DQS102 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
(LAND SURVEYING)
CHAPTER 4:
HORIZONTAL ANGLE MEASUREMENT
NORHAFIZAH YUSOP
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perak)
THEODOLITE
Theodolite is commonly used for making
horizontal angle and vertical angle.
Very precision instrument in measuring angle.
Optical
Digital
INSTRUMENT
For traversing, the equipment that usually uses is
theodolite.
But the recent technology that had been used were
total station.
The difference between this both instrument were
total station used electronic distance measurement
(EDM) to measure distance while the theodolite use
chainage or tape to measure distance.
INSTRUMENT
Prism
Tripod
Prism Pole Staff
THEODOLITE
Two methods of traversing:
DEFINITION OF TRAVERSE
Traverse consists of line related by horizontal
angle (bearing) and lengths (distance).
The length are measured by chain or any suitable
methods.
The direction of lines are obtained by
measurement of angle or bearings using
theodolite or prismatic compass.
WHAT IS A TRAVERSE?
A polygon of 2D (or 3D) vectors (magnitude &
direction)
A traverse must either close on itself (closed
traverse) Or be measured between points with
known rectangular coordinates
Alternatively, open traverse
A closed
traverse A traverse between
known points
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
Closed Traverse
- Traverse which complete cycle is made.
- Begins and ends on the same point or begin with known
point and ending to another known point.
- Can checked and adjusted
Open Traverse
- Cannot checked and adjusted
- Useful when the survey is a long narrow strip
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
Closed Traverse
1 coordinates
B X= 1000m
N coordinates
1 Y= 1000m X= 1400m
Y= 900m
3
n
A
C
2
A coordinates
X= 1000m
Y= 1000m 4
D
Station 1 and n is known point (coordinate)
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
Open Traverse
1
coordinates
X= 1000m 3
Y= 1000m n
Station 1 is known point (coordinate)
and station n is unknown point.
PURPOSE OF TRAVERSE
Control Point
- A traverse network of survey line and ground
marks can be used for reference for other
traversing work
Surveying Details
- A traverse network of survey line and ground
marks provides control points which can be
accurately plotted in a map or plan.
Setting Out
- The position of road, building or other new
construction.
- Pegs can then be set out on the ground from the
traverse to define the position of such new work.
APPLICATIONS OF TRAVERSING
Establishing coordinates for new points
(E,N)known
(E,N)known
(E,N)new
(E,N)new
APPLICATIONS OF TRAVERSING
These new points can then be used as a
framework for mapping existing features
(E,N)known
(E,N)new
(E,N)known
(E,N)new (E,N)new
(E,N)new
(E,N)new
APPLICATIONS OF TRAVERSING
They can also be used as a basis for setting out
new work
(E,N)known
(E,N)known
(E,N)new
(E,N)new
SOURCE OF ERROR
The source of errors during observation are:
Theodolite is not perpendicular to the station
Theodolite is not level during observation
Wrong handling theodolite and tripod
Parallax
Effect from curvature and refraction
Error in reading or booking
MEASUREMENT IN TRAVERSE
Linear measurement (Distance)
Angle measurement (Bearing)
TYPES OF COORDINATES?
In Traverse, sides are expressed as either:
i) Polar coordinates (β,d)
ii) Rectangular coordinate differences (∆E,∆N)
POLAR COORDINATES
North
Point B
Point A
β ~ whole-circle bearing
d ~ distance
East
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
North
N Point B
B
(EB,NB)
∆N=NB-NA
NA
Point A ∆E=EB-EA
(EA,NA)
East
EA E
COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
Rectangular to polar Polar to rectangular
−1 ∆E ∆E = d sin β
β = tan
N
∆
d = ∆E2 + ∆N2 ∆N = d cos β
d d
∆N ∆N
β β
∆E ∆E
WHOLE CIRCLE BEARINGS
North Bearing are measured
0o clockwise from NORTH
and must lie in the range
0o ≤ β ≤ 360o
4th quadrant 1st quadrant
West East
270o 90o
3rd quadrant 2nd quadrant
South
180o
PROCEDURE IN SURVEY WORK
Reconnaissance Survey
Carried out to determine and selection of suitable station
points. The criteria for selection of station points:-
Use “whole to part “ principle.
