6- 1 . K&ASUREKRNT OF DI STANCE.

The acc u rate de t er minat io n of t he dista nce bet ween t ~o

poi nts on any sur f ace is one of t he basic opera tions o f
plan e s u r veyi ng. Suc h li nea r me asur e ments a ~e unders tood to
me:a n t he hori zo ntal di s tan ce. I f t he p o int s ar e at diffe -
ren t e le v4tions, ~ he d is t a nce is the horiz o ntal , length bet -
we e n pl umb lines at t he po i nts. I n ma ny i ns tanc es mea sure~
ments ar e take n along a n inc l ined line . The se distance s,
h owe ve r, a r e su bs equent l y reducej to thei r equiva lent on
t he h orizonta l p r ojec tion for us e .
There a re s e veral me th ods of determin i ng distance . The
choice depe nds on t he purpose f or whi c h the measurem e nt is
i n t e nded , t he re qu i red pr e c i sion, the c os t , and o ther con-
di t ions. ·In surve y i ng, the c ommonly empl oyed methods o f
l inear measurem e nt incl ude pa cing , tapin g , t achymetr ic,
g ra p h._ical , mathemat i c al, me c ha n ical , p hot ogr amme tric, and
el e c t ro nic d i stance measurem e nt. I n some i nsta nc es , a sur -
v eyor may £_i nd occasion to employ a co mbi na t i on o f me thods
t o adva n tage . I

6- 2 . DISTANCE BY PACING .

Pa cing consists of coun t ing t he n umber of steps or pa c es in

a required distance . A pace i s def ine d as t he l eng th o f a
step in walking. It ma y be measured froJTI heel to hee l or
from toe to toe ( Fig. 6 - 1 ) . In survey in g , paci ng mea ns
moving with mea s ur e d steps; and if the .steps are coun ted,
distance s can be determine d if the length of a s tep i s
k n own·. Co unt in g s tr ides instead of paces is somet i mes pr e-
ferred by surv~yor s. A stride is equivale nt to two paces or
a double step . Because □-£ i t s•many practica l appl i ca tions,
it i s one of the most valuable things learned in survey ing..
.
Fig . 6-1. nae. Jl'lCt- aJld tlte. 4Lt [Link]. • •

I Stride
(2 Paces ·or a Doubt, Step)
I Pace
(Heel t o Heel)

I Pace
(To• to Toe)

I Str ide
(2 Paces or a Double Step)
l I

Pacing f ur ni s he s a rapid means of ch e ~k ing meas ureme nts

t ak e n by o th~rt meth ods . It is suitable j n dete r mining a p-
proxi ma te d i ~ t a nces in s i tuat io ns where a !ow p~eci s ion o:

~.542AI- - ~ SIJ,-CMC#T OF
-tlONr"- 0-STAlia•
 me asu r e me nt is suffi ci ent . Dista nces b y pacin P
· c i en t l Y a cc urate f or 6 ma 11 - 5 ca le ma PP i n , f ~ -i .r ~ L ~ ~.i, ·
1

ctetai l s and trave rsing with the plane tablge ,, an ord ccdt 1ng
. in recon •
na1ss -ance su r veys . It is a lqo used for many purpo ses in
geolo gy, for~s t ry, eng i nee r ing, and' agriL ultur e. Und e 1
er will have littl e diffi -
ave rag f_ cond1 ~ions , a good pac
culty in pa c ing dista nces with a · relat ive pr ecisi on o f
1/ 200 . Re s u l t s cou ld be a t taine d withi n 1 per cent of
accu ratel y me a sured di sta nces . Unl ess a mista ke has been
made in cou ntin g , it will seldo m· be more tha n 3 pez::c ent
in error
. . /

