Geometry
Change of Axes
Consider a set of axes in a plane
y
P(x,y)
1 Q(2,1)
o 2
x
Fig1
Consider now two sets of axes in a plane
y
(3,2) P(x,y)
(X,Y)
(1,1)
Q
(2,1)1
1
1 (0,0) X
O 1
o 2 x
Fig2
A point has one set of coordinates (x,y) for one set of axes
A point has two sets of coordinates (x,y)and (X,Y) for two sets of
axes
A point has three sets of coordinates (x,y), (X,Y) and ( x , y ), for
three sets of axes and so on.
Again suppose that we have a set of axes in a plane
y
(x-2)2+(y-1)2=1
C(2,1)
1
o x
2
Fig3
Suppose that we have two sets of axes in a plane
(x-3)2+(y-2)2=1
Y (X-1)2+(Y-1)2=1
y
(3,2) P(x,y)
(1,1) (X,Y)
C
(2,1) 1
1 (0,0) O X
1
o x
2
(x-2)2+(y-1)2=1
X2+Y2=1
Fig4
A curve has one equation for one set of axes
A curve has two equations for two sets of axes
A curve has three equations for three sets of axes and so on
We see that there is a relation between two systems of coordinates
i.e. (x,y) and (X,Y) system x=X+2, y=Y+1
We shall now derive a general formula which will give the
relation between (x,y) and (X,Y)
2
Transformation of coordinates
The process of changing the coordinate of a point or the equation
of a curve is called transformation of coordinates. This
transformation is performed through change of axes. There are
three types of transformations.
[Link] of axes (origin changed but the direction of axes
x
unchanged)
[Link] of axes (origin not changed but the direction of axes
changed)
[Link] and rotation of axes (both the origin and the direction
of axes changed)
1. Translation of axes
Y
y
P(x,y)
(X,Y)
Y
( , ) y
(0,0) O X
X
o x
x
Fig5
If we transfer the origin at the point ( , ) the equations of
transformation are
x=X+ , y=Y+
2. Rotation of axes
(x,y)
P (X,Y)
3
Y
y Y
X
M1 N1
X
y
O x x
M N
Fig6
x=OM=ON-MN=ON- M N =Xcos -Ysin
y=PM= MM PM NN PM = Xsin +Ycos
If we rotate the axes through an angle the equations of
transformations are
x=Xcos -Ysin
y= Xsin +Ycos
3. Translation and rotation of axes
y1 P(x,y)
Y (X,Y)
(x1,y1) x1
y
( , )
(0,0) O X
o x
Fig7
x=X+ = + x cos - y sin
y=Y+ = + x sin + y Ycos
Simplification of equation of curves by transformation of
coordinates
4
The general equation of second degree in x and y
is ax 2hxy by 2 gx 2 fy c 0
2 2
We can simplify the equation by transformation of the coordinates
x and y term can be removed by translation of axes xy term can be
removed by rotation of axes
Removal of x and y term from ax 2hxy by 2 gx 2 fy c 0
2 2
Let us transfer the origin to the point ( , ) with a new set of axes
then the equations of transformation are x=X+ , y=Y+
The equation becomes
a(X+ )2+2h (X+ )(Y+ )+b(Y+ )2+2g (X+ )+2f(Y+ )+c=0
ax2+2hXY+bY2+2(a +h +g)X+2(h +b +f)Y+
a 2 2h b 2 2 g 2 f c 0
To remove x and y term put
a +h +g=0
h +b +f=0
1
hf bg hg af ab h 2
hf bg hg af
,
ab h 2 ab h 2
now the equation becomes
aX2+2hXY+bY2+ a 2h b 2 g 2 f c 0
2 2
aX2+2hXY+bY2+ (a +h +g)+ (h +b +f)+g +f +c=0
aX2+2hXY+bY2+g +f +c=0
If we transfer the origin at ( , ) the equation
ax 2hxy by 2 gx 2 fy c 0
2 2
becomes aX2+2hXY+bY2+g +f +c=0
Example: Transform the equation 3x 2 xy 3 y 2 2
18 x 22 y 50 0 to
one in which there is no term involving x and y
a=3, b=3, c=50, f=-11, g=-9, h=1
5
hf bg hg af
2, =3
ab h 2 ab h 2
Now let us transfer the origin at (2,3) then the equations of
transformations are
x=X+2, y=Y+3
therefore the equation becomes
3(X+2)2+2 (X+2)(Y+3)+3(Y+3)2-18 (X+2)-22(Y+3)+50=0
………………………………….
