Example 9.3 Design a cousterfort retaining wall to retain the earth 60 m high above the grosad level. The retained earth @ well drained minture of send and gravel of unit weight of 18 KNias and angle of repose of 30°, The horizontal surface of backfill is subjected to a live lead surcharge of 20 Nias". Tae soil under the wall base is the same as above with a safe ‘bearing capacity of 200 KN'm?. The coefficient of ftictioa between the base slab and soil is, 0.53. The materials to be used are: M20 concrete and HYSD steel bars of grade Fed. Solution Design onstcts fr the given ccnsrstsn material ae Fae 1OMPS 5 = 413 MPA, Mose = O1389f200 and am = 0991 per cect Retaining Walls EBX Properties of retained soil Unit weit of beckiill soil y= 19 tia Factored ont weight of hack soil y= 15 x 18 = 27 kN Factored unit weight of concrete %e = 1.5 X 25 = 37.9 KNim® ‘Angle of repose 0 = 30° Coefficient of earth pressures fy Safe bearing capacity of soil 2, = 200 KNin* Factored suecharge wy; ~ 15% 20 = 30 Nia! Equivalent height of bockill dve to suchage, Wig 30 % I 1a a Preliminary Dimensions of the Base Slab ‘Depth of foundetion base below the ground level, (ese) -GAG) Ur Jlissas) = (ar )[s Provide depth of foundation of 1.25 m2. The overall height of vertical wall H= 600+ 125-725 0 235m Therefore, He hy= 72 111-836 Consider the average a unit weight of concrete and backfill material to be 1125j, ie, 125. From Eq. (9.22). Po 200 Jay# ~ Peis xisxt25BD) Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures (ii) stiding, From Eq. (@.23), OBu 1-125 0.67 ¥ 0.53 Consider ¢ bse sb of tal ih of 30 with + proves of shar kj if the ab Svan at simu ou eb eee vat sag ‘With of heel slab = 63 = 335 m Wat oft sab = d= BDH 165m Thick of ie tb = UE 2857 an Consider ae il as of bead ob 359 mam. Spo cf conte may 8 shunt! fou enue! cen Bz 2s4ia # > OSYGEF I) to 1 YF 4 hy, ie. 0.8NE36 to L2NE36 =231te347 a Consider < Therefore, thickness of cousterfort = £710 = 300 mm, Adopt 200 mm thick counterforts @ 3.0 m centre-to-centre with clear spacing of 270 m. ‘The minimum overall thickness at the top of the vertical well may be taken from 150 to 250 mm. lts thickness at the junction with base slab may be estimated fom (H ~ i.)/40 (© 209 aum). Consider an overall thickness of 200 mm at the top cf stem aad 300 mm at its junction with the base slab with wall sloping on outer face. The junctions between the vertical ‘wall, heel slab and counterforts are provided with 225 x 225 mm haunches. ‘Stability analysis: Consider one mete length of the wall. For critical condition, the weight of euth on the toe slab is neglected since it is small and may not exist for some time during ‘construction or may be eroded. Various forces acting on the retaining wall along with their istaaces ffom the tip of the toe are given in Table 9.5. aviaent Aid density w= Rr, = (2) x 27 = 9 180m! Table 8.4 Various Forces Acting on the Retaining Well ard ther Location Lead type Factored load (KN) Distance from T, x (m) Moment about T (Nm) Horizontal toad Overiuning moment Poe Pant Par (an, + eacHt2) x ax itt + ra9(22) = 20896 ‘Bh +H YH = [Link],+H) Sula) Bho manent [Link]Relcining Walls SSW Gravity loads Stabilizing moment Mag 178 188 95.74 0 (@) 0.20 « 725-08) x78 (0) 0.5 x (030 ~ 0.20) x (7.25 ~ 0.85) x $7.5 = 12.96 at 2.22 ( Base 5.0 x 0.96 x 97.8 05.025 2.50 104.06 