
=
1796.524
= 2763.88 kN Investigate:
ϕ 0.65
π
As (25)2 (8)
ϕPn = 0.65(2763.88) = 1796.522 Kn ρg = Ag
= 4
400x400
= 0.025

ϕPn 1796.522 x 103

Ag
= 400x400
= 11.23 MPa = 1.63 ksi e 100
= 400 = 0.25
h

From interaction diagram, x 275

𝛾 = h = 400 = 0.69

Interpolation:
From interaction diagram,
𝛾 ρg
Interpolation:
0.6 0.023
𝛾 ϕPn
0.69 x Ag
, ksi
0.75 0.019 0.6 1.7
0.69 X
0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75
0.023−x
= 0.023−0.019 0.75 1.82

x = ρg= 0.0206 0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75

=
1.7−x 1.7−1.82
As = ρg Ag = 0.0206 (400x400) = 3296 ϕPn
mm2 x= Ag
= 1.772 ksi = 12.22 MPa

3296
N= π (25)2
= 6.71 “say” 8 bars 𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 12.22 (400) (400) = 1955.2 kN
4 𝜙𝑃𝑛 = Pu = 1995.2 kN>1796.524 kN

HENCE, DESIGN IS SAFE AND OKAY!

HOOP REINFORCEMENT

bc = 400 – 2(50) – 12 = 288 mm

π(12)2
Ash = 4 x 4
= 144π mm

Ag = 400(400) = 160000 mm2

Ach = (400 – 100)2 = 90000 mm2

400−100−3(25)
S= = 112.5 mm > 50 mm sbcf′c Ag
2 𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.3 ( − 1)
(OK!) fyh Ach

s(288)(28) 160000
144π = 0.3 276
( 90000 − 1)

s = 66.36 mm say “60 mm”

115 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
 sbcf′ c Slenderness must be considered
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.09 fyh MC = δb M1b + δs M2s (M2S = 0)
Cm
s(288)(28) δb = Pu
144π = 0.09 1−
ϕPc
276

Max. Factored Dead Load Moment 1.2 (11.223)

s = 172.04 mm say “170 mm” β= Total Factored Moment
= 173.6443
=
0.078
Use s = 60 mm
Ec = 4700 √f′c = 4700 √28 = 24870.06 MPa
2nd Floor
bh3 400 (400)3
Ig = = = 2,133,333,333 mm4
Exterior Columns 12 12

𝑃𝑢 = -747.045KN 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 MPa

0.4 EcIg 0.4 (24870.06) (2,133,333,333)
𝑀𝑢1𝑏 = -171.41 KN-m 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa EI = = = 19.69
1+ β 1+ 0.078
𝑀𝑢2𝑏 = 173.6443 KN-m x1012 MPa
Solution: π2 EI π2 (19.69x1012 )
Pc = (kLu)2 = (1(3000))2
= 21592501.18 N
𝑃𝑢 = ∅(0.8)Pn = 21592.50 kN

𝑃𝑢 = 0.65(0.8)[0.85𝑓′𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦 M1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M2 = 0.6 + 0.4 173.6443 =
171.41

(𝐴𝑠𝑡)]
0.9949
Use Ast = 0.03Ag 0.9949
δb = 747.045 = 1.04
1−
0.75 (21592.50 )
747.045 x103 = 0.65 (0.8) [(0.85) (28) (Ag -
0.03Ag) + 414 (0.03Ag)] MC = 1.04 (173.6443) = 180.59 kN – m

Ag = 40461.47 mm2 = t2 Mu 180.59

e= = = 0.242
t = 201.15 mm “say” 400 mm Pu 747.045

e 242
k=1; r= 0.3 (400) = 120 mm h
= 400 = 0.61
Lu = 3000 mm
x 275
𝛾 = h = 400 = 0.69
Examining if slenderness must be
considered: Pu 747.045
Pn = ϕ
= 0.65
= 1149.3 kN
kLu 1 (3000)
r
= 120
= 25
ϕPn = 0.65(1149.3) = 747.05 kN
M1b 171.41
34 - 12M2b= 34 − 12 173.6443 = 22.01 ϕPn 747.05 x 103
Ag
= 400x400
= 4.67 MPa = 0.68 ksi
kLu M1b
> 34-12
r M2b

116 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
 From interaction diagram,
From interaction diagram, Interpolation:

