The Power of "ene" in Water-Based
Cleaners and Removers:
A New-to-the-World Metathesis-Based
Surfactant Makes Water Work Like an
Organic Solvent
Ron A. Masters, PhD
Research Associate, Stepan Company
Outline
• Metathesis Derivatives Program
• Molecule: Reaction, Chemistry, Properties
• Solution Behavior
• Applications
– Cleaning
– Personal Care
• Summary and Acknowledgements
Metathesis Derivatives Program: Drivers
• Improve Performance
• Reduce/Stabilize Feedstock Cost
• Stabilize Feedstock Supply
• Meet New Sustainability Targets
• Nobel Prize-winning Technology
• Conversion of Indigenous Vegetable Oils
• Ideal Feeds for Derivatization Competencies
• Large-Scale Supply – Elevance Renewable Sciences
Metathesis Derivatives Program: Drivers
• Improve Performance
• Reduce/Stabilize Feedstock Cost
• Stabilize Feedstock Supply
• Meet New Sustainability Targets
• Nobel Prize-winning Technology
• Conversion of Indigenous Vegetable Oils
• Ideal Feeds for Derivatization Competencies
• Large-Scale Supply – Elevance Renewable Sciences
Metathesis Derivatives Program: Drivers
• Improve Performance
• Reduce/Stabilize Feedstock Cost
• Stabilize Feedstock Supply
• Meet New Sustainability Targets
• Nobel Prize-winning Technology
• Conversion of Indigenous Vegetable Oils
• Ideal Feeds for Derivatization Competencies
• Large-Scale Supply – Elevance Renewable Sciences
Metathesis Derivatives Program: Drivers
• Improve Performance
• Reduce/Stabilize Feedstock Cost
• Stabilize Feedstock Supply
• Meet New Sustainability Targets
• Nobel Prize-winning Technology
• Conversion of Indigenous Vegetable Oils
• Ideal Feeds for Derivatization Competencies
• Large-Scale Supply – Elevance Renewable Sciences
Metathesis Derivatives Program: Overview
Hundreds of Molecules
- Organized Team/Program
- Synthesis
- Properties Characterization
- Performance Tests
- Looking for the “Wow”
N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
- New to the World, new CAS #
- Short Chain, Monounsaturated
- Solvent ? Surfactant ?
Metathesis Derivatives Program: Overview
Hundreds of Molecules
- Organized Team/Program
- Synthesis
- Properties Characterization
- Performance Tests
- Looking for the “Wow”
N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
- New to the World, new CAS #
- Short Chain, Monounsaturated
- Solvent ? Surfactant ? “ene”
Outline
• Metathesis Derivatives Program
• Molecule: Reaction, Chemistry, Properties
• Solution Behavior
• Applications
– Cleaning
– Personal Care
• Summary and Acknowledgements
Molecule: Reaction, Chemistry, Properties
Amide 97% minimum (99% Typical)
Water 0.5% maximum (0.0 – 0.1% Typical)
Residual Ester 1.0% maximum (0.2 – 0.6% Typical)
Iodine Value 117 – 137 (g/100g)
Color (Gardner) 1 maximum (0 Typical)
Other Residuals 100ppm maximum each
Boiling Point (C) 297 (LVP-VOC Exempt)
Flash Point (C) 134 (PMCC)
Cloud Point (C) -13 (Low HLB Nonionic)
Kauri-Butanol Value >1000 (ASTM D1133)
Hansen Solubility Parameters D: 16.58, P: 9.58, H: 8.45 (Experimental*)
Estimated HLB 6 (Griffin or Davies)
* Using Hansen software and screening across a large set of test solvents
Molecule: Reaction, Chemistry, Properties
Amide 97% minimum (99% Typical)
Water 0.5% maximum (0.0 – 0.1% Typical)
Residual Ester 1.0% maximum (0.2 – 0.6% Typical)
Iodine Value 117 – 137 (g/100g)
Color (Gardner) 1 maximum (0 Typical)
Other Residuals 100ppm maximum each
Boiling Point (C) 297 (LVP-VOC Exempt)
Flash Point (C) 134 (PMCC)
Cloud Point (C) -13 (Low HLB Nonionic)
Kauri-Butanol Value >1000 (ASTM D1133)
Hansen Solubility Parameters D: 16.58, P: 9.58, H: 8.45 (Experimental*)
Estimated HLB 6 (Griffin or Davies)