3X2+2XY+3Y2 -1=0
therefore the equation becomes
3X2+2XY+3Y2 + g +f +c=0
3X2+2XY+3Y2 -1=0
Invariants of transformation
Suppose the equation is ax 2hxy by c
2 2
If we rotate the axes through an angle the equations of
transformations are
x=Xcos -Ysin
y= Xsin +Ycos
Now
a (Xcos -Ysin )2+2h (Xcos -Ysin )( Xsin +Ycos )+b (Xsin
+Ycos )2 = c
(acos2 +2hsin cos +bsin2 )X2 +2(h(cos2 -sin2 )-(a-b) sin
cos ))XY+(asin2 -2hsin cos +bcos2 )Y2 =c
a X2+2 h XY+ b Y2=c
where
a = acos2 +2hsin cos +bsin2
b = asin2 -2hsin cos +bcos2
h = h(cos2 -sin2 )-(a-b) sin cos
a + b =a+b
2 a = 2acos2 +4hsin cos +2bsin2
6
=a(1+cos2 ) +2hsin2 +b(1-cos2 )
=(a+b)+(2hsin2 +(a-b)cos2 )
2 b = (a+b)-(2hsin2 +(a-b)cos2 )
2 h = 2hcos2 -(a-b) sin2
4a b 4h 2 =(a+b)2-(2hsin2 +(a-b)cos2 )2-(2hcos2 -(a-b) sin2
)2
=(a+b)2-4h 2 -(a-b)2
=4ab-4h 2
a b h 2 =ab-h 2
Invariants of transformation are a + b =a+b, a b h 2 =ab-h 2
Removal of xy term
h = 0
h(cos2 -sin2 )-(a-b) sin cos =0
2hcos2 -(a-b) sin2 =0
2h 1 2h
tan2 = a b or, = 2 tan a b 1
Ex. Remove the xy term from the equation 7x2-6 3 xy+13y2=16
and find the equations of transformations
2h 2 tan
tan2 = a b or, 1 tan 2
= 7 6 133 or, 3 tan2 +2tan - 3 =0
2 4 12 1
tan = 2 3
or, 3
, 3
1
tan = 3
, =6
2
tan = 3 = - tan 3
= tan ( 3 ) or, = 3
1 2h 1 1 1
= 2 tan 1
= tan 1 6 3 = 2 tan 1
3 =2 =6
ab 2 7 13 3
For =6
7
3 1 1
x=Xcos -Ysin =X 2
-Y 2 = 2 ( 3 X-Y)
1
y= Xsin +Ycos = 2 (X+ 3 Y)
2
For, = 3
1
x=Xcos -Ysin = - 2 (X+ 3 Y)
1
y= Xsin +Ycos = 2 ( 3 X-Y)
7x2-6 3 xy+13y2=16
7 6 3 13
( 3 X-Y)2- ( 3 X-Y) (X+ 3 Y)+ (X+ 3 Y)2=16
4 4 4
X2+4Y2=4 ellipse
Similarly
4X2+Y2=4 ellipse
The equations of transformations are
1
x= 2 ( 3 X-Y)
1
y= 2 (X+ 3 Y)
and
1
x= - 2 (X+ 3 Y)
1
y= 2 ( 3 X-Y)
Y y
X X
120
8
2 30
1 x
2 o 1 ellipse
Y
Fig8
Alternative method
2h 2 tan
tan2 = a b or, 1 tan 2
= 7 6 133 or, 3 tan2 +2tan - 3 =0
2 4 12 1
tan = 2 3
or, 3
, 3
1
tan = 3
, =6
2
tan = 3 = - tan 3
= tan ( 3 ) or, = 3
1 2h 1 1 1
= 2 tan 1
= tan 1 6 3 = 2 tan 1
3 =2 =6
ab 2 7 13 3
For =6
3 1 1
x=Xcos -Ysin =X 2
-Y 2 = 2 ( 3 X-Y)
1
y= Xsin +Ycos = 2 (X+ 3 Y)
2
For, = 3
1
x=Xcos -Ysin = - 2 (X+ 3 Y)
1
y= Xsin +Ycos = 2 ( 3 X-Y)
The equation is a X2+ b Y2=16 where
9
a + b =a+b =7+13 =20, a b =ab-h 2 =91-27=64
( a - b )2=( a + b )2-4 a b =144 a b = 12
taking + sign a 16 b 4 taking - sign a 4
b 16
16X2+4Y2=16 or, 4X2+Y2=4 ellipse
4X2+16Y2=16 or, X2+4Y2=4 ellipse
The equations of transformations are
1
x= 2 ( 3 X-Y)
1
y= 2 (X+ 3 Y)
and
1
x= - 2 (X+ 3 Y)
1
y= 2 ( 3 X-Y)
Ex. Remove x, y and xy term from the following equation
17 x 18 xy 7 y 16 x 32 y 18 0 . Also find the equations of
2 2
transformations.