To pa ce a di s tance it is n e c ess ary to first · deter mine

the l e ngth of o ne ' s pace . Thi s is r efer red to as the pace
f a ctor. The r e are two metho ds tha t c an b e used to calib -
r a te o n e ' s pace . One . met h od is to d e term ine the avera ge
l e ngt h o f .a n i n di victua l ' s norma l ste p . Th e other metho d is
t o adjus t one•s pace to some prede termi n ed le ngth, suc h as
1 meter . · •
The lengt h of a pace varie s wit h diffe re n t perso ns.
This c~n be deter mined by walki ng alo n g a li n e of ki own
l ength on -le v el groun d at a unifo rm gait , and c ou n t ing the
t
n umber of paces it takes to neg~ tia t e t h e stret c h . Th e l as
pace is estim ated to the n eares t q uart e r pace . It is a~ v i -
sable ~o do this in at least five or more ~rial s i n or d er
to deter mine t he avera ge numbe r of ~aces . The pace facto r
is then deter mined by divid ing the known dista nce b y t he
· avera ge numbe r of paces requi red to trav.e rse it . It is
wn _dista nce may the n
expre ssed in meter s per pace . Any unkno
be-r of
be appro xima tely ca l culat ed by deter minin g the nu·m
(pref erabl y the avera g~) one . takes to nego tiate it
paces
and ' multi plyin g this by one ' s pace facto r .
It is impor ta nt to waik natur ally when calib ta t ing
to
one ' s pace ·and in pacin g dista nces . Care shoul d be take n
walk along a strai g h t line. A sligh t devia tion to t h e l ef t
of
or right of the 1:ne will defi n itely affec t the acc~r ac y
pacin g . Al°so , an attem pt to make each step a pr~de ter mined
s .
lengt h is tirin g· and will onl y give less accur ate resu lt
The lengt h of a pace will vaz::y with the speed of pac ing ,
the rough ness of the groun d, the weigh t of clot h i n g a nd
shoes used, fatig ue on the part of the pacer , the ~lo p e of
t h e·ter ra'in , as well as the age and sex of the indi vJ.d u a l.
.
The pace will also diffe r when going up hill or d own hill
the
Pacin g down hill will produ ce fewer steps than pac irig
same dista nce ~phi ll. In gener al , the lengt h of t h e pace
incre ases , ex c ep t the
de c rease s· as any of these facto rs
s peed .
If t he di~ta nce to be pac~d is quite long , it i s a dvi -
sa b le to b ri ng along -a ·mech anica l coun ter fo r rec ordin g the
numb e r of p aces taken ~. - ~·dev ice , call e d a pe dome t e r, _ma...x
be
ha nd c a rri e d to re g i ster the n umber o f p aces . Anoth e r de-
vice u sed i s th e pass o meter wh i c h is s t r a pped to the l e g ·of
th~ pa cer. Th is de v i c e ~ill r eg i ste r a pace by impac t ea~h
ti me e ither foot to uches t he g r ound . · ·
6-3. DISTANCE BY TAP I NG.
The _ us e o f a gra dua ted t a pe i s .pro ba b l y t he ·mo st c .
me -t h od o f measur ing or l~y ing ot1t ~ ho r i _z on ta l di s t a ~:c\
Taping cons is ts o f st~ et c ?1ng a c ~ l 1~r a ted ta p e _bet wee n t~·j
poJn ts · a nd r eadin g ~ he d1 st~-nce . ind ica t e d on th e t ape . 'tto
1
is a for m o f .a d i rect me a su reme n t whi ch i s wide l y •used· ~t 1

the cons tr u~ti on of b ui l dings , [Link], bri dges , · cana ls ·1~

m~ny oth e r: en ginee r i ng as we ll _a s rion -'eng inee t: i ng- 1
~Cti~{~
tie s. , . 1

. Th~ • te c;=-h n 1que · u s ~d in meas u reme ~t a nd t he preGautia

ta ken wiJ: l def i ne the degree of re f ineme n t. wi th wh iott ta; :
measuremen ts c an be · m~de . Tapirig may vary fr om a re la t ive
p~ecision ~f a bo~t 1 : 1000 t~ 1 : 2500O : or bett e r ~
Calibrated ropes , _ c o r ds , .a nd lines were u sed by sur: ..
ve_yo~s f o r ma ny ce n t ur i e s .• · The use o .f the s t ee l tape only
came about · dur. i _n g • th e beg in n in g of the twen ti f=:t h c e nt ur y,
Bef_o re the advent of the s _teel ta p e , t he cha i n was _us ed fo r
li:_re ar measur e me nt s . A c u rsory lo o k at _ve r y o l d · Ame rican
and Br:·i t is h d eeds and p lo ts wi 11 r e ve al d istances . [Link] ed
with t h e chain . A surveyor mig ht v e r ·y wel l s ee a distance
indicate d aq 13 c h 18 . 5 lks , qr ll.185 c h . [Link] p rocedure of
[Link] ment · was then called " chaining ," a term carr'ie d-over
f rom t he , time when the Gun ter's c h a i.n was in tr od uc ed in · t he
ea rly l600s ~ -The term has ~p p are n tly surv i ved s uch t hat it
s til l co n tlnues to be as3ociated with the o perat ion of mea·-
. s ui:: ing 1 ines wr-th tapes . The pers o ns undertaki n g measur e-
ment .were then referred , to as 'c ha i nmen .

