DBM20023

E N G I N E E R I N G M AT H E M AT I C S 2
CHAPTER 1

•Indices and Logarithms

•1.1 Laws of index
•1.2 Laws of logarithms
 INDICES

– Laws of Exponents
•
Exponents

When a number a is multiplied by itself any number of times, a n  a  a  ...  a  a

(n times), the expression is simplified by using index notation. 𝑛 is a positive integer, 𝑎
is called the base and 𝑛 is the index.

34  3  3  3  3
 81

Where 3 is called the base and 4 is called the index or power. Therefore, 34 is read as ‘3
to the power of 4’.
LAWS OF INDEX
Integer Indices Fractional Indices

• a n  a  a  ...  a  a 1
• an  n a
1
• a n  n m
a • a n  n am
• a0  1

Example 1:
Evaluate each of the following.
5
2 f) 0.2 3
c)   e) 2 4
3 4
a) 5 b) (2) d) 80
3
Solution :

a) 53  5  5  5  125 d) 80  1

1 1 1
b) (2) 4   2  2  2  2  16 e) 2 4   
2 4
2  2  2  2 16

5 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 32 f) 0.2 3   
c)                   0.2 3
0.2  0.2  0.2 0.008
 
3          
3 3 3 3 3 243
 LAWS OF INDEX
Example 2:
Evaluate each of the following.

1

1 2
 64  3
a) 8 3
b) 27 3 c)  
 125 

Solution:

1 1

a) 8  8  2
3 3
 64  3 1 1 5
c)     
 125 
1
64 4
 64  3 3
2   125
b) 27  3 27 2  9
3  125 
EXERCISE 1
• Find the value of the following:
a)34
b)(−2)5
c)(−5)−2
3 3
d)
8
1 0
e)
211
3
f)625 4

3
g)243 5

2
−
h)27 3
LAWS OF EXPONENTS
1) am  an  am n

2) am  an  am  n

3) a 
m n
a mn

4) abm  am  bm

m
a am
5)    m
b b
EXAMPLE 3:

Evaluate the value of the following:

2

a) 43  45 b) 56  53  57 c) 4 
2 3
d)
93

5
92  9 3

a) 43  45 2
3
9
d)
 435 
5
9 9
2 3

 48  65536
2
93
  5
2  
b) 5  5  5
6 3 7
9  3

 5637 2
3
9

 5 2  25 1
3
9
2 1

9
4 
3 3
2 3
c)
1

4 6
 93
1 1
 6

4 4096
EXAMPLE 4:
Simplify each of the following:

2  p q 
1
a) 54n  53n b) 3 5n
c) 6 3n 3

52 n1
d) a n  a 2n  a 2n1 e) 4 n1  2 2n 163n f) n 1
25  125n1

Solution:

a) 54 n  53n
e) 4 n1  2 2 n 163n
 3n
 54n

 5n
 22   n 1
 2 2n  24  
3n

 2 2 n  2  2 2 n  212 n

b) 2 3 5n
 2 2 n  2  2 n 12 n

 2 2 8 n
 2 15 n

p 
1
6
c) q 3n 3

5 2 n 1
f) n 1
25  125n 1
 p  q 
1 1
 6 3 3n 3

 p2qn 5 2 n 1

5 2 n 1

 53 
n 1

5 2 n 1
 2 n2
5  53 n 3
d) a n  a 2n  a 2 n1 5 2 n 1

55 n 1
 a n   2  n  2 n 1  5 ( 2 n 1) ( 5 n 1)
n  2  n  2 n 1
 a  5 3 n
 2 n 3
 a
EXERCISE 2
• Evaluate each of the following:
1 1 1
a)3 × 9 × 243
4 8 8

3 5 3
b)32 × 4 × 128
4 4 2

2 3 3
−4
c) 8 × 16
3 ÷4 2

4 2
23 ×4 3
d) 2
89
EXERCISE 3
• Simplify each of the following:
a)272𝑛 × 9𝑛−2 ÷ 81𝑛−1
b)31−𝑛 × 27𝑛+1 ÷ 9𝑛+1
1 3
c) × 492𝑛−1 ÷ 74𝑛+1
7
4𝑛−3 ×64
d) 162𝑛+1
1 2
− −
𝑥 3𝑦 3
e) 1
−6
2
𝑥 𝑦 4

3
𝑡 𝑥+1 𝑠 𝑦+2
f) 𝑡 3 𝑠 3𝑦
38𝑛+5
g)94𝑛 ×3𝑛−4
SOLVI NG EQ UAT I ON I NVO LVI NG I NDI CES

• When solving an equation involving indices, we need to simplify the algebraic

expression on both sides of the equation before expression in terms of the same
base or of the same index and then equating the indices or base accordingly. For
instance,
If 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒂𝒏 , then 𝒎 = 𝒏