Interpolation: 𝛾 ϕPn
, ksi
Ag
0.6 .78
𝛾 ρg
0.69 X
0.6 0.018
0.75 .9
0.69 x
0.75 0.015 0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75
0.78−x
= 0.78−.9
0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75
= 0.018−0.015 ϕPn
0.018−x x= Ag
= 0.852 ksi = 5.88 MPa
x = ρg = 0.0162
𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 5.88 (400) (400) = 940.8 kN
As = ρg Ag = 0.0162 (400x400) = 2592 𝜙𝑃𝑛 = Pu = 940.8 kN>747.045kN
mm2
HENCE, DESIGN IS SAFE AND OKAY!
2592
N= π (25)2
= 5.28 “say” 8 bars
4
HOOP REINFORCEMENT

bc = 400 – 2(50) – 12 = 288 mm

π(12)2
Ash = 4 x = 144π mm
4

Ag = 400(400) = 160000 mm2

Ach = (400 – 100)2 = 90000 mm2

sbcf′c Ag
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.3 ( − 1)
fyh Ach
400−100−3(25)
S= = 112.5 mm > 50 mm s(288)(28) 160000
2 144π = 0.3 ( 90000 − 1)
(OK!) 276

s = 66.36 mm say “60 mm”

Investigate:
sbcf′ c
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.09 fyh
π
As (25)2 (8)
ρg = Ag
= 4400x400 = 0.025
s(288)(28)
144π = 0.09 276
e 242
= 400 = 0.61
h
s = 172.04 mm say “170 mm”
x 275
𝛾 = h = 400 = 0.69 Use s = 60 mm

117 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
INTERIOR COLUMNS
0.4 EcIg 0.4 (24870.06) (2,133,333,333)
EI = 1+ β
= 1+ 0.1317
=
𝑃𝑢 = -1031.832 kN 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 MPa
18.75x1012 MPa
𝑀𝑢1𝑏 = -170.344 kN-m 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
𝑀𝑢2𝑏 = 170.0961 kN-m π2 EI π2 (18.75x1012 )
Pc = (kLu)2 = (1(3000))2
= 20561675.84 N
Solution: = 20561.68 kN

𝑃𝑢 = ∅(0.8)Pn M1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M2 = 0.6 + 0.4 170.0961 = 1
170.344
𝑃𝑢 = 0.65(0.8)[0.85𝑓′𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦
(𝐴𝑠𝑡)] 1
δb = 1031.832 = 1.07
1−
0.75 (20561.68 )
Use Ast = 0.03Ag
MC = 1.07(170.0961) = 182 kN – m
1031.832 x103 = 0.65 (0.8) [(0.85) (28) (Ag
- 0.03Ag) + 414 (0.03Ag)] Mu 182
e= Pu
= 1031.832 = 0.176
Ag = 24051.30mm2 = t2
e 176
t= 155.08 mm “say” 400 mm = = 0.44
h 400

k=1; r= 0.3 (400) = 120mm x 275

𝛾 = h = 400 = 0.69
Lu = 3000 mm
Pu 1031.832
Examining if slenderness must be Pn = = = 1664.25 kN
ϕ 0.65
considered:
ϕPn = 0.65(1664.25) = 1081.76 kN
kLu 1 (3000)
r
= 120
= 25
ϕPn (1031.832 x103 )
Ag
= 400x400
= 6.45 MPa = 0.94 ksi
M1b 170.344
34 - 12 = 34 − 12 = 21.98
M2b 170.0961
From interaction diagram,
kLu M1b
> 34-12
r M2b
Interpolation:
Slenderness must be considered
𝛾 ρg
MC = δb M1b + δs M2s (M2S = 0) 0.6 0.018
0.69 x
Cm
δb =
1−
Pu
ϕPc
0.75 0.014

Max. Factored Dead Load Moment 1.2 (18.671) 0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75

β= Total Factored Moment
= 170.0961
= = 0.018−0.014
0.018−x
0.1317
x = ρg = 0.0156
Ec = 4700 √f′c = 4700 √28 = 24870.06 MPa
As = ρg Ag = 0.0156 (400x400) = 2496
Ig =
bh3
=
400 (400)3
= 2,133,333,333 mm4 mm2
12 12

118 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
N=
2496
= 5.08 “say” 8 bars HOOP REINFORCEMENT
π (25)2
4
bc = 400 – 2(50) – 12 = 288 mm