6 -4 . DISTANCE BY T~CHYKRTRY .

. Ta chymetry (o~ ~ache~metry ) is a n other procedure ~f o b tli n-

ing horizontal . distances . It i s based on the opt i ca l ge o-
met r y of the instruments empl oyed and is an ind i +ect me thod
ot measurement : . A transit or a theodolite is used to detet-
mine s ~ btended intervals a nd angles on a grad uate d rod or
sc~ l e fro~ which distances are c omputed by tr i go nome try.
Tachymetric measurement s are performed ~i-her by t h e stadia
method or the subtense bar met h od. I

1 . Stadia Method. ·This method pro v ides a rap id mea ns- of

c;, eterm i n in g horizo n tal distances. It was _i n ~r od,uced in 177:i
by James Watt of Scotla nd and was at that t ime r e fe rred to
as a mi cr ometer _fo r measuri ng distanc~s ~ The pre cision df
the stadi a met h od [Link] nds u pon t he following fac to r s: the
r e fin eme n t wi th whic h the instrumen t w,as [Link]~ ct-u r ed , the
.s ~ ill of t he observer , the lengt h ·of mea sure ml=! nt , and the
-~ff ect s of refra c t ion a nd pa r ·a l l a~. Ho-r.: iz on t al distances
de te rmi ned b y t hi s me t h od will yi e l d a relat ive · prec•ision
of o nl y betwee n_ 1/ 300 a nd 1/100 0'. Thi s , a p p a r e ntly , doe3 \
not c onfo r m _ to t he usua l prec i _s ion requir-ed in r u n.nin9
line s f or mo s t e ngi neez::ing . su rve y s . Becaus e of i t s _low pre:. ,
ci s ion , it is mostly used in topographic or r e con naissance

IICA S UREMCNT Of'

L 56 - -- HORIZONTAL .OtSTANCU
 •
surveys •· It is also employe d for .. c ·he4ck i
obtaine d by '?o re . p:r;ecis_e . methods .
hg
me.a _s ~~e~~f\_b s
.• . - . .- , , .
. The ·equipm ent . .for stadia measure ments consis t s · , of . a
t ·e lescope _-.wit~ two horizo ntal h~ irs called 's tadi.a hairs eci:ri1d ·
a gradua te d rod called a stadia . rod. _The tele scopes of [Link]
s urveyi ng instrum ents are equippe d [Link] stadia ' h a~r·s . :whi-~ h ' .
a re placed ~ - ~ qual distanc ~ on ei th er sicte .of ~·the horiZP~ ~
·t a l . cross ha .i r · The Spaci"ng of t _h e stadia haiis t s so .,. de; ,
signed . . tha t at a distanc e of 100 meters thei.r interee pt .ci~
a v ertical rod wi ll b e about 1 meter ~ At 200 meters , then,,.
the inte·rce pt should be about 2 · meters It . i,s
"' , and -. so on.
i1'\p ort~ ~t tha t the lin e of s"ight is " hor·izo ntal and ' . .

it · in -c-
ters e c:ts · the 'I:dd ,:i t -ri g h t a n g l es . . • , . • . ,
·. 'l'he process o f . tak ing a s tadi a . me as ur eme nt, consis t s -~n
· obs ej:ving ·t hrough th e. telesco pe ·t he appa rent ,loc;:a ti.o n s of
the t wo s t ad i a h ai r s o n a ve r t i c ally :h e ld rod . From the ob~ .
sdtved .in terval r ead 6 n the rod . the dista rice . f rom the t~ ~ ·
I ,- ' ~ . , · .
lescope to the rod ,is fou nd by pro p ort-i o n a l r e l a tionsh i p_s
I .

in s i milar t"r iatpgles . . T_h e eq u atio n•,o · = Ks + C i s employe q .