a=17, b=-7, c=-18, f=-16, g=-8, h=9
hf bg hg af
1, =-1
ab h 2 ab h 2
Now let us transfer the origin at (1,-1) then the equations of
transformations are
x=X+1, y=Y-1
therefore the equation becomes
17X2+18XY-7Y2 + g +f +c=0
17X2+18XY-7Y2 -10=0
2h 2 tan 3
tan2 = a b or, 1 tan 2
=4 or, 3tan2 +8tan -3=0
1
tan = 8 64 36
6
or, 3
, 3
10
1 1 3
tan = 3 sin = 10
, cos = 10
,
1
X= x cos - y sin = ( 3 x - y )
10
1
Y= x sin + y cos = ( x + 3 y )
10
3 1
tan =-3 sin = 10
, cos =
10
, ,
1
X= x cos - y sin = - 10
( x +3 y )
1
Y= x sin + y cos = 10 (3 x - y )
The equation becomes a x 2+ b y 2=10 where
a + b =a+b =10, a b =ab-h 2 = -200
( a - b )2=( a + b )2-4 a b =900 a b = 30
taking + sign a 20 b 10 taking - sign a 10
b 20
20 x 2-10 y 2=10 or, 2 x 2- y 2= 1 hyperbola
-10 x 2+20 y 2=10 or, x 2-2 y 2= -1 hyperbola
The equations of transformations are
1
x=X+1= ( 3 x - y )+1
10
1
y=Y-1= 10 ( x + 3 y )-1
and
1
x=X+1= - 10 ( x +3 y )+1
1
y=Y-1= 10
(3 x - y )-1
11
y
y1 Y
x1 x1
108.43
x
o 18.43
X
O(1,-1)
y1 hyperbola
Fig9
Pair of straight lines
Suppose x+y=0 and x-y=0 are two straight lines
Then (x+y)(x-y)=0 or, x2-y2=0 is a pair of straight lines
Again x+2y+3=0 and 2x+3y +1=0 are two straight lines
Then (x+2y+3)(2x+3y+1)=0
or, 2x2+7xy+6y2+7x+11y+3=0=0 is a pair of straight lines
Theorem: Find the condition for which the general equation of
second degree ax 2hxy by 2 gx 2 fy c 0 represents a pair of
2 2
straight lines.
ax2+2(hy+g)x+by2+2fy+c=0 ……..(1)
2(hy g ) 4(hy g ) 2 4a(by 2 2 fy c)
x= 2a
(hy g ) (hy g ) 2 a (by 2 2 fy c)
= a
(hy g ) (h ab) y 2 2(hg af ) y g 2 ac)
2
= a
For the equation (1) to represent a pair of straight lines
12
the quantity under the square root must be a perfect square,
therefore
4(hg-af)2 = 4(h2-ab)(g2-ac)
abc+2fgh-af2-bg2-ch2=0
a(bc-f2)-h(hc-fg)+g(hf-bg)=0
a h g
h b f =0.
g f c
=0
a h g
where = h b f
g f c
Ex. Show that the equation 6 x 5 xy 6 y 14 x 5 y 4 0 represents a
2 2
pair of straight lines. Find the separate equations of the straight
lines.