π(12)2
Ash = 4 x 4
= 144π mm

Ag = 400(400) = 160000 mm2

Ach = (400 – 100)2 = 90000 mm2

sbcf′c Ag
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.3 (
fyh Ach
− 1)

s(288)(28) 160000
144π = 0.3 ( − 1)
276 90000

400−100−3(25)
S= 2
= 112.5 mm > 50 mm s = 66.36 mm say “60 mm”
(OK!)
sbcf′ c
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.09 fyh
Investigate:
s(288)(28)
As
π
(25)2 (8) 144π = 0.09
ρg = = 4
= 0.025 276
Ag 400x400
s = 172.04 mm say “170 mm”
e 176
= = 0.44
h 400
Use s = 60 mm
x 275
𝛾 = h = 400 = 0.69
3rdFloor

From interaction diagram, Exterior Columns

Interpolation: 𝑃𝑢 = -351.079 kN 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 MPa

𝑀𝑢1𝑏 = -126.268 KN-m 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
𝛾 ϕPn
Ag
, ksi 𝑀𝑢2𝑏 = 138.2253 KN-m
0.6 1.08
Solution:
0.69 X
0.75 1.20 𝑃𝑢 = ϕ(0.8) Pn

0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75 𝑃𝑢 = 0.65(0.8)[0.85𝑓′𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦

= 1.08−1.20
1.08−x (𝐴𝑠𝑡)]
ϕPn
x= Ag
= 1.152 ksi = 7.94 MPa
Use Ast = 0.03Ag
𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 7.94 (400) (400) = 1270.4 kN 351.079x103 = 0.65 (0.8) [(0.85) (28) (Ag -
𝜙𝑃𝑛 = Pu = 1270.4 kN>1031.832 kN 0.03Ag) + 414 (0.03Ag)]

HENCE, DESIGN IS SAFE AND OKAY! Ag = 19015.15 mm2 = t2

119 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
t = 137.90 mm “say” 400 mm e=
Mu
=
138.2253
= 0.394
Pu 351.079

k=1; r= 0.3 (400) = 120 mm e 394

= = 0.99
Lu = 3000 mm h 400

x 275
Examining if slenderness must be 𝛾 = h = 400 = 0.69
considered:
Pu 351.079
kLu 1 (3000)
Pn = ϕ
= 0.65
= 540.12 kN
r
= 120
= 25
ϕPn = 0.65(540.12) = 351.08 kN
M1b 126.268
34 - 12M2b= 34 − 12 138.2253 = 23.04
ϕPn 351.08 x103
= = 2.19 MPa = 0.32 ksi
kLu M1b Ag 400x400
r
> 34-12 M2b
From interaction diagram,
Slenderness must be considered
Interpolation:
MC = δb M1b + δs M2s (M2S = 0)
𝛾 ρg
Cm
δb = Pu 0.6 0.019
1−
ϕPc
0.69 x
Max. Factored Dead Load Moment 1.2 (10.442)
β= Total Factored Moment
= 138.2253
= 0.75 0.015
0.0907
0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75
= 0.019−0.015
Ec = 4700 √f′c = 4700 √28 = 24870.06 MPa 0.019−x

bh3 400 (400)3

x = ρg = 0.0166
Ig = 12
= 12
= 2,133,333,333 mm4
As = ρg Ag = 0.0166 (400x400) = 2656
mm2
0.4 EcIg 0.4 (24870.06) (2,133,333,333)
EI = = = 19.46
1+ β 1+ 0.0907 2656
N= = 5.41 “say” 8 bars
x1012 MPa π (25)2
4

π2 EI π2 (19.46x1012 )
Pc = (kLu)2 = (1(3000))2
= 21340277.96 N
= 21340.28 kN

M1 126.268
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 =
M2 138.2253
0.965

0.965
δb = 351.079 = 0.9987
1−
0.75 (21340.28 )

S=
MC = 0.987(138.2253) = 136.43 kN – m

120 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
400−100−3(25)
= 112.5 mm > 50 mm (OK!) s = 66.36 mm say “60 mm”
2
Investigate:
sbcf′ c
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.09
π fyh
As (25)2 (8)
ρg = Ag
= 4
400x400
= 0.025
s(288)(28)
144π = 0.09 276
e 394
= 400 = 0.99
h s = 172.04 mm say “170 mm”
x 275
𝛾 = h = 400 = 0.69 Use s = 60 mm

From interaction diagram, 𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.09

sbcf′ c
fyh

Interpolation:
s(288)(28)
108π = 0.09
276
𝛾 ϕPn
, ksi
Ag
s = 129.03mm say “130 mm”
0.6 0.45
0.69 X Use s = 50 mm
0.75 0.50