'
Tubular Si ghting Glas& · 2 m . S ubtense .B ar
•
~;. Left Target .Mark Right Target Mark.

• ~~u,-- --- Detachabl e ·T r i b r ach .

L eveli'ng Screw ---~~~~ (w/ optical plumme t ) .
•
r

. - Battery Pock

Tripod Leg$

• •
•

. Hg. 6-t . Sub~ ba.t. ~.

•
frlEASl{REMENr Of'
HORIZONTAL · {)/STANCES ----Y..!.-7-'
5
 •
in co~puti ng hor izontal di s tance s fro m sta d1~ •inte rval
when s i ghts 'ar e · horizon tal. The stadia coastan t C is t hs
dis t ance from the center of the instroment to the prlnci pa~
focus • . Its value . is . usually equal to [Link] for interna l fo ...
c us ing · t!ele sc opes . K is the _stadia int.e r val factor o f the
in s trument . . Most i n s trument s are . so de s igned · t bat ·this
v alue i s made equal t o · 100 . The stadia interva l, & , •is de -
t er mined · in the field by observi ng th~ differe nc e · b etwee n
'the upper stadia hai~ re a ding and the lower stadia hair
r eadlng. · . .
2 . Subten se Bar Me t hod . The subten~ ·e · bar is a conve -
nient a nd practic al d e vice ·used for·qui ck ~nd ,accura te me a-
SQreme nt of horizon t a l distanc e s . Th e ba r (Fig~ 6-2)~ Whi ch
is pr e cis~ly 2 met e rs long, consis ts of a rounded ' st6e 1
tube thro~gh which r un s a tbin invar r ·oa . At each end o f
the frame the t a rg e t rna ~ ks a re hou ~ed. l t is mounted ho;i -
z optally ' on a t ripo d a nd p l ace d p e r pe ndicul a r to the - l ine
of s igh t by mea n s of · a s i g hti n g devi c e pn t6p of the bar.
The pt6 c e dur e foi det e rmin i n g th e dista nce ·· b et ween two
point s cons [Link] · o f s.e tt i n g u p the s u b t e ns e ba r a t the dis-
t a n t s t ~ t1d n , . and measu ri n g th e ho riz on tal a ng l e subtend ed
by th e di stance be t ween ~h e tw6 ~argets . A th~ o d o l it e , se t
. up at- t h e othe r end o f the 1 i ne to b e mec1sure d , i s used i n
mea $uring t he sLtbt~n ding angle .

F<9 . 6- 3 • P~ inc~ple. o 6 .lxlbt~ ~ [Link] •

•
• 2 - m Long .
Subtense 8~:Jr
,Lef t Targe t Mark

Th eodol i te
or T r an · S /2

- ---- - - - - - - ~~--- ·s .

S/~

D Right T arg et Mork

(Ho ri zo nt a l Distance)

F i g u r e 6 -3 shows a pl a n v iew o f~ typ ical · s ub te n s e mea-

s ur eme n t ." Since t h e bar is set up per p e nd ic u l a r t o the · 11 ne
of s i ght , th e h o r i zo n ta l distanc e is d ~ t er mine d from t h~
r e lations hip
2
•
Tan (cC /2)= 7S/ ) and D = S/ 2 since S = 2·.oorri
• Tan (cC I 2) .
D = I / Tan (cC/ 2 ) == Cot (£CI 2)

Where O is · t he hori zo nt a l d i sta nc e and tC · is the angle

subtena ea by th e ta r ge t s .