* Using Hansen software and screening across a large set of test solvents
Molecule: Reaction, Chemistry, Properties
Amide 97% minimum (99% Typical)
Water 0.5% maximum (0.0 – 0.1% Typical)
Residual Ester 1.0% maximum (0.2 – 0.6% Typical)
Iodine Value 117 – 137 (g/100g)
Color (Gardner) 1 maximum (0 Typical)
Other Residuals 100ppm maximum each
Boiling Point (C) 297 (LVP-VOC Exempt)
Flash Point (C) 134 (PMCC)
Cloud Point (C) -13 (Low HLB Nonionic)
Kauri-Butanol Value >1000 (ASTM D1133)
Hansen Solubility Parameters D: 16.58, P: 9.58, H: 8.45 (Experimental*)
Estimated HLB 6 (Griffin, Davies, Oil)
* Using Hansen software and screening across a large set of test solvents
Molecule: Reaction, Chemistry, Properties
Chemical Stability: As-Is and Formulated
6% Emulsified at 80C, pH 3
Air Headspace
6% Emulsified at 80C, pH 11 For All Data
100% As-Is at 54C
120.00
100.00
% Remaining
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0 2 4 11 18 25
Days (x3 for As-Is)
Amide is stable between pH 3-12, not beyond. -C=C- bond is stable as well.
Aqueous solutions demonstrate stability with peroxide at pH 3. Avoid NaOCl.
Molecule: Properties: Kauri-Butanol >1000
What does this mean ? Test Solvent
Kauri Resin
Kauri resin is soluble in butanol, less soluble in other solvents
Add test solvent to dilute the butanol solution of resin
At some added amount the resin precipitates due to insolubility
The more added to the endpoint, the higher the Kb value
Resins are common tackifiers for adhesives and coatings
High Kb value = good cleaning and removal performance
Molecule: Properties: Kauri-Butanol >1000
What does this mean ? Test Solvent
Kauri Resin
Kauri resin is soluble in butanol, less soluble in other solvents
Add test solvent to dilute the butanol solution of resin
At some added amount the resin precipitates due to insolubility
The more added to the endpoint, the higher the Kb value
Resins are common tackifiers for adhesives and coatings
High Kb value = good cleaning and removal performance
Molecule: Properties: Kauri-Butanol >1000
What does this mean ? Test Solvent
Kauri Resin
Kauri resin is soluble in butanol, less soluble in other solvents
Add test solvent to dilute the butanol solution of resin
At some added amount the resin precipitates due to insolubility
The more added to the endpoint, the higher the Kb value
Resins are common tackifiers for adhesives and coatings
High Kb value = good cleaning and removal performance
Molecule: Properties: Kauri-Butanol >1000
Saturated Analog, “ane”, ≈ 300 Kb value
What does this mean ? Test Solvent
Kauri Resin
Kauri resin is soluble in butanol, less soluble in other solvents
Add test solvent to dilute the butanol solution of resin
At some added amount the resin precipitates due to insolubility
The more added to the endpoint, the higher the Kb value
Resins are common tackifiers for adhesives and coatings
High Kb value = good cleaning and removal performance
Molecule: Properties: Hansen Map
Large
Hansen
“Radius”
12.9 Units
N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide is fully miscible with solvents within green line area
Molecule: Properties: Hansen Map
“ene”
“ane”
Evidence For
Some Type of
Interaction
Between -C=C-
and Carbonyl
Ethylene Carbonate is miscible with N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide, not Decanamide !
Molecule: Properties: HLB
Calculated for alcohol ethoxylates of similar solubility (Griffin)
Calculated via group contribution (Davies)
Experimentally determined via oil emulsification
Lard Lanolin Oil Rapeseed Oil
HLB Required: 5 9 6
All methods estimate HLB to be ≈6.