0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75 INTERIOR COLUMNS

=
0.45−x 0.45−0.50
𝑃𝑢 = -477.624kN 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 MPa
ϕPn
x= = 0.48 ksi = 3.31 MPa 𝑀𝑢1𝑏 = -125.188 kN-m 𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa
Ag
𝑀𝑢2𝑏 = 136.13 kN-m
𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 3.31(400) (400) = 529.6 kN
Solution:
𝜙𝑃𝑛 = Pu = 529.6 kN> 351.079 kN
𝑃𝑢 = ϕ (0.8) Pn
HENCE, DESIGN IS SAFE AND OKAY!
𝑃𝑢 = 0.65 (0.8) [0.85𝑓′𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦
HOOP REINFORCEMENT
(𝐴𝑠𝑡)]
bc = 400 – 2(50) – 12 = 288 mm
Use Ast = 0.03Ag
π(12)2
Ash = 4 x 4
= 144π mm 477.624 x103 = 0.65 (0.8) [(0.85) (28) (Ag -
0.03Ag) + 414 (0.03Ag)]
Ag = 400(400) = 160000 mm2
Ag = 25869.08 mm2 = t2
Ach = (400 – 100)2 = 90000 mm2 t= 160.84 mm “say” 400 mm

𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.3
sbcf′c Ag
( − 1) k=1; r= 0.3 (400) = 120mm
fyh Ach
Lu = 3000 mm
s(288)(28) 160000
144π = 0.3 276
( 90000 − 1) Examining if slenderness must be
considered:

121 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
 ϕPn = 0.65(734.81) = 477.63 kN
kLu 1 (3000)
r
= 120
= 25
3
ϕPn (477.63 x10 )
34 - 12
M1b
= 34 − 12
125.188
= 22.96 Ag
= 400x400
= 2.99 MPa = 0.43 ksi
M2b 136.13

kLu
> 34-12
M1b From interaction diagram,
r M2b

Interpolation:
Slenderness must be considered
MC = δb M1b + δs M2s (M2S = 0)
𝛾 ρg

δb =
Cm 0.6 0.013
Pu
1−
ϕPc 0.69 x
Max. Factored Dead Load Moment 0.75 0.010
β= Total Factored Moment
=
1.2 (17.929)
= 0.1580 0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75
136.13 =
0.013−x 0.013−0.010

Ec = 4700 √f′c = 4700 √28 = 24870.06 MPa x = ρg = 0.0112

3
bh 400 (400)3
Ig = = = 2,133,333,333 mm4 As = ρg Ag = 0.0112 (400x400) = 1792
12 12
mm2
0.4 EcIg 0.4 (24870.06) (2,133,333,333)
EI = = = 18.33 1792
1+ β 1+ 0.1580
N= π (25)2
= 3.65 “say” 8 bars
x1012 MPa 4

12
π2 EI π2 (18.33 x10 )
Pc = (kLu)2 = (1(3000))2
= 20101094.3 N =
20101.09 kN

M1 125.188
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.968
M2 136.13

0.968
δb = 477.624 =1
1−
0.75 (20101.09 )

MC = 1(136.13) = 136.13 kN – m

Mu 136.13
e= = = 0.285
Pu 477.624
400−100−3(25)
e 285 S= = 112.5 mm > 50 mm
= = 0.71 2
h 400
(OK!)
x 275
𝛾 = h = 400 = 0.69

Pu 477.624
Pn = = = 734.81kN
ϕ 0.65

122 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Investigate:
sbcf′ c
π 𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.09
As (25)2 (4) fyh
ρg = Ag
= 4
400x400
= 0.012
s(288)(28)
144π = 0.09
e 285 276
h
= 400 = 0.71
s = 172.04 mm say “170 mm”
x 275
𝛾= = = 0.69
h 400 Use s = 60 mm

From interaction diagram, 4th Floor

Interpolation: Exterior Columns

𝛾 ϕPn
, ksi Pu = -106.566 kN f’c = 28 MPa
Ag
0.6 0.40 Mu1b = -69.896 kN-m fy = 414 MPa
Mu2b = 85.8162 kN-m
0.69 X
0.75 0.48 Solution:

0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75 𝑃𝑢 = ∅(0.8)Pn

0.40−x
= 0.40−0.48
𝑃𝑢 = 0.65(0.8)[0.85𝑓′𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦
ϕPn
x= = 0.448 ksi = 3.09 MPa (𝐴𝑠𝑡)]
Ag

𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 3.09 (400) (400) = 494.4 kN Use Ast = 0.03Ag