Lt,!~----
58 11£ AS/Jlf£MCNr DI'
•
HOlflJONrAL Dt,rAlfC£1
 met hod has ...~n add e d a d van t a g e 1· n that
. b t e n s e bar
Th e su . no slo.p e
t l\e ho ~ izor: ital d1 ~ta nce is obta i ned di r ectl y a nd
subt ende d a n. le
~orr ecti o~ ~ re q uir ed . Thi s is beca u se the
1

1s mea sure a in a hor iz o ntal plan e a nd th

~ refo re i ndep end e nt
of the s lope of th, line . of sigh t .
r s of s ub-
Tab ~e~ a re u s ua lly furn i shed by manu f a ctur e
n of elist ance s .
tens e equi pme nt to si mp lify the dete rmin atio
ndin g t o ta -
s uc h t a bl:s give d ista nces ( in me ters ) . corr espo
es . The accu ~
bula ted minu tes a n d s ec onds of s ub tend e d angl
upon t he pre c i-
r ~cy o : ttie s ~b tens ·e meth 6d d epe nds ma inly For
s~ o n Wl th whic h t h e subt ~nd [Link] ang le is meas ured .
sec theo doli te ,
s i ghts ~f abo u t 1 50 m or l ess a nd us in g a 1
a ined . Whe n
a rela ti ve p r e c is ~o n of 1/3 000 can ea s il y b e obt
a c cura cy cor- ·
the m-ea~u r ed le n gth is fart her incr ease d , t he
This can , howa ver , be offs et by
r es pond 1ng~ y di~i nish ~s .
r e p eate d a n gu l ar meas urem ent , or taki ng r ead ings from both
~ ·
e n d s o f the l ine and dete rmin ing the aver age
i ning dis-
Th e su~t ense bar meth od is ofte n used in obta
c h · as
ta nc es over very roug h or inac cess ible terr ~in su
~ide riv~ rs, ravi nes, and everi acr o ss busy
acro ss canY ons , ·
cit y stre ets .

i.J$'tH ODS .
6 -5. DIST ANCR BY GRAPHICAL AND HATHRHATICAL
d~~-t .anc es may
By grap hica l or math emat ica 1 meth ods, unkn own
~~ow n d is-
be dete rmin ed thro ugh thei r rela tion ship ·w.i~-
tanc es geom et r ical ly. Thes e meth ods are w·id eiy _·eµtp loye d in
pl-n e tabl e surv eys, and in tr i angu latio n woi~
. D~te imin ing
og~[Link] coul d
dist ance s by sea 1 i ng _ f .rom maps or ae r ial pho~
ever , befo re
also prov i~e suff icie ntly acc ur a te resu lts . How
any dist ance s are dete i mine d, the sca l e must f t rst be es-
the
tabl ishe d . Most maps an d p h ot o s c a le s. are defi ned by
any two po i nts
rela tion ship with whi ch th e dist a n ce be t ween
to t he corr espo ndin g dis-
on t~e ~ap or phot og r ap h bear s
tanc e on the grou nd. a hor i zon-
The -det erm inat ion of l ~ n g ths o f the s ides of
and trila te~a -
tal con trol syst em su c h a s i~ tri angu latio n ship s .
ti o n invo lves geom etric a n d tri gono metr ic rela tion
inac -
-Si n ce l ong dist ance s are invo lved and most are over
terr ain, this meth od beco mes quit e prac tica l to
cess ible
empl o y .

.6-6 . DIST ANCE BY MECHANICAL DEVI CES .

d also be e m-
1
Thei e ar~ a'fe ~ mech anic ~! devi ces whic h coul ,·
ploy ed for the meas urem ent of dist ance s._ !~es e de vic es
ys or
howe v er , are only appl icab le for low prec 1s1o n ij urve
wher e g ~i c« meas urem ents are d~si red. The more c ommo nly
, meas urin g
used amon g tftes ~ devi ces incl ude th~ odom eter
. , ..
wh e el and t he op~i e-31 rang e£ i [Link] .