Greater than 5, less than 9 based on oil emulsification test
Window of Opportunity: CMC & Solubility
60
CMC calculates ≈ 500 - 1000 ppm
Surface Tension (mN/m)
55
Solubility Limit ≈ 1500 ppm
50
45
40
35
30
25
0.005 0.05 0.5 5 50
Concentration (wt. %)
N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide, although very hydrophobic, can micellize in water
Window of Opportunity: CMC & Solubility
N,N-Dimethyl Decanamide
N,N-Dimethyl N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
9-Decenamide 80
“ene” 70
60
Is Different 50
From 40
30
N,N-Dimethyl
20
Decanamide
10
“ane” 0
0 5000 10000
Outline
• Metathesis Derivatives Program
• Molecule: Reaction, Chemistry, Properties
• Solution Behavior
• Applications
– Cleaning
– Personal Care
• Summary and Acknowledgements
Solution Behavior
• Soluble in water to about 0.15% (vs. 0.05% for “ane”)
• Can dissolve up to 19% added water, but not hygroscopic
• Formulate similar to a Low-HLB Nonionic
– Use charged (anionic or cationic) or mid/high HLB
cosurfactant(s)
• On its own, at 0.1 wt.%, Draves Wetting (ASTM D2281-
68) is nearly instant
– Better than saturated analog
– Better than similar Low-HLB alkoxylates
– Remarkably fast release of air from the surface
– “Fluffing” of the fibers observed
Let’s Watch
Solution Behavior
• Soluble in water to about 0.15% (vs. 0.05% for “ane”)
• Can dissolve up to 19% added water, but not hygroscopic
• Formulate similar to a Low-HLB Nonionic
– Use charged (anionic or cationic) or mid/high HLB
cosurfactant(s)
• On its own, at 0.1 wt.%, Draves Wetting (ASTM D2281-
68) is nearly instant
– Better than saturated analog
– Better than similar Low-HLB alkoxylates
– Remarkably fast release of air from the surface
– “Fluffing” of the fibers observed
Let’s Watch
Solution Behavior
• Soluble in water to about 0.15% (vs. 0.05% for “ane”)
• Can dissolve up to 19% added water, but not hygroscopic
• Formulate similar to a Low-HLB Nonionic
– Use charged (anionic or cationic) or mid/high HLB
cosurfactant(s)
• On its own, at 0.1 wt.%, Draves Wetting (ASTM D2281-
68) is nearly instant
– Better than saturated analog
– Better than similar Low-HLB alkoxylates
– Remarkably fast release of air from the surface
– “Fluffing” of the fibers observed
Let’s Watch
Before Weighted Skeins Dropped
These are solutions near the specified 0.1 wt%, but at solubility limits:
0.13% 0.05% 0.02% 0.25%
Weighted Skeins Dropped: 0 Seconds
Note the huge volume of air released from the Decenamide
(left-most cylinder), and the skein has sunk due to momentum
Weighted Skeins Dropped: 2 Seconds
Some air remains, buoying the skein for the Decenamide for a brief
moment. All others were buoyant at 0 seconds and remain buoyant.
Weighted Skeins Dropped: 4 Seconds
The Decenamide skein has sunk. All others remain buoyant.
Note the “fluffing” observed for both amides, Decene and Decane.
Weighted Skeins Dropped: 10 Seconds
The Decenamide skein has sunk. All others remain buoyant.
Note the “fluffing” observed for both amides, Decene and Decane.
Weighted Skeins Dropped: 12 Seconds
The Decanamide saturated analog skein begins to sink at 12
seconds, long after the Decenamide. “ene” is different than “ane”
Weighted Skeins Dropped: 16 Seconds
The Decanamide saturated analog skein has sunk at 16 seconds, long
after the Decenamide. C12/C13 EO3 and C6 EO1 remain buoyant.