If 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒃𝒎 , then 𝒂 = 𝒃

• Example 5
Solve the following equations:

a) 4 x  16

b) 9 x  3x1  81

1
c) 3 x1  27 x 
9
 EX AMPLE 5

Solution:

a) 4 x  16 c) 3 x 1  27 x 
1
9
4 x  42

3 x 1  33  
 x 2 x 1
32
3 x 1 3 x  3  2

3 4 x 1  3  2
 4 x  1  2
b) 9 x  3x1  81
3
x
3 
2 x
3 x 1
3 4 4

32 x  x 1  34

33 x 1  34
 3x  1  4
5
x 
3
EXERCISE 4
• Solve the following equations.
a)82𝑥−1 = 1
b)20(25𝑥 ) = 100
c) 813𝑥+4 = 27𝑥+3
d)2434𝑥 = 98𝑥+6
e)2 8𝑥+1 = 4 2𝑥
1
f) 8𝑥−1 − 32𝑥 = 0
g)162𝑥+2 . 4𝑥+1 = 82𝑥−3
h)3𝑥+2 + 3𝑥+1 − 324 = 0
i) 3𝑚−1 + 3𝑚 − 12 = 0
LOGARITHM
In the equation y  a x , the number x is called an index. This equation y  a x can be
written as loga y  x Then, x is the logarithms of y to the base a .

y  ax  loga y  x

Example 6:

Express the following equations in logarithm forms.

1
a) 625  54 b)  4 3
64

Solution:
a) 625  54 b)
1
 4 3
64
log5 625  4
1 1
 3
64 4
64  43
log4 64  3
E X A MPLE 8 :

Determine the value of 𝑥 for the following equations.

a) log7 x  4 b) logx 16  2

Solution:
a) log7 x  4 b) logx 16  2

x  74 16  x 2
x  2401 42  x 2
 x4
EXERCISE 5
• Find the value of 𝑥 of the following equations.
a)log 2 64 = 𝑥
b)log14 𝑥 = 3
c) log 2 𝑥 = −5
d)log 𝑥 729 = 3
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

a) loga x y  loga x  loga y d) loga a  1

x
b) log a  log a x  log a y e) log a a 0  0
y

log a M
c) log a M c  c log a M f) log N M 
log a N
EXAMPLE 9:
Evaluate each of the following by using the laws of logarithms:

3 x3 a x3
a) log p r s b) log p c) log a
y y

Solution:

a) log p r s 3 a x3
c) log a
 log p r  log p s 3 y
1
 log p r  3 log p s ax 3
 2
 log a  
 y 

x3 1  a x3 
b) log p  log a  
y 2  y 
 log p x 3  log p y

1
2

log a a  log a x 3  log a y 
1
 log p x  log p y
3 2

1
1  3 log a x  log a y 
2
1
 log p x 3  log p y
2 1 3 1
  log a x  log a y
2 2 2
 EX AMPLE 10:
Find the value of the following logarithms without using calculator:

a) log6 1296 d) log 2 14  log 2 12  log 2 21

1 1
b) log 5 e) log9 625  log9 45  4 log 9 3
125 4
c) log27 9

Solution:

1 c) log27 9
a) log6 1296 b) log 5
125 log 3 9

 log 6 6 4 1
 log 5 3 log 3 27
5
 4 log 6 6 log 3 3 2
 log 5 5 3 
 4(1) log 3 33
 3 log 5 5
 4 
2 log 3 3
 3(1) 3 log 3 3
 3 2

3

1
e) log 9 625  log 9 45  4 log 9 3
d) log 2 14  log 2 12  log 2 21 4
 log 9 625 4  log 9 45  log 9 3 4
1
 14  12 
 log 2  
 21 
 log 9 5  log 9 45  log 9 81
 log 2 8
 5  81 
 log 9  
 log 2 2 3  45 
 3 log 2 2  log 9 9

3 1
EXERCISE 6
• Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.
1
a) log 2
64
b) log 4 32
c) log 2 128
d) log 9 243
e) log 3 27 3
f) log 25 5
g) log 4 9 − 2 log 4 3
1 4
h) 4log 6 2 + log 6 16 − 2 log 6
2 3
 EXAMPLE 11:
Simplify the following logarithm equations to the simplest form.

a) 3 logc 2  2 logc 5  logc 20 d) log4 x  log8 x

b) 2 log x  3 log y  2 log x y e) log3 a  log9 a 2  log 27 a

1 1
c) log a  log  log c
b 3
Solution:

1 1
c) log a  log  log c
a) 3 logc 2  2 logc 5  logc 20 b 3
 log c 2 3  log c 5 2  log c 20 1
1

 log a  log  log c 3

b
 23  52 
 log c 
 
  
 