Gi) Back 3.05 x (7.25 0.95) x 27 = 5682 345 496029 () Buicharge 3.05 x 90 94.60 345 315.58 iM, 790.02 Me 2556.00 Foundstion stability, The base should be wader compressicn and maximum pressure should sot exceed the teasing capacity ofthe soil. Distance ¥ from the adge of toe to the point where the resoltnt of horizontal force P and gravity loads TY, strikes the base & given ty EM = By =r 2558.00 - 834.19 002 192 m SP-2192 2 = 03s m< J ~ Fil, 4 6)_(790.02)(, , 6xos18 Paw Pea FE (12) ( “0 Jes ptt) = 21830, 97.71 Nim? < py (= 15 X 200 W/m) ‘The pressure distribution on varicus components of base is given in Fig. 9.9(a. 0.833 m) Stability against over turning and sliding EM Ely 2558.00 wns Horizontal resistence to siding “Horizontal sliding force bir, _ 0.33 x 790.02 2 308.96 ‘Ths, the wall propottioas are uesaie against sliding, shear key may be provided to ensure adequate safety agnnst liding such that Factor of safety against overturning 3.066 > 1.55 Factor of safety against sliding 1395 < 155EEA Design of Reinjorced Concrete Structures 5 sen as w 19.18 t pes on "S165 oa 05 —a175|= 8 Hee hese uc? \1e060 (eyPresireatbuton one base lad “vy “vy v janterion dos 4 | mses Fr je=27m 1) Les | com 03 4.0. si | F A 4 hh yy, ome) ee a {©) Design mice on te hee Fig. 9.9 Design of base slab of counterfort retaining wall of Exomple 9.3. Resistance to sliding = (Friction under base JT, + Panive resistance on the key P,) > 1.55 x Py 1.55 x 308.96 = 0.53 790.02 ~ Zp Thus, additional horizontal force to be taken by the shear key, P, = 60.18 EN Shear key: Cousider tito be the depth of shear key 10 develop required passive resistance.Retaining Waite FEY ‘guoting the contritution of toe fll, oy - 2 where, ‘= Thickness of slab + A; = (035 + hy) Therefore, 3x 27% (0.394 hy? 2 Consider 900 mum deep shear key. The thickness of the key is govemed by shear and flexural ‘considerations, For the critical soil failure surfare shown in Fig. $.3(a), the maximum bending ‘moment and shear force in the shear key are given by (0224128) 03542 x125 (222) Das4123 3 6018. ie. hy = 0.87 m M=3x 270% x080%( #3270 080090 x (285) x 030 = 31165 Be herve Mgn= M, ce 0.1388 ;bd = 31.165 x 10° 31.165 « 108 x ay 103.96 mm Yee Geeane ~ 7361000 [Adopt shear ity of depth 900 mm with an overall thickness of 350 mm (d= 300 min) at ts jonction wth the bose sind. The depth may be reduced to 200 mm at the bottom end of the key. Reinforcement: Floxussl reinforcement parameter, Fer shear, a =102mm 4.6 31.165 «10° 20x 1000 x 3007 = 01000300 fy ETRE ~ 29103 a! 0.7904 Structural DesignFEED Devign of Reinforced Concrote Structur Toe slob: In cate of toe slab, a compression is induced at the support by the reaction, hence shear force & computed at cistance 2 (= 175 mm) from the outer face of stem, The pressure disvibution on toe is shown ia Fig. 99(@). Thus, Ty = 05 x Q052 = 169.60)(.65 - 0.175) = 27642 and 1.657 a Consicer an under-reinforced section with z: = 0875 per ceat (< 0.961 per cent) having [= 059. The effecuve depth d is given by = Q76.42 x 1)/(1000 % 0.59) = 468.51 om ‘An overall thiciness of 500 mm with effective depth of 455 mm will be adequate, This increase in depth over the assumed depth of 350 mum will reduce the shear force on toe slab by an amount [(0.500 — 0.350) x (1.65 — 0.225) x 37.5 = 8.02 KN. Therefore, 0.875 x 1000 x 433 109 Ase 