Weighted Skeins Dropped: 20 Seconds
Still waiting on the other skeins to sink. The C12/13 EO3 will
take more than a minute, and the C6 EO1 does not sink.
Solution Behavior: “ene” faster than “ane”
Cotton
“ane” Cellulose
Fiber
“ene”
Nothing in this view to
suggest a difference
Volume and speed of air displaced depends on strength of adsorption,
diffusion rate, and molecular area1
1 Detergency: Theory and Technology, Surfactant Science Series: v. 20, W. Gale
Cutler and Erik Kisser, 1987, pp 314-5
Solution Behavior: “ene” faster than “ane”
Cotton
“ane” Cellulose
Fiber
Dilute Solution
Looped
Configuration
“enes” could
explain what is
observed
Volume and speed of air displaced depends on strength of adsorption,
diffusion rate, and molecular area1
1 Detergency: Theory and Technology, Surfactant Science Series: v. 20, W. Gale
Cutler and Erik Kisser, 1987, pp 314-5
Solution Behavior: Intra-H-Bonding ?
ATR-FTIR SPECTRA: Dilute Solution, Bulk Water Subtracted
H-O stretch broadened to
lower frequency (cm-1) for
“ene” compared to “ane”
“ene”
“ane”
C=O stretch broadened to
lower frequency (cm-1) for
“ene” compared to “ane”
Solution Behavior: Intra-H-Bonding ?
ATR-FTIR SPECTRA: Dilute Solution, Bulk Water Subtracted
H-O stretch broadened to
lower frequency (cm-1) for
“ene” compared to “ane”
“ene”
“ane”
C=O stretch broadened to
lower frequency (cm-1) for
“ene” compared to “ane”
Solution Behavior: Intra-H-Bonding ?
ATR-FTIR SPECTRA: Dilute Solution, Bulk Water Subtracted
H-O stretch broadened to
lower frequency (cm-1) for
“ene” compared to “ane”
“ene”
“ane”
C=O stretch broadened to
lower frequency (cm-1) for
“ene” compared to “ane”
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent” Let’s Watch
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent”
Chewing Gum: Dissolution/Disintegration
Formulated Aqueous, pH 11.5 As-Is As-Is As-Is As-Is Aqueous Commercial Cleaners
5% w/MEA 3% w/Na2CO3 100% 100% 100% 100% pH 13 pH 10.5
INITIAL
22C
50 hours
N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide d-Limonene NMP DCM Degreaser Cleaner
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent”
Conformational Analysis: Ab-Initio Calculations Pending
N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide - Linear N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
H-bonded in a hypothesized
looped configuration
N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide H-bonded to H2O
• FTIR, Draves, and Solution Behavior support this hypothesis, or at least a looped conformation
• Unorthodox to suggest H-C=C- H-bond: more positive than H–C-C-, but much less than water H-O-
• Perhaps the lowest energy conformation in dilute aqueous solution for H-C=C- ? TBD
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent”
Solution Behavior: Minimize Hydrophobe Contact with H2O
Hydrophobe in H2O is a high energy condition
- Drives surfactant hydrophobe to surfaces
- Drives hydrophobe to micelle interior
- Drives hypothesized monomer conformation by
minimizing hydrophobe surface area contact with H2O
RELATIVE SURFACE AREA EXPOSED TO WATER MOLECULES IN SOLUTION
>
N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide H-bonded to H2O N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide H-bonded
hypothesized cyclic configuration
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent”
Solution Behavior: Minimize Hydrophobe Contact with H2O
Hydrophobe in H2O is a high energy condition
- Drives surfactant hydrophobe to surfaces
- Drives hydrophobe to micelle interior
- Drives hypothesized monomer conformation by
minimizing hydrophobe surface area contact with H2O
RELATIVE SURFACE AREA EXPOSED TO WATER MOLECULES IN SOLUTION
>
N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide H-bonded to H2O N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide H-bonded
hypothesized cyclic configuration
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent”