𝜙𝑃𝑛 = Pu =494.4 kN>477.624kN
106.566 x103 = 0.65 (0.8) [(0.85) (28) (Ag -
HENCE, DESIGN IS SAFE AND OKAY! 0.03Ag) + 414 (0.03Ag)]

HOOP REINFORCEMENT Ag = 5771.83 mm2 = t2

t = 75.97 mm “say” 400 mm
bc = 400 – 2(50) – 12 = 288 mm
k=1; r= 0.3 (400) = 120 mm
π(12)2 Lu = 3000 mm
Ash = 4 x 4
= 144π mm
Examining if slenderness must be
Ag = 400(400) = 160000 mm2 considered:

Ach = (400 – 100)2 = 90000 mm2 𝑘𝑘𝑘

=
1 (3000)
= 25
𝑘 120
sbcf′c Ag
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.3 ( − 1) 𝑘1𝑘 69.896
fyh Ach 34 - 12𝑘2𝑘= 34 − 12 85.8162 = 24.23
s(288)(28) 160000
144π = 0.3 ( 90000 − 1) 𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘1𝑘
276
𝑘
> 34-12 𝑘2𝑘

s = 66.36 mm say “60 mm”

123 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Slenderness must be considered
𝛾 ρg
MC = δb M1b + δs M2s (M2S = 0) 0.6 0.011
Cm 0.69 x
δb = Pu
1−
ϕPc 0.75 0.013
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑘𝛽= 0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
0.012−𝑥
= 0.012−0.01
1.2 (17.935)
= 85.8162
= 0.2508 x = ρg = 0.0108
Ec = 4700 √𝑘′𝑘 = 4700 √28 = 24870.06
MPa ρg = 0.0108
𝑘ℎ 3 400 (400)3
Ig = 12
= 12
= 2,133,333,333 mm4
As = ρg Ag = 0.0108 (400x400) = 1728mm2
0.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 0.4 (24870.06) (2,133,333,333)
EI = 1+ 𝑘
= 1+ 0.2508
= 16.97 N=
2880
= 3.52“say” 8 bars
𝑘 π (25)2
x1012 MPa 4

𝑘2 𝑘𝑘
12
𝑘2 (16.97 𝑘10 ) 400−100−3(25)
Pc = (𝑘𝑘𝑘)2 = = 18609687.41 N S= = 112.5 mm > 50 mm
(1(3000))2 2

= 18609.69 kN (OK!)

𝑘1 69.896
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 𝑘2 = 0.6 + 0.4 85.8162 = 0.926

0.926
δb = 106.566 = 0.933
1−
0.75 (18609.69)

MC = 0.933(85.8162) = 80.07 kN – m

𝑀𝑢 80.07
e= 𝑃𝑢
= 106.566 = 0.751

𝑒 751
ℎ
= 400 = 1.9

𝑥 275
𝛾 = ℎ = 400 = 0.69 ≈ 0.7 Investigate:
π
𝑘𝑘 106.566 As (25)2 (8)
Pn = 𝑘
= 0.65
= 163.95 kN ρg = = 4
= 0.025
Ag 400x400
𝑒 751
= = 1.9
𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0.65(163.95) = 106.57 kN ℎ 400

𝑥 275
𝑘𝑘𝑘 106.566 𝑘10
3
𝛾 = ℎ = 400 = 0.69 ≈ 0.7
𝑘𝑘
= 400𝑘400
= 0.666 MPa = 0.10 ksi

From interaction diagram,

From interaction diagram,
Interpolation:
Interpolation:

124 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
 𝛾 ϕPn
, ksi INTERIOR COLUMNS
Ag
Pu = -133.209 kN f’c = 28 MPa
0.6 0.22 Mu1b = -73.1072 kN-m fy = 414 MPa
0.69 X Mu2b = 85.2364 kN-m
0.75 0.2
Solution:
0.6−0.69 0.6−0.75
0.22−𝑥
= 0.22−0.2 Pu = ∅(0.8) Pn

x=
ϕPn
= 0.208 ksi = 0.65(0.8)[0.85(f’c)(Ag – Ast) + fy(Ast)
Ag
ϕ𝑃𝑛
= 0.208 ksi = 1.43 MPa
𝐴𝑔
Use Ast = 0.03Ag
𝑃𝑛 = 1.43 (400) (400) = 228.8 kN
133.209 x103 = 0.65 (0.8) [(0.85) (28) (Ag -
𝑘𝑘𝑘ϕPn = Pu = 228.8 kN> 106.566 kN 0.03Ag) + 414 (0.03Ag)]
Ag = 7214.87mm2 = t2
HENCE, DESIGN IS SAFE OKAY! t= 84.94 mm “say” 400 mm