The number of station must be minimize but cover all
the survey site.
The distance between station must be far (more than 30
m) and same as other traverse line.
Avoid the sight line to close with earth surface.
Station must be at the stable surface.
Try to avoid any disturbance such as tree, building etc.
The station must be available to observe all the detail
surrounding.
PROCEDURE IN SURVEY WORK
Station Marking
The station can be mark when the station criteria
had been full fill. The common station marking
are wood peg and nails.
The selection of the station marking depend on
the site condition. The survey works on the road,
the suitable marking is nails. If the survey works
in the forest or construction site, the wood peg is
the best used as station marking. For permanent
marking, the station can be in concrete.
PROCEDURE IN SURVEY WORK
Observation and Measurement
There are two types of observation in traverse:-
Internal Angle – measure internal angle of the traverse
in anticlockwise direction
Bearing – measure angle from the north in clockwise
direction
The observation begin with back station to front station .
The observation must be done in face left and right.
a First, read back
station, a with face left
N
c
Second, turn theodolite to b and
read front station with face left
b
C= instrument setup
PROCEDURE IN SURVEY WORK
Observation and Measurement
a Third, turn the instrument back to a,
read back station with face right
N
c Forth, turn teodolite to b and
read front station with face right
b
C= instrument setup
PROCEDURE IN SURVEY WORK
MEASUREMENT SEQUENCE
C
E
FIELDWORK BOOKING
Station Face Left Face Right Distance
2 1 289° 30' 00'' 109° 30' 00'' 20.001
2 3 189° 17' 10'' 09° 17' 20'' 19.800
3 2 09° 17' 15'' 189° 17' 15''
3 4 280° 23' 40'' 100° 23' 40'' 18.984
4 3 100° 23' 40'' 280° 23' 40''
4 5 11° 13' 20'' 191° 13' 00'' 20.615
5 4 191° 13' 10'' 11° 13' 00''
5 1 67° 21' 00'' 247° 21' 20'' 19.870
1 5 247° 21' 10'' 67° 21' 10''
1 2 109° 30' 30'' 289° 30' 30''
CALCULATION OF FINAL BEARING
Final
Station Face Left Face Right Mean From Final Bearing To Distance
Distance
Datum taken at line 2-1 is 289° 30' 00'' 2 1 20.001 20.001
1 289° 30' 00'' 109° 30' 00'' 189° 17' 15'' 2 189° 17' 09'' 3 19.800 19.800
2 - 6"
3 189° 17' 10'' 09° 17' 20''
2 09° 17' 15'' 189° 17' 15'' 280° 23' 40'' 3 280° 23' 28'' 4 18.984 18.984
3 - 12"
4 280° 23' 40'' 100° 23' 40''
3 100° 23' 40'' 280° 23' 40'' 11° 13' 10'' 4 11° 12' 52'' 5 20.615 20.615
4 - 18"
5 11° 13' 20'' 191° 13' 00''
4 191° 13' 10'' 11° 13' 00'' 67° 21' 10'' 5 67° 20' 46'' 1 19.870 19.870
5 - 24"
1 67° 21' 00'' 247° 21' 20''
5 247° 21' 10'' 67° 21' 10'' 109° 30' 30'' 1 109° 30' 00'' 2 20.001 20.001
1 - 30"
2 109° 30' 30'' 289° 30' 30''
CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE
Latitude and Departure
Latitude and departure are uses for obtained the accuracy of
traverse and determine the coordinate for each of traverse
station.
Latitude is the different of distance on the north-south axis
between two point survey - North (positive, +ve), South
(negative, -ve).
Departure is the different of distance on the east-west axis
between two point survey - East (positive, +ve), West (negative,
-ve).