Solution Behavior: Minimize Hydrophobe Contact with H2O
Hydrophobe in H2O is a high energy condition
- Drives surfactant hydrophobe to surfaces
- Drives hydrophobe to micelle interior
- Drives hypothesized monomer conformation by
minimizing hydrophobe surface area contact with H2O
RELATIVE SURFACE AREA EXPOSED TO WATER MOLECULES IN SOLUTION
>
N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide H-bonded to H2O N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide H-bonded
hypothesized looped conformation
Applications: Nail Polish Removers
Requires >50% Acetone and/or Ethyl Acetate
Typically contain 90+% Organic Solvent
85% Water
5% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
5% MEA
OR
87% Water Patent Pending
3% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide blend with great
1.5% Citrus Fragrance
0.3% Sodium Carbonate synergy and new
Balance: High HLB co-emulsifier mechanism(s)
WO2013162926(A1)
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent”
Applications: Nail Polish Removers
Requires >50% Acetone and/or Ethyl Acetate
Typically contain 90+% Organic Solvent
85% Water
5% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
5% MEA
OR
87% Water Patent Pending
3% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide blend with great
1.5% Citrus Fragrance
0.3% Sodium Carbonate synergy and new
Balance: High HLB co-emulsifier mechanism(s)
WO2013162926(A1)
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent”
Applications: Nail Polish Removers
Requires >50% Acetone and/or Ethyl Acetate
Typically contain 90+% Organic Solvent
85% Water
5% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
5% MEA
OR
87% Water Patent Pending
3% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide blend with great
1.5% Citrus Fragrance
0.3% Sodium Carbonate synergy and new
Balance: High HLB co-emulsifier mechanism(s)
WO2013162926(A1)
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent”
Applications: “Waterless” Hand Cleaners
Requires >50% Emulsified Petroleum Distillates or Soy Methyl Ester
Typically contain 70+% Organic Solvent
85% Water
5% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
5% MEA
OR
87% Water Patent Pending
3% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide blend with great
1.5% Citrus Fragrance
0.3% Sodium Carbonate synergy and new
Balance: High HLB co-emulsifier mechanism(s)
WO2013162926(A1)
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent”
Applications: “Waterless” Hand Cleaners
Requires >50% Emulsified Petroleum Distillates or Soy Methyl Ester
Typically contain 70+% Organic Solvent
85% Water
5% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
5% MEA
OR
87% Water Patent Pending
3% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide blend with great
1.5% Citrus Fragrance
0.3% Sodium Carbonate synergy and new
Balance: High HLB co-emulsifier mechanism(s)
WO2013162926(A1)
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent”
Applications: “Waterless” Hand Cleaners
Requires >50% Emulsified Petroleum Distillates or Soy Methyl Ester
Typically contain 70+% Organic Solvent
85% Water
5% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
5% MEA
OR
87% Water Patent Pending
3% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide blend with great
1.5% Citrus Fragrance
0.3% Sodium Carbonate synergy and new
Balance: High HLB co-emulsifier mechanism(s)
WO2013162926(A1)
“Making Water Work Like an Organic Solvent”
Applications: Blood Stain Remover
Typically Requires Peroxide or Hypochlorite
Decenamide +
Commercial
Citrus +
Peroxide
Carbonate +
Product
Co-Emulsifier
95% Water Patent Pending
1% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide blend with great
0.5% Citrus Fragrance synergy and new
0.1% Sodium Carbonate
mechanism(s)
Balance: High HLB co-emulsifier
WO2013162926(A1)
Mechanism: De-Chelation of Chromophores (UV-Vis)