HOOP REINFORCEMENT k=1; r= 0.3 (400) = 120mm

Lu = 3000 mm
bc = 400 – 2(50) – 12 = 288 mm
Examining if slenderness must be
π(12)2 considered:
Ash = 4 x = 144π mm
4
𝑘𝑘𝑘 1 (3000)
= = 25
Ag = 400(400) = 160000 mm2 𝑘 120

𝑘1𝑘 73.1072
Ach = (400 – 100)2 = 90000 mm2 34 - 12 = 34 − 12 = 23.71
𝑘2𝑘 85.2364

sbcf′c Ag 𝑘𝑘𝑘 M1b

𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.3 ( − 1) > 34-12 M2b
fyh Ach 𝑘

144π = 0.3
s(288)(28) 160000
( − 1) Slenderness must be considered
276 90000

MC = δb M1b + δs M2s (M2S = 0)

s = 66.36 mm say “60 mm”
Cm
sbcf′ c δb = Pu
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.09 fyh
1−
ϕPc

s(288)(28) Max. Factored Dead Load Moment 1.2 (18.540)

144π = 0.09 β= Total Factored Moment
= 85.2364
276
= 0.261
s = 172.04 mm say “170 mm”
Ec = 4700 √f′c = 4700 √28 = 24870.06 MPa
Use s = 60 mm
3
bh 400 (400)3
Ig = = = 2,133,333,333 mm4
12 12

125 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
 0.4 EcIg 0.4 (24870.06) (2,133,333,333) ρg = 0.0108
EI = 1+ β
= 1+ 0.261
= 16.83
x1012 MPa
As = ρg Ag = 0.0108 (400x400) = 1728mm2
12
π2 EI π2 (16.83 x10 )
Pc = (kLu)2 = (1(3000))2
= 18456160.23 N
= 18456.16 kN

M1 73.1072
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M2 = 0.6 + 0.4 85.2364 =0.943

0.943
δb = 133.209 = 0.952
1−
0.75 (18456.16 )
MC = 0.952 (85.2364) = 81.15 kN – m

Mu 81.15
e= Pu
= 133.209 = 0.609

e 609
h
= 400 = 1.52 1728
N= π (25)2
= 3.52 “say” 8 bars
4
x 275
𝛾 = h = 400 = 0.69 ≈ 0.7
400−100−3(25)
S= 2
= 112.5 mm > 50 mm
Pu 133.209
Pn = = = 204.94 kN (OK!)
ϕ 0.65

ϕPn = 0.65(204.94 ) = 133.211kN Investigate:

π
3 As (25)2 (8)
ϕPn
=
133.211 x10
= 0.83 MPa = 0.12 ksi ρg = Ag
= 4
400x400
= 0.025
Ag 400x400

e 609
From interaction diagram, h
= 400 = 1.52

Interpolation: 𝛾= =
x 275
= 0.69 ≈ 0.7
h 400
𝛾 ρg
From interaction diagram,
0.6 0.012
0.69 x Interpolation:
0.75 0.01 ϕPn
𝛾 , ksi
Ag
0.6 − 0.69 0.6 − 0.75 0.6 0.3
=
0.012 − 𝑥 0.012 − 0.01 0.69 X
x = 0.0108 0.75 0.25

0.6 − 0.69 0.6 − 0.75

=
0.3 − 𝑥 0.3 − 0.25

x = 0.27 ksi

126 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
ϕPn
Ag
= 0.27 ksi = 1.86 MPa
ϕ𝑃𝑛 = 1.86 (400) (400) = 297.6 kN

ϕ𝑃𝑛 = Pu = 297.6 kN>133.209 Kn

HENCE, DESIGN IS SAFE AND OKAY!

HOOP REINFORCEMENT

bc = 400 – 2(50) – 12 = 288 mm

π(12)2
Ash = 4 x 4
= 144π mm

Ag = 400(400) = 160000 mm2

Ach = (400 – 100)2 = 90000 mm2

sbcf′c Ag
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.3 (
fyh Ach
− 1)

s(288)(28) 160000
144π = 0.3 276
( 90000 − 1)

s = 66.36 mm say “60 mm”

sbcf′ c
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.09
fyh

s(288)(28)
144π = 0.09 276

s = 172.04 mm say “170 mm”

Use s = 60 mm

127 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e