1.-' Odom eter . ,he odom eter is a si mpl _e d ev i ce that can

meas urin g
be atta ched t o• a •whe el for purp oses of roug h)y
/J£ASURE M £ N'r Otr . 59
HONlr ON'rAL DI S'rANCC, - -~ ~
 s'-u r face distanc es . The whe~ l . i & f Olled .~ ve r th e, dis t ance to
be mea su re d ~rid t:h e numbe r o f · r e volu t i ·o ns . of t ne whee l is
~ i r ectly re g i st~r e d by the a ev i c e . S in~e the c i r cumf• r e nce
of the whee l is k nown , t he r elati onship between ,r evo l ution
and d i stanci~ c oul d the n b~ estab li s h ed . It i s s imi lat · · in
funct ion t o · the di s t anc e · r ecorder ·o f . a ve h-i cl e speedom ete r
An od~me t e i o nly .g i ves s u r face .d istance s . The~ e is . ~
need ... to • red uc, meas ur ed d istance s to equi v alen t h otizont a1
di s [Link] c_es ~~ Peci a lly wh en s tee p slopes or ·. r u gg~d t errain
. are invo l ~d. Distanc es measure d b y a n odomete r a r e s u i'ta -
bi e · f or · r o ut e · locat i o.n sur v eys , pre l imi nar y s u r v e y s , small -
. scale · mapp i ng-, fo r per form1ng quick c hecks on o the r mea-
s urement s , and wh_e n ,pacing woul d · ·t a ke a longer t ime to a c-
. c o mpl ish . On f ai rly l evel t err a i n t h e o dome-t er may be
~x pe c te d to provi d e a pi e c isi on . o f ~bout ·11200 . The pr eci -·
s i \o n o :f ,odome t e r 'me ~s u r e me n ts depe nd s l a r ge l y o n the ~o -
p o g r 'a phy o f t h e terrai n since the whee l fo l l o ws - surf a ce
. ~rre g u l ar i 1:i e s a nd u ndulat i'o n s . It . wil-1 be - expe ct e d t hat a
recorde d d i ~ t ance would be · g11eate:r t han t h e · actua l hor i-
zonta l di st~n c~. · ·
2 . Measuri ng Vheei. A -measur ing wheel is ve~y _ s imi 1 a r
i n opera ti o n to an od6met~ r e~c~pt that i t · is a mo i e port~-
[Link] a nd self-co ntained measuri ng de v ice. · It bas i ca l l y
consi sts of a .small wheel whic h is attache d to a rod a nd
h an;d,le ,- _a nd can be -p ushed by an operato r . As the whee l o f
, fhe d e v\6e is rolled along a line to be measure d, a b uil t-
. 1n c a l ibrate d recorde r a~t'o matical ly gives a distanc e r e a d -
9ut ·in meters and decimal s of a ' meter . The measuri ng wh e e l
i ~ •- ~uit~bl e · for mea~uri ng _distanc ~s along irregul ar or
cut ved li n es and bounda ries .
"· ~- Optical Rangefi nder. An opt i cal rangefi ndet (F i g . 6 -
4) ? Perates , on the .sam·e princip le as a range£ inder o n . a
. ·s ingl ~~ l e ns _reflex camera. Thi s device, whic~ is - usu~lly
ha:nd .;.. hel d or mounted on a sma l l tripod , can be used ·to
, d e t er mine distanc es approx i'matel y s i mply by focusin g . . In
.
. Fig. 6-4. A .lklltal.l •~ildn ~ange&i ndvt .

--1{l!~ ~~~ ,__ __..

Eyepiece ~-
Distonc.e ·
• Reading ·
Dia l
Telescope
Rangefind er
Hous ing

' - - - -- Lens ·

using th~ device, . t h e o perato r lboks t h r ou gh t h e eye pi~ce

and s ights a di sta n t object s ~c h as a flag or r a n ge p~le
wh~ch d~fi n es the ot h er end of a l i ne to b e me a~ ured . The
obJe c t 15 then ~r~u ght into a _ ~ harp · focus b y a focusing
kno b · Whe n the spl 1 t imag~, as se e n th r ough the eyep i ece ,
 .
1s brought into c oincide nc e (Fi~. 6-~, ihe correspond l~g
disian~e ls r a nge-·
t h~n read on a gradua t ed SGale on the
tinder. •·
F or . d is tanc;es les-s than 500 _ me_t ers the optica l range,--
finder _ 1s c a pa ble · o f providing a \p~ecision of about i1&6
The obtainable precision· correspondfitpgly diminishes. as . tn:~
length increas es beyond its effective range . _ Such devi~-~
ar e suitabl e fat tls e in field sketchin~, -reconnaissa~ce·
surveys, plane tab_l e work , or i n check'ing measuren:i,ents ob~
tained by more precise methodi:;· .
./ig. 6-5._ Coinc..[Link]. o, ,1,pt;it ffi19U. '
•