Latitude = D cosineθ
Departure = D sineθ
CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE
Latitude = D cosineθ
North
Survey Departure = D sineθ
line B
Bearing (θ)
Distance (D)
Latitude Latitude A-B = D cosineθ
θ Departure A-B = D sineθ
A Departure D = Distance of Point A-B
East Θ = Bearing of Point A-B
LINEAR MISCLOSURE ( ACCURACY)
CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE
Traverse Adjustment
Two Methods
Transit Bowditch Method
Method
WHY NEED TO TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT
CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE
Transit Method
2
Correction in Latitudes for line 1-2
3 Total latitudes
1 misclosure
= X Latitudes of line 1-2
Total sum of latitudes
Correction in Departures for line 1-2
5
4 Total departures
misclosure
= X Departures of line 1-2
Total sum of departures
CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE
Bowditch Method
2
Correction in Latitudes for line 1-2
3
1 Total latitudes misclosure
= ____________________ X lengths of line 1-2
Total traverse length
Correction in Departures for line 1-2
5
4 Total departures misclosure
= ____________________ X lengths of line 1-2
Total traverse length
CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE
Station Bearing Distance Latitude Departure
1-2 110° 00’ 00” 218.000
2-3 229° 00’ 30” 193.000
3-4 290° 10’ 00” 181.130
4-5 339° 00’ 00” 135.500
5-1 65° 00’ 30” 247.500
Total Traverse Length / Distance = 975.130
CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE (BOWDITCH)
Line Bearing Distance Latitudes Departures
N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-)
2 110° 00’ 00” 218.000 +20.646 -14.513
74.560 204.853
3 229° 00’ 30” 193.000 +18.279 +12.848
126.598 145.677
4 290° 10’ 00” 181.130 -17.154 +12.058
62.445 170.026
5 339° 00’ 00” 135.500 -12.833 +9.021
126.500 48.559
1 65° 00’ 30” 247.500 -23.440 -16.477
CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE (TRANSIT)
Line Bearing Distance Latitudes Departures
N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-)
2 110° 00’ 00” 218.000 +13.920 -16.760
74.560 204.853
3 229° 00’ 30” 193.000 +23.635 +11.919
126.598 145.677
4 290° 10’ 00” 181.130 -11.658 +13.911
62.445 170.026
5 339° 00’ 00” 135.500 -23.617 +3.973
126.500 48.559
1 65° 00’ 30” 247.500 -19.522 -18.354
104.565 224.326
Line Bearing Distance Latitudes Departures Adjusted Adjusted
Latitudes Departures
N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-) N (+) S (-) E (+) W (-)
1
+20.646 -14.513
2 110° 00’ 00” 218.000 74.560 204.853 95.206 190.340
+18.279 +12.849
3 229° 00’ 30” 193.000 126.598 145.677 144.877 158.526
-17.154 +12.058
4 290° 10’ 00” 181.130 62.445 170.026 45.291 182.084
-12.833 +9.021
5 339° 00’ 00” 135.500 126.500 48.559 113.667 57.580
(16.476)
-23.440 -16.477 (207.850)
1 65° 00’ 30” 247.500 104.565 224.326 81.125 207.849
Sum 975.130 293.510 201.158 429.179 364.262 240.083 240.083 (398.190) 398.190
398.189
Error (92.352) (0.035) (0.000) (0.000)
AREA BY COORDINATES
- Area of the closed traverse can be calculated using
coordinates method.
Formula:
Traverse Area : ½ [ TN – TE ]
TN = (N/S)1 X (E/W)2 + (N/S)2 X (E/W)3…..+ (N/S)n X
(E/W)1
TE = (N/S)2 X (E/W)1 + (N/S)3 X (E/W)2…..+ (N/S)1 X
(E/W)n
N1 E1
N2 E2
N3 E3
N4 E4
N5 E5
Nn En
STATION NORTHING EASTING
A 1000.000 1000.000
B 955.023 1204.300
C 796.453 1168.172
D 784.011 973.923
E 893.455 925.358
Formula:
Traverse Area : ½ [ TN – TE ]
= ½ [ 4714560.874 –
4622565.420]
= ½ (88995.454)
= 44497.727 m²
THANK YOU….