3981.3 mm? Thickness from flexural coasideraticns: O.1388x20x 1000 06-78 sa Thos, a overall depth of S00 sim is adequate Reinforcement: The dimensionless parameter for flexural reinforcenet, 4.6 x 261.26 x 10° 20 x 1000 x 455° tage BRNO JITTERY = 155 a? Design of vertical walls Height of the stem, h= 7123-05563 m The pressure distribution oa the stem is given in Fig. 9.10 (a). Horizontal steel, Consider aa interior apan ignoring the effect of huvaches. Take one metre ‘wide korizoutal strip acting ae continuous beam over the counterforts. The estimated overall end effective thicknesses ate 300 and 250 mm, respectively, Effective span of stip s= Clear span > @ = 270+ 025 = 295 m Horizontal pressure py, = Wiel ~ hi) @ Proswure at the junction with the bace slab, Pu = 9.0 x (6.79 +11) = 70.74 EN?Relaining Walis EEA (Centlevoracton at he 7 () Horizonal bonding atthe baoe an ml-helghe {@) Dosgn of stom for vertical ane norzontal steel p00 + nian 6 2th +hy 00 HAD 1) 306 t (9 Proceure datbution ( Bfecive depth caealation (@) Design ofcountecort Fig. 9.10 Forces for the design of stem and counterfort of Example 9.3. Beadiag moment at the counterforts, pas? _ 7074x299) Mua = FBS SES 51.30 iNavm 10.74% 2.70 z % 95.50 ENPEED Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Effective depth for flexure d= 135.94 mm The overall adopted depth of 300 mm with ‘Mid-span momeat, 250 mm is adequate, Pus? My = PH = 3848 enim @ Pressure at mid-height py, = 9 x (3375 ~ 111) = 4037 Ein D=250 mm, d= 200 mm and s= 27 +020 = 290m “ve moment at the support, ic, at counterfort 4037x297 Mo OE - 28.29 vin Reinforcement @ Bottom At cousterforts, 6 4.6x513 x10 iss 20 x 1000 «2507 dep (22a) x L-VIT 0888] = $9940 mami ‘The steel drom shear considerations can be obtained as follows: 95.50 x10 1000 x 250 382 MEa ‘Valve of p; for te = % is 0296 per cent. Thus, 0.296 x 1000 x 250 SRO XAOS. = 40 mnt Provide 12 mim @ bars @ 150 mum c/e (dy ~ 754 mami) ‘Minimum or distribution steel 4,, = 0.0012 x 1000 x 300 = 360 mmm Provide 10 mim @ bars @ 210 mm cle (4, = 374 ma). At mid-span, As 4.6% 38.48%108 20% 1000 250° 20x 1000 x 250 - mim Ag PIOUS ff OTR) = 452.78 2, 01416 @ Mid-heightRaining Woils FER) 1000 x 251 =C6x. 6 ax 2071060250 fy f2= 4628290109] _ 5 1 eden 2x4 ‘20% 1000 x 230° Vertical steel on inside face: At the junction with heel slab, a past of stem behaves as vertical cantilever. For estimation of earth pressure, consiser one metre wide strip of height 1.35 m (2/2), The intensity of pressure at the top and bottom of cantilever are: X [[6.79 - 135) > Lal] = 9839 EN'm x (6.75 + 1.11) = 70.74 EN Pais Pas Therefore Mon te » 38.39) = 70741397 57.08 ss 139 r= 8.39 = 70.19 x (133) = 9730 uy ‘The dimensionless parameter for computation of reinforcement, 4.6 «57.08 x 10° EO 3708x 10" = 0.2090 20x 1000 x 250" aga OAL 250 fF9.7090) = 669.42 ramen 2x43 Provide 12 mm vertical bars @ 165 mum cle (4a: = 685 mm?) on the inside face. 100.4 ba = 100 685 1000x250 0.274 per cent and corresponding 1 = 0372 MPs. = 873x10° 1000 x 250 ‘The moment and shear decrease rapidly towards the top and should be adjusted suitably Connection of stem with counterfort. To prectude even the semotest possibility of separation of stem flom the counterforts, 2-legged horizontal stsrups anchored ix the stem are ‘provided to support the entire shear force at any level. Total