. (

tal . lo J
Untio~ • ooge. i: ocw,e,d aage.
6-7 . DISTANCE BY. PHOTOGRAMMETll°Y .
' '
Th e term photogrammet"ry r e f ers 1;:o the measurement · of; · images
on · a phctograph~ The t y p e of p h ot6graphs used are . tho,e
take n from an aircraft•with th~ axis of the camera pointed
v ertica l ly [Link] the terra i n photographed. When very pre.-
e l se cameras and p hotogr [Link] tric equipment are u sed._, d i s-
tances can be mea sur e d on pho t ogra ph~ with a frec i siori of
a bou t 1/3000 t~ 1 /5 000 .

6- 8e I LL~STRATIVE PROBLEMS.

I. -D ISTANCE BY PACiNG.
1
A 45 - m course, AB , on teve·I ground·
was paced
by a surveyor fpr the purpose of [Link] m ining his . pac e factor.
- The number .of paces for each trial token are shew n ir. - th e a.;: corn-pany~
ing tabula [Link] .

REQU/REM.E NTS. •
a) Oe t erm ine hi~ pace f act or .
b) If lhe su r veyor t hen t ook 77 1, 770,768,77 0, 7 7 2 , and 7 69 paces
in wal k i ng· an -un-k nown di s t a nce CD , wha t is 1'he: l eng th of the l ih!3?
c) A ssuming t ha'i' 't he taped- I eng th of Ii ne CD i s 66 7. O•m , det ermt n e .
the r elative preci45ion of th e meas urement performed . ·

MEASURE MENT DI' 61

HORIZONTAL D iS [Link] - - - - . . : :~ ,
 PACINfJ ·o ATA -
TRIM. - Ll,.E TAP~O DIST NO. .OF :PACES MEAN
I AB 50
2 BA 53
' 3. AB ~H
BA ~5 .0
'53
52
. '
4
l'
5 ·Ae . 52
6 BA 53

Solution:. :· _
· a) _
. . Deternli-nlng Pace Foctor.

L = 45 m ( leng_th of llne AB)

. ( number of trlals taken on I tne AB>.

$um 1 = (50 + 53 + 51 + 53 ·+ 52 ·+ 53) = 312 paces

M1 - Sum 1 /n 1 = 312/6
:: 52 paces· ( mean num ber of pace s to ttalk I lne AB)

PF = L/M 1: = 45m /52 paces

= -0.865 m/p·ace (pace .f 9c,or of su rv eyo_r)

t>) Dete·i"mining Unknown D i stance.

n2 = 6 (number of trials taken on tin e CO)

Sum 2 = (7 7 1 + 770 + 7 '6 8 + 770 + 772 + 769)

= 4620 paces

M2 = [Link] 2 / n 2 - 4620 /6
= 770 paces (mean number of paces to walk tine CD)

PD . = .M 2 (PF)
=, 770 paces ( o:8.6 5 m /pace)
= 666 .1 rTI ~paced length of line CO)

c). Qeterm lni ng Re lati ve Precision ;

Tl) = 667.0 rn (toped distance)

PO = 666.1 m (paced distance)

RP = (TO - PD)/TO ~- (667.0 - 66?. J.)/667 .0

= 0.9/667.0
=· I/· 741 say 1/7qO < ref at Ive precis ion of the measurement)

a. D1$.TANCE BY PACING, . In five t'rials of walking along a 90-m

course ·onfairty level groun_d, c;i pacer ·for a survey party counted 51,52.5,
· 5 f. 5, 52,5, and 51. 5 _s t r id~s re spec tively.H e then started walking ari un·
known- di stance XY i'n four trials which were record ed as follows : 88.5 ,
. 89,88, ond 81 strides. Determine th e followirig:·
•
o) Pace factor of t~e pacer.
b) Length of line XY.