1
20  
a c3
 log 
 log c 10  1 
 
 b 
1

 log a b c3
b) 2 log x  3 log y  2 log x y
 log x 2  log y 3  log  x y 
2

 log x 2  log y 3  log x 2 y 2

 log 

 x2 x 2

y2 

 3 
 y 
x4
 log
y
CONTINUE…..
d) log4 x  log8 x
log 2 x log 2 x
 
log 2 4 log 2 8

log 2 x log 2 x
 2

log 2 2 log 2 2 3

log 2 x log 2 x
 
2 3
1 1

 log 2 x 2  log 2 x 3

 12   13 
 log 2   x 
x  
  
5
 log 2 x 6

e) log3 a  log9 a 2  log 27 a

log 3 a 2 log 3 a
 log 3 a  2

log 3 3 log 3 3 3

log 3 a 2 log 3 a
 log 3 a  
2 3

 
1
 log 3 a  3
1
 log 3 a  log 3 a 2 2

 
aa 
 log 3  
 
1

 a3 
5

 log 3 a 3
SOLVING EQUATION INVOLVING LOGARITHMS
EX AMPLE 12
Solve the following logarithms.

a) log4 x  5  1  logx  1 c) log5 5x  4  2 log5 3  log5 4

b) log3 x  log3 (1  x)  2
Solution:

a) log4 x  5  1  log x  1 c) log5 5x  4  2 log5 3  log5 4

log4 x  5  log  1 log5 5 x  4   2 log5 3  log5 4  0

log
4 x  5  1 log5 5 x  4   log5 3 2  log5 4  0
x  1
5 x  4  0
4 x  5  101 log5
32 4
x  1
5 x  4  50
4 x  5  10 x  10 32 4
6 x  15 5 x  4  1
15 36
x
6 5 x  4  36
5 x  40
x 8
CONTINUE…..
b) log3 x  log3 (1  x)  2
x
log3 2
(1  x)
x
 32
(1  x)
x  9  9x
10 x  9
9
x
10
EXERCISE 7
• Solve each of the following equations.
a) log 7 3𝑥 = 5 log 7 2
b)log 3 4𝑥 − log 3 (2𝑥 − 1) = 1
c) 3𝑥+2 = 3𝑥 + 72
1
d)162𝑥−3 =
4 𝑥+2
e) log 5 + log 2𝑥 − 1 = log 3 + log(𝑥 + 2)
f) log 2 12 + log 2 𝑥 = 0
g) log 5 (5𝑥 − 4) = 2 log 5 3 + log 5 4
h)log 3 (4𝑥 − 1) = 1 +log 3 (𝑥 + 1)
i) 2 log 2 3 + log 2 (5 − 𝑥) = 2 + log 2 4𝑥
j) log 50 + log 𝑥 = 2 + log(2𝑥 − 1)
k) ) 2 + log 2 (5𝑡 − 3) = log 2 4𝑡
EX AMPLE 13

Given that log 2 5  2.32 , find the value of each of the following without using a calculator.

a) log5 4 b) log5 2 c) log 2 5 5

Solution:

a) log5 4 b) log5 2 c) log 2 5 5

log 2 4 log 2 1
  2  log 2 5  log 2 5 2
log 2 5 log 2 5
1
log 2 2 2 1  log 2 5  log 2 5
  2
log 2 5 2.32
3
2  0.4310  log 2 5
 2
2.32
3
 0.8621  (2.32)  3.48
2
 EX AMPLE 14
Given log 2 3  1.59 and log 2 5  2.32 , find the value of the following without using calculator.

a) log 2 45 b) log4 0.6

Solution:

a) log 2 45 b) log4 0.6

 log 2 (3 2  5) 
log 2 0.6
log 2 4
 log 2 3 2  log 2 5
3
 2(1.59)  2.32 log 2  
 5
 5.50 log 2 2 2

log 2 3  log 2 5

2 log 2 2

1.59  2.32
  0.365
2
EXERCISE 8
a) Given that log 2 3 = 1.585 and log 2 5 = 2.322, without using a calculator, evaluate
1
i) log 2 1 5 ii) log15 6
b) Given that 2𝑥 3𝑥 = 5𝑥+2 . Find the value of x.
c) Given that 3 = 2𝑝 and 5 = 2𝑞 , express log 4 1.8 in terms of p and q.
d) Determine 2𝑥+3 + 2𝑥 + 16 2𝑥−1 in the form 𝑘 2𝑥 , where k is a constant.
e) log 5 (4𝑥 − 7) = log 5 (𝑥 − 2) + 1
log11 25×log27 11
f) Without using a calculator, simplify log9 5
.
g) Solve the equation 3𝑟−1 + 3𝑟+2 = 252
𝑎 𝑏 𝑚𝑛4
h) Given that 𝑚 = 3 and 𝑛 = 3 , express log 3 27 in terms of a and b.
i) Given that log 5 2 = 0.431, log 5 3 = 0.683 and log 5 7 = 1.209, without using a
calculator, evaluate
1
i) log 5 84 ii) log 25 1 6