Applications: Blood Stain Remover
Typically Requires Peroxide or Hypochlorite
Decenamide +
Commercial
Citrus +
Peroxide
Carbonate +
Product
Co-Emulsifier
95% Water Patent Pending
1% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide blend with great
0.5% Citrus Fragrance synergy and new
0.1% Sodium Carbonate
mechanism(s)
Balance: High HLB co-emulsifier
WO2013162926(A1)
Mechanism: De-Chelation of Chromophores (UV-Vis)
Applications: Marker Remover
Typically Requires IPA or Acetone: Not Good for Surfaces
Commercial Decenamide +
Marker Citrus +
Remover Carbonate +
Product Co-Emulsifier
95% Water Patent Pending
1% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide blend with great
0.5% Citrus Fragrance synergy and new
0.1% Sodium Carbonate mechanism(s)
Balance: High HLB co-emulsifier WO2013162926(A1)
Mechanism: De-Chelation of Chromophores (UV-Vis)
Applications: Marker Remover
Typically Requires IPA or Acetone: Not Good for Surfaces
Commercial Decenamide +
Marker Citrus +
Remover Carbonate +
Product Co-Emulsifier
95% Water Patent Pending
1% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide blend with great
0.5% Citrus Fragrance synergy and new
0.1% Sodium Carbonate mechanism(s)
Balance: High HLB co-emulsifier WO2013162926(A1)
Mechanism: De-Chelation of Chromophores (UV-Vis)
Applications: Oven Cleaning
Typically Requires Caustic: pH 12-14
Commercial
Oven Cleaner 85% Water
with Caustic 5% Decenamide
and Organic 5% MEA
Solvents pH 11.5
pH 12.5
Some alkalinity required, but not caustic → Safer pH
Applications: Materials Compatibility
• In-Vitro EpiDerm Test
- 6% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
SKIN - 3% MEA
- Anionic/Nonionic co-emulsifiers
• 0.60 Hours for ET50, Moderate Irritant
• Similar to other surfactants
• Immersion Tests: ASTM D543-95
Plastics - Neat and formulated
• PET, HDPE, PP all OK
• Avoid PC (any amines/amide), PVC, Nylon
Gaskets • Immersion Tests
and - Neat and formulated
Seals • Teflon, Silicone, Peroxide Cured EPDM OK
• Avoid Viton and Elastomers
Applications: Materials Compatibility
• In-Vitro EpiDerm Test
- 6% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
SKIN - 3% MEA
- Anionic/Nonionic co-emulsifiers
• 0.60 Hours for ET50, Moderate Irritant
• Similar to other surfactants
• Immersion Tests: ASTM D543-95
Plastics - Neat and formulated
• PET, HDPE, PP all OK
• Avoid PC (any amines/amide), PVC, Nylon
Gaskets • Immersion Tests
and - Neat and formulated
Seals • Teflon, Silicone, Peroxide Cured EPDM OK
• Avoid Viton and Elastomers
Applications: Materials Compatibility
• In-Vitro EpiDerm Test
- 6% N,N-Dimethyl 9-Decenamide
SKIN - 3% MEA
- Anionic/Nonionic co-emulsifiers
• 0.60 Hours for ET50, Moderate Irritant
• Similar to other surfactants
• Immersion Tests: ASTM D543-95
Plastics - Neat and formulated
• PET, HDPE, PP all OK
• Avoid PC (any amines/amide), PVC, Nylon
Gaskets • Immersion Tests
and - Neat and formulated
Seals • Teflon, Silicone, Peroxide Cured EPDM OK
• Avoid Viton and Elastomers
Outline
• Metathesis Derivatives Program
• Molecule: Reaction, Chemistry, Properties
• Solution Behavior
• Applications
– Cleaning
– Personal Care
• Summary and Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
• AOCS and SCC
• Professor Bob Lochhead
• Elevance Renewable Sciences
• Stepan Company Team
– Senior Management including Randy Bernhardt, Rob Slone
– Program Manager Bridget Weir
– Sales Management including Nathan Shook
– Consumer Product Development R&D Manager Chris Gariepy
– Project Manager Wilma Gorman
– Synthesis, Analytical, and Applications Lab Colleagues
– Many more too numerous to mention
• Customers who have commercialized products
THANK YOU !
It is nice to have
MET-10U today
POWER OF THE DOUBLE BOND TM
All images and clip art in this presentation are the work of the author and Stepan Company Employees.
Presentation template and AOCS logo provided by AOCS for this presentation.