, 6?
~-!!!Jll'-!':,.a---
1
. ltl£A!I/Jfl~M£HT OF
NO/ff7:,,rl',M. Ol51AlfCO
c) Percent age o f error in the measure ment if the taped lengt h of X-Y is
150 .5 meters.
Solution :
a) Determi ning Pace Facto r.
L = 90 . 0 m ( len gt h of course)

n, = 5 ( n u m ber of tri ols token)

Sum 1 = {51 + 52.5 + 51. 5 +- 52 . 5 + 5 I. 5)

= 259 s t r ides or 518 pac es

M, = S u m 1 /n 1 = 5 I 8 / 5
= 103 . 6 paces (meon . numbe r of paces to walk the_ course)

PF = L /M 1 = 9 0 m/ 103.6 p ace s
= 0 . 8 69 m / pace (p ace f a c t or of pac er )

b) Determi ning U nkn own Dista n ce.

(number of t rlols taken on XY)

Sum 2 = (88.5 + 89 + 88 + 87 )
= 352.5 str i des or 705 paces
M2 = Sum 2 / n 2 = 705 /4
= 176 .2.5 paces {mean [Link] Of paces to walk line XY )

PD = M 2 (PF) = 176.25 paces- ( 0.869 m/pace)

= 15 3 . 2 m ( paced I ength Q.f I lne XY)

ci D et er m in ing Percenta ge of Error .

TO = 150.5 m [taped distance)

PD = I 53 . 2 m (paced distance)
15
Percent .a ge of Error = ( TD ; PD )( 100%) = c 0 .5- l 5,3.2 )(I OOo/4)
0 150.5
= I . 7 9 °/p

3. DISTAN CE BY STADIA . po int. B is

A stadia rod held at a distant
sighted by an i'nstrume nt set up at A. The upper and lower stadia ha.i r read-
ings were observed as 1. 300m and 0 . 900m, respectiv ely. If the st a dia in -
t erval factor ( K) is 100, and the instrume nt constant (C) is [Link], deter mine th e
le n g t h of l i ne AB

D = Ks + C
= 100 ( 1.300 - 0. 9vV) + 0.0
= 40.0 m ( length of li ne AB )

4. DI STANCE BY SUBTEN SE BAR. The fo ll ow i ng s ubte nd e-d angl es were

1 11
read on a 2- m long subtense b ar using a t heod oli te: 0 ° 5 4 .1 3 ,0° 22 '20",
11
0 ° 32 ' 06 , an d 0° ( 9 ' 46 . Comp ut e the ho ri z ont a l d i s tan ce [Link]
11 the theo-
doli t e t o eac h po siti o~ o f t he bar.
1 1
D = ! / T an ( 0 °54 13 /2 ) = !26.81 m
I
1 11
D = I /Tan (0° 22 2 0 /2) = 307. 8 6 m
2
0

JIE ASUl?O,t€K r o l' 63

N0 /11,0NrAL DISrAl(CES _ - -- ~
 1
03 = l /Tan -(0° 32'0 6 ~2) =, 214. 19m
, I /Tan co· 19 46. ~2) =
1
D4 =
0
34 7._83 m

~. !)!ST ANC E BY fllB TEN SE A . subt ense -·b_or 2 .000 met_e rs long
BAI/.
PQ. Usm g . a theo do li te .set
•• se t up ·11 ear the [Link] le . of a t r aver se0 I in1 e 11 • ~-Whe n . th ~ th eo dolit e ·Was
up · Of . P, ·th e angl e· subt ended r ead·s _Q 20 14
t .r ohs·f e_rr.ed a nd, ·se,l·; [Link] . at
Q, ·t he c orres po ndin g subt e nde d _an o l e was
l l en g th .of line PQ . ;
Ob•
served . a s 0,23· 47. Det e r m ine th e horiz onta

2-ni s u·bterise Bar

Theod olite
Q

1 11
0°20 14

I.

0 1 = I/Ton (9°2 0 ' !4"/ 2)

= _339. 8.1 m · (ho'riz ontcil length of li ne PS)
1 1
p2 = I /Ton {0°2 3 47 i/2) .
- 289 .09m (ho r lzonto l leng t h of -li ne QS)

D = 0 1 ·+ 0 2 = 339. 81 + 289. 09
= - 628 .90m (hori z ontal leng th of l int PQ)

L~~---
64 M£ AS tfR£M£l a or
HOR/JO /ff~ DISTIIIIC£$ '