a h g
First show that = h b f =0
g f c
Now 6x2-(5y-14)x-6y2+5y+4=0
5 y 14 (5 y 14) 2 4.6(6 y 2 5 y 4)
x= 12
5 y 14 169 y 260 y 100)
2
= 12
18 y 24 8y 4
= 12
, 12
12x-18y+24=0 or, 2x-3y+4=0
12x+8y+4=0 or, 3x+2y+1=0
Ex. Find the value of k for which the equation
kx 4 xy y
2 2
4 x 2 y 3 0 represents a pair of straight lines
Different conditions for which ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0
represents different conics/curves
13
a h g
Suppose = h b f
g f c
The equation ax 2hxy by 2 gx 2 fy c 0 represents
2 2
1. a pair of straight lines if =0
2. a circle if 0, a=b and h=0
3. a parabola if 0 and h2=ab
4. an ellipse if 0 and h2 < ab
5. a hyperbola if 0 and h2 > ab
Parabola
Ex. Identify the curve 16 x 24 xy 9 y 104 x 172 y 44 0 .Reduce it
2 2
to standard form and give a rough sketch of the curve.
2
0 and h =ab 16.9=(-12)2 a parabola
16 x 24 xy 9 y 104 x 172 y 44 0 .
2 2
(4x-3y)2= 104x+172y-44
The lines 4x-3y=0 and 104x+172y-44=0 are not at right angles
hence let us introduce a constant k
(4x-3y+k)2= 104x+172y-44+2k(4x-3y)+k2
= (104+8k)x+(172-6k)y+ k2-4
The lines 4x-3y+k=0 and
(104+8k)x+(172-6k)y+ k2-4=0
are at right angles if a1a2+b1b2=0
or, 4(104+8k)+(-3)(172-6k)=0
k=2
Now
(4x-3y+2)2= 120+160y-40
(4x-3y+2)2= 40(3x+4y-1)
2
4x 3y 2 3x 4 y 1
25
= 40.5 2
3 4
2
4 2 32
2
4x 3y 2 3x 4 y 1
4 2 32
= 8 3 2 4 2
4x 3y 2 3x 4 y 1
Y2=8X where Y = 4 2 32
, X= 32 4 2
X axis Y=0, 4x 3y 2 =0
14
Y axis X=0, 3x 4 y 1 =0
Vertex (0,0) X=0, Y=0
3x 4 y 1 =0
1 2
4x 3y 2 =0 ,
5 5
Focus (A,0) X=A, Y=0
3x 4 y 1
32 4 2
=2 or, 3x+4y-11=0
4x 3y 2
4 2 32
=0 or, 4x-3y+2=0 (1,2)
A=2 (distance between vertex and focus)
semi latus rectum=2A=4
Parabola cuts on the x-axis where 16 x 2 104 x 44 0 , x=0.455,
6.045.
Parabola cuts on the y-axis where 9 y 172 y 44 0 , y=0.26, 18.85.
2
(0, 18.85)
Y X
4 X-axis, Y=0
4x-3y+2=0
3
Y-axis, X=0 2 (1,2)
3x+4y-1=0 (0, 0.26)
1
(0.455,0)
15
(1/5, 2/5) (6.045, 0)
O x
-1 o 1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig10
Problems to be done
1. Remove x, y and xy term from the following equations. Also
find the equations of transformations.
2. Identify the curve and reduce it to standard form.
3. Show that the following equations represent a pair of straight
lines. Find the separate equation of straight lines.
7x2-6 3 xy+13y2=16
17 x 2 18 xy 7 y 2 16 32 y 18 0
4 x 2 4 y 2 16 x 16 y 7 0
3 x 2 2 xy 3 y 2 18 x 22 y 50 0
5 x 2 4 xy 2 y 2 2 x 4 y 4 0
xy 2 x y 6 0
9 x 2 16 y 2 108 x 128 y 256 0
36 x 2 24 xy 29 y 2 72 x 126 y 81 0
5 x 2 24 xy 5 y 2 4 x 58 y 59 0
19 x 2 5 xy 7 y 2 13
3 x 2 2 xy 3 y 2 2
6 x 2 5 xy 6 y 2 14 x 5 y 4 0
3x 2 8 xy 3 y 2 29 x 3 y 18 0
4 x 2 4 xy y 2 8 x y 6 0
x 2 2 xy y 2 2 x 1 0
End
16