shear force at a level fiom the top is: = 0349 MPa < t, Vu= 9.0% (b+ hy) X 2.7 = 2697 +2438) ENm fas Ae = LAN)BEDI Design of Reinforced Conerete Structures = 747+ 73h matin Foc h = 675 m, 4, = 52898 mmm — 2legeed $ mm @ 180 mm cle 00 m, 4 = 411.20 mmim —2legeed $ mm @ @ 240 mm cle 50 m, A, = 310.25 mmm — 2-tegged 8 mm @ 320 mm cle Provide 2-legged § mm @ stimups @ 320 mm cc in the top 30 m and @ 240 mm clc in the daest 2.5 m depth and @ 18) mm cle thereafier. The stiups act as web reinforcement of copnterforts, Design of heel slab: Consider an interior pazel and ignore the effect of hauackes. The pressure distribution on the heel slab is given in Fig. 9.9(b). (i) Horizontal reinforcement in the direction of wall D = 500 ma, d= 459 mm, 2 = 2.70 = 0.455 = 3.155 m ‘The downward vertical pressure diagram is shown in Fiz. 9.9. Consider 1m wide strip ‘coatixuous over the counterforts near the outer edge of the heel, Average load/m sun of strip w, = 43472 +1076 _ 119.65 sim (@ Hogging moment over the cousterfort, 2 Meas MH = 1966 KGS 69 96 tren 1 2 and Pumas HEKEX27 = 16154 sav 2 Effective depth d= (09.26 x 10°)/(0.1388 x 20 x 1000) = 189.08 mm (< 455 mm) Reinforcement For flenveal steel, the porametic 99.26 x 10° 46992610" _ os 455 20x 1000 x 4557 FOR LOCO RAS 1 JIT OATOE] = 62232 main Fee sey, 161.5 10° 28130 355 ed corning en Ie or = te 025 pect Tes, = 0.0025 x 1000 x 459 = 1137.5 mmm Distribution or minimum steel 4., = @.0012 x 1000 x 500 = 600 maimRetaining Walls ERY Provide 16 mm 9 tars @ 170 mm cle (4y = 1183 mm?) at the counterforts. Similar calculatioas can be perfonmed for other strips and the spacing cau be suitably increased towards ‘Therefore, provide minimum seinforcement, ie. 12 mm > @ 170 mm ele (4 = 665 mm*), (ii) Transverse reinforcement at top surface of the heel at the junction with stem. Since ‘the heel slab can not deflect vertically freely near the junction with stem. it transfers a part of load by cantilever action. Thus. 2 triangular portion of heel slab adjoining stem acts as a Sovsoualcnever ser vr [Link] eo en + 9816 x 125 = 19 ww ‘The nominal shear r, = 0.221 MPa is very small. 2 2 apn SEISX13S _ aora — s8.15 x 135 7277 Nei For flesural reinforcement, the parameter, _ 46x TTT x10" * 20% 1000 x 4557 210005493 fF TORT) = 45227 main = 0.0308, ‘Therefore, provide 12 mm bars @ 170 men cle (the distribution stes!) Connection with counterforts: Two-legzed vertical stirups anchored in the heel slzb are ‘provided to carry entite vertical force. Consider one metre wide strip near the free edge of heel Shear force, Yao LASL.72 + 107.60) «2.7 = 30308 1 323.08 x10 : doom READ = 89484 mum Adopt 10 mm 6 2-legged stirrups @ 175 mm cle at the fiee end and increase the spacing sradually to 390 mm ole near its juaction with the stem. Design of counterfortsBED) Design of Reinyorced Concrete Seructures Lateral load on ccunterfort IW, = 9 (it = hy) x 3.0 = 27(h = 1.11) kN ‘The pressure distribution on the counterfort is given in Fig 9.10(b). A counterfort behaves as a T-beam of varying web cross-section cantilevering out of base slab. The design consists of the following: @ Provision for team setion @) Provision against separation fiom the stem and the base Horizontal width of ccunterfort at depth /t fom the top, 6, = 0.2 + /itan # and overall depth a= 5, cos Bas showa in Fig. 9.10(0). (@ At depth of 6.75 m from the top, ie. at the base of stem, 5, = 0.2 + 675 x tan 22.89" = 305 m a= 3.05 x cos@= 281 m= 2810 mm Effective depth @=D — 00 = 2810 ~ 8) = 2730 sam ‘Bending moment and shear force at degth /, : genoa + 9(2) r= 27 i,~ n(4) ‘Maximum moment and shear at the base of stem, ie. Jt 2M, = 2066.71 Bia ad vy, = 81739 EN ‘The efftctive depth fiom dlewural considerstion is given by. 0.1388 x 20 x 300 x a = 2006.71 x 10° @~ 1575.3 mm < 2730 mum (the available thickness) Reinforcement: Non dimensional flexucal parameter, 4.6 x 2066.71 x10° = 02126 20x 300 x 27307 Ago POA SIOH2TO fy fi031G] = 2223.0 mn? Provide 5.25 mm q bars (4, = 2454 mm’). For shear reinfoccemeat,ining Walls EZB 100 x 2454 300 x 2730, Comesponding Tur and Vac are 0.384 MPa and 3145 EN, respectively P 0.30 per cent 817.39 x10 © > “300 x 2730 = 10 MPa Spacing of Dtegged 8 mm § connecting stirrups with the stem at an effective depth of 2730 cos 0, O87 Feat a) 0.87 x 415 x 100 x 2730 co 22.89") (61739-5145) x 10" 180.57 mm (ay 180 mm cic) (b) At = 50m, a= 213 m or 2130 mm and ¢ = 2050 mm ‘The moment and shear are: M- 17 G33 +50) V2 27 x Q.22 + 50) ‘Dimensioaless enforcement parameter, 4.6 937.13 x 106 20 x 300 X 2030 = 0.1710 20 x 300 x 2050 Age SOI) HOTT] = 13264 amt Required 3-25 mum 9 bars (4; = 1472 mm") Steel for minimom shear stngth of 0.30 MEa “Avy = 0.0025 x 300 x 2050 = 1537.5 mm’ ie 44-25 mm 6 bars (de; = 1963 mm") Design shear 1, = (487.35 ~ 036 x 300 x 2050 x 104) = 265.95 1 Spacing of § mm Q bar 2-iegged stirups = 25639 mm Ths, Llegzed § mm ¢ contecting stirrups @ 240 mm c's provided are adequate (©) At h = 3.5 m, a= 1.546 m of 1546 mm and d = 1466 mm The moment and shear re: gerne as x O96 weFEI Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 27 «222 + 350) x 22 = 27027 Dimensionless parameter, = $8376.50 X10 Lg 545 20x30 «1466 20 x 300 x 1466 Aye SS « ff 00588) = 737.27 oan? Simos Woe: [A 092 gged @ 100 ce Howwantal|a @62 begged @ a0 ee © Be ziegred @ 220 xe «00h 228 mine F Vaatie length aa) 1p 040 D 109 2lewes @ 1796 Vetteal|E 109 2iegge0 @ 25016 F 106 2legged @ 25cle | © 264 soacer Counters 2.80 se mme 170 ee: of oat oa HO r2mm9 v0 ao to 10108 (Oisnbuton ste) neat oo 0.0: (e) Secton traugh countefor (@) Seaton through the hee! sab 9p tooue 228x225 (aunen) (0 suncton aetats Fig. 9.11 Reinforcement details of counterfort of Example 9.3. Horizontal stimaps 0 etic tirupeReining Walls ERY Herznta etirups Nain oerement ‘coun Vera Sine Main eroament vs ‘of courterfort (6) Cemnecton wet ee lab (0) Comectonwtn stim 4 4 | e@rsce tf) | ao reenove| dL Hestaae 126 @ tebe 2700 ua 100 210 ature brat Dsvinaten) cers eoL An Ar b+ Sa ary 20 (9 Datatrg no stem Fig, 9.12 Reinforcement details of the stem and of connections with the counterfort.BERD Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures ‘From flexural coasideraticns, 2 bars of 23 ain: (4 = $81 mm‘) are required ‘Minimum shear strength ty, = 0.30 MP2 and comesponding 7, = 0.23 per cent or “4, = 0.0025 x 300 x 1466 = 1099.5 mm? ie. 3 bars of 25 mm @ with 4,, of 1472 mm? 270.27 x10° “300 x 1466 0615 MBs Design shear Fy = (270.27 = 036 300 x 1496 x 104) = 111.98 dan lie oF _ Un.94 10? = 310 mm? O87x415 Ste = Tus, 2egged 8 mm $ consecting stirrups @ 320 mm cle provided carlier are adequate, ‘The seinforcemest details are showa in the Figs. 9.11 and